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M. Sc. Dissertations

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2007 - 200912010 - 20146
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of litter type and stocking density on the performance of broilers and composition of used litter
    (CCSHAU, 2007) Sreehari. S; Sharma, R.K.
    Broiler farming can be made more profitable by the use of cheaper litter materials which can be recycled after use without affecting the performance adversely. Stocking density also influences welfare of broilers and thereby contributes to the growth and overall profitability of the operation. Few studies have been conducted in Indian conditions. The present study may provide an answer to whether or not chaffed paddy straw or wheat straw can be used as litter materials, and the stocking density of the birds so that the resulting litter material might be profitably recycled as ruminants feed. Two hundred and forty (240) day-old unsexed, commercial broiler chicks were procured from the private hatchery in February, 2007 and reared on deep litter following standard managemental practices. The experiment was conducted in two phases. In the first phase the chicks were reared on two different litter materials viz., paddy straw and wheat straw at different stocking densities of 0.15 sq.m./bird and 0.18 sq.m./bird. Each treatment had four replications with 15 chicks in each replicate. In the second phase of the experiment the litter from the various treatments were made into stacks, covered with polythene sheet and ensiled for three weeks after addition of molasses and with or without inoculation with fermented milk. The parameters studied were body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, moisture content of litter, pH of litter, proximate composition of litter, carcass characteristics, economics of the various treatments, proximate composition of the litter before and after ensiling and pH of the silage. The use of wheat straw as litter material together with a floor space allowance of 0.18 sq.m./bird was found to be most profitable for rearing broilers. The use of fermented milk as a source of lactobacilli during ensiling of broiler litter was found effective in reducing dry matter losses and loss of protein during ensiling of litter.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Role of prostaglandin PGF2α on the survivability and acrosomal integrity of frozen-thawed semen of murrah buffalo-bulls
    (CCSHAU, 2010) Nain, Surender; Pardeep Singh
    Semen of six Murrah buffalo bulls was used in this investigation. Approximately 200 mini straws of frozen semen from each bull were taken. On the day of experiment 25-30 straws of a bull’s frozen semen were taken from the cryocan and thawed at 37° C for 30 seconds. After thawing semen was transferred to a 10 ml test tube kept at 37° C. Five small test tubes labeled as control, 10, 20, 30 and 40 were kept at 37º C in an incubator. In each test tube 900 μl of thawed semen was transferred. In control tube 100 μl of freshly prepared Tris buffer and in other four tubes 100 μl of PGF2α having concentrations of 10, 20, 30 and 40 μg/ml respectively was added. All five tubes were kept in incubator whose temperature was maintained at 37º C for three hours. After one hour semen from each tube was evaluated for progressive sperm motility, live and dead spermatozoa, abnormal sperms and spermatozoa with intact acrosomes. On completion of two hours of incubation only progressive sperm motility of semen was evaluated. After three hours semen was again evaluated for progressive sperm motility, live and dead spermatozoa, abnormal sperms and spermatozoa with intact acrosomes. The study revealed that addition of PGF2α.at a concentration of 20μg/ml of frozen thawed semen of buffalo-bulls significantly maintained higher sperm motility at each hours of incubation. Livability of the spermatozoa was also significantly higher at 1st and 3rd hours of incubation with the addition of PGF2α @ 20μg/ml as compared to control and other concentrations. Spermatozoa with percent intact acrosomes were significantly higher with the addition of 20μg/ml PGF2α as compared to control and other concentrations at 1st and 3r d hours of incubation. Percent abnormal spermatozoa were significantly less with the addition of different concentration of PGF2α. So it can be concluded from this study that addition of PGF2α at a concentration of 20μg/ml maintains higher sperm motility, livability and more spermatozoa with intact acrosomes up to three hours of incubation of frozen-thawed semen of Murrah buffalo-bulls.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Utilization of citrus fruit waste for development of chicken meat roll
    (CCSHAU, 2011) Mahender Singh; Sharma, D.P.
    A study was conducted to assess the utilit y of kinnow (Citrus reticulata) waste in development of chicken meat rolls. Fresh peel and pulp of kinnow were incorporated at 5, 7.5 and 10% levels each. Chemical, physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristic were evaluated. Product was stored at 4±1oC for shelf life study. Peel had higher crude fibre and polyphenol content than pulp. Addition of peel and pulp increased the moisture, crude fibre and polyphenol content of chicken meat rolls. As a result of moisture retention ability of fibre, cooking loss and shear press value of treated chicken rolls decreased. Chicken rolls with peel and pulp showed lower residual nitrite level. Peel, due to its higher fibre and polyphenolic content was more effective in improving the processing characteristics of chicken rolls. Peel was acceptable organoleptically up to 5% and pulp up to 10% level of addition. Control and treated products (5% peel and 10% pulp added rolls) had overall acceptability scores of 7.00 and above up to 12th day of storage. Peel and pulp addition was able to check the rise in TBA value in treated products during storage. All the products were microbiologically acceptable up to 12th day. It is concluded that 5% peel and 10% pulp of kinnow in chicken meat rolls can be incorporated for improving the fibre and polyphenol content and processing characteristics of chicken meat rolls. However, peel and pulp in dried form may yield better result than fresh form, for further increasing the fibre content of meat product up to substantial level.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Microbiological, cytological and ultrasonographic studies in infertile mares and their therapeutic management
    (CCSHAU, 2011) Assad, Nafis Ibni; Bugalia, N.S.
    Infertility in broodmares due to uterine infection and associated endometritis occurs following breeding and foaling, and cripples annual foal production and accounts for heavy economic loss in the equine industry. Both diagnosis and therapeutic management as early as possible are warranted to maintain optimum fertility. Present study was therefore undertaken with the aim to evaluate the diagnostic utility of uterine cytology, uterine culture and ultrasonography in detection of uterine infection in infertile mares and to recommend a combination of diagnostic techniques to be employed as a routine procedure in the management of equine uterine infections and associated endometritis. The therapeutic efficacy of different treatment regimens in management of uterine infection in infertile mares was also evaluated. Investigation was conducted on 27 broodmares of equine breeding stud (RVC)-Hisar. Mares were divided into four groups (Group I, II and III, with 7 infertile mares in each group; Group IV with 6 fertile mares). All the mares were subjected to pre-treatment assessment of reproductive status by uterine ultrasonography, uterine cytology and uterine culture, followed by therapeutic management of uterine infections and associated endometritis with three different therapeutic regimens for three different groups. Transrectal ultrasound was done using a linear array probe (5MHz and 7 MHz). Sampling for uterine cytology and uterine cultures was done using low-volume uterine flush technique. Group I mares were treated with saline uterine lavage + PGF2α + intrauterine antibiotic infusion, Group II mares received saline uterine lavage + Cloprostenol + intrauterine antibiotic infusion, Group III mares were treated with saline uterine lavage + Oxytocin + intrauterine antibiotic infusion. Group IV mares received no treatment. The antibiotics used were based on the in vitro antibiotic sensitivity test. Further, therapeutic response was evaluated by post-treatment ultrasound conducted between days 7-10 after treatment and post-treatment conception was recorded following 1st, 2nd and 3rd inseminations. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of ultrasound, uterine cytology & uterine culture were recorded to be 86.66%, 50.00%, 68.42% & 75.00%; 71.42%, 69.23%,71.4% & 69.23% and 100%,100%, 100% & 100% respectively. The results of all the techniques were highly and significantly correlated. Uterine cultural examination of the flush sample was the most reliable method for detection of uterine infection in infertile mares. Uterine culture and uterine cytology was found to be the best combination for routine use in the diagnosis of infections. However, uterine ultrasonography may be used for evaluation of quantity of uterine fluid as well as assessment of endometrial oedema/uterine wall thickening in prediction of fertility. Therapeutic regimens involving Cloprostenol and Oxytocin in addition to uterine lavage + intrauterine antibiotic infusion were found to be first and second preference treatment protocols, respectively, in management of uterine infections in infertile mares.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Abundance, foraging behaviour and pollination efficiency of major insect pollinators on carrot (Daucus carota L.) seed crop
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Nachhatar Singh; Sharma, S.K.
    A total of thirty three insect species belonging to sixteen families of six orders were recorded from the carrot flowers, in which, eleven belong to order Lepidoptera, twelve belongs to Hymenoptera, six belong to Diptera, three belong to Coleoptera and one belongs to Odonata. Among the insect pollinators, A. florea, A. cerana indica, A. mellifera and A. dorsata were the most frequent pollinators. At initiation of flowering stage, among different bee species, the maximum mean population was observed in case of Apis florea (5.33 bees/m2/5 min) followed by A. mellifera (3.83 bees/m2/5 min) and A. dorsata (2.41 bees/m2/5 min), whereas, least abundance was observed in case of A. cerana indica, i.e., 1.83 bees/m2/5 min. At peak flowering stage, among different bee species, the maximum mean population was observed in case of Apis florea (5.83 bees/m2/5 min) followed by A. mellifera (4.36 bees/m2/ 5min) and A. dorsata (2.74 bees/m2/5 min), whereas, least abundance was observed in case of A. cerana indica, i.e., 2.21 bees/m2/5 min. At cessation of flowering, among different bee species the maximum mean population was observed in case of Apis florea (5.69 bees/m2/5 min) followed by A. mellifera (4.31 bees/m2/5 min) and A. dorsata (2.57 bees/m2/5 min), whereas, the least abundance was observed in case of A. cerana, i.e., 1.98 bees/m2/5 min. Among different Apis species, A. florea spent maximum time (4.87 sec/umbelet) followed by A. mellifera (1.90 sec/umbelet) and A. cerana (1.16 sec/umbelet). Least time per umbelet was recorded in case of A. dorsata i.e. 0.94 sec. Among different bees A. dorsata visited the highest number of umbelets (19.17 umbelets/min) followed by A. mellifera (15.32 umbelets/min) and A. cerana (10.07 umbelets/min). Apis florea visited the least number of umbelets/min (7.89 umbelets/min). It was observed that A. mellifera was the most efficient pollinator followed by A. dorsata, A. florea and A. cerana on carrot cv. Hisar Gairic flowers under agro-ecological conditions of Hisar (Haryana). The yield per plant, yield per m2 area, test weight and germination percentage in case of open pollination were 11.11 g, 61.38 g, 4.14 g and 80.00% respectively, whereas, in case of without insect pollination, it was 4.63 g, 25.06 g, 3.17 g and 53.29% and in case of Hand Pollination 8.36 g, 46.29 g, 3.66 g, 66.57% respectively, which is significantly higher in case of open pollination.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Ethanol production from spent mushroom substrate
    (CCSHAU, 2014) Grover, Ritu; Leela Wati
    The use of spent mushroom substrate for ethanol production provides an alternative opportunity for more sustainable development of renewable resources. Mushroom industry is considered problematic due to disposal of spent substrate left after mushroom production as waste. The spent substrate has great potential for conversion into sugar by partial degradation of agro-residues that allows yeast growth for conversion of glucose to ethanol by using three main steps: pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. Pretreatment must be cost-effective besides improving the formation of sugars by hydrolysis. Alkali (Sodium hydroxide) pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials reduce the crystallinity of cellulose and increase the porosity of the lignocellulosic materials. Pretreated biomass can be fermented by separate hydrolysis and fermentation. In separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), the hydrolysate can be fermented to ethanol in a sequential process where the hydrolysis of cellulose and the fermentation is carried out in different units. Sugars produced as a result of hydrolysis under optimum conditions are fermented to ethanol by yeast. For the present study, Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) after the harvest of oyster and button mushroom obtained from mushroom production technology lab, Department of Plant Pathology CCSHAU, Hisar was ground to different mesh size (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mm). Spent oyster mushroom substrate contained 36.19% cellulose, 22.24% hemicellulose and 11.99% lignin while spent button mushroom substrate contained 17.60% cellulose, 18.23% hemicellulose and 10.70% lignin before pretreatment. Spent oyster mushroom substrate due to its higher cellulose content was used for ethanol production. Pretreatment of spent oyster mushroom substrate of different particle size (0.5-2 mm) was carried out using different sodium hydroxide conc. (0.5-2%) at 1:10 (w/v) at 15 psi for 1 h. Pretreatment of 1mm mesh size spent mushroom substrate with 2% sodium hydroxide at 15 psi for 1 h resulted in 59% delignification. The optimum concentration of cellulase enzyme and hydrolysis temperature of SMS was found to be 0.20 FPU/g substrate at 50˚C that resulted in about 70.11% sugar release after 2 h shaking.Fermentation of hydrolyzed spent mushroom substrate supplemented with 0.3% urea, with the culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inoculated @0.5% (w/v) resulted in production of 2.7 and 3.5% ethanol after 72 h fermentation at 30 and 35˚C respectively. The fermented residue was found to contain about 4.3% cellulose but 19.2% crude protein. Efforts in process integration and optimization will help to improve the economy of the process. MAJOR ADVISOR DEGREE HOLDER
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Impact of climate change on Agriculture
    (CCSHAU, 2013) Manjeet; Nasib Singh
    The study was conducted to know the awareness toward impact of climate change on agriculture. The study was conducted in four district of Hayana state from northen zone namely, Karnal, Kurukshetra and from southern zone Rewari and Bhiwani and total no. of eighty extension personnel (A.D.O.,H.D.O.) were selected and interviewed with the help of well structured schedule. The study revealed that majority of respondents were of young group (20-35 years), educated up to graduation, experience gained up to (3-7 years), training attainted up to (up to one week), registered for SMS service with meteorology dpt. of CCSHAU and news paper, Radio/TV were used as source of information utilized by extension personnel. The finding revealed that respondents awareness about climate degradation like temperature (93.75%), monsoon (93.75%), weather forecasting service (96.25%), pollution which cause climate change (92.50%), green house gases (96.25%), exposure for climate degradation (61.25%). The study shows that the impact of temperature change, impact of rainfall, impact of moisture, impact of sunshine, impact of CO2, impact of soil pollution, water pollution, and impact of biodiversity on the different crop stage like on crop growth, crop yield, crop quality, crop duration and soil health were more negative. The impact of air pollution and impact of wind speed/ duration were less negative on different crop stage. The mitigation management of extension personnel based on technology, management based on natural resources were better and management based on agronomic practices and based on government policy/facilities were less effective. Agriculture department should organise training and camp to implement government policy and facility to farmer level through extension personnel.