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ThesisItem Open Access Starch metabolism and end use quality of durum wheat in response to high temperature stress(CCSHAU, 2007) Bansal, Kavita; Munjal, RenuThe present experimentation was carried out on durum wheat to study the physiological and biochemical basis of high temperature induced changes in sucrose to starch conversion. Effect of high temperature stress was determined on grain quality and starch metabolism in two durum wheat varieties WH 896 and WH 912. The investigation involved pot studies under screen house conditions during the year 2005-06. In this study, high temperature was induced by shifting the pots to polyhouse after heading. Heat degree days (HDD) were used to quantity the magnitude of heat stress to which these two durum wheat varieties were exposed during the second half of crop growth i.e. from days of heading (DOH) to days of physiological maturity (DOPM) and it is expressed as sum of daily mean temperature during particular period of crop growth. High temperature decreased functioning of various physiological parameters of the plants such as chlorophyll, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll stability index, membrane thermostability, osmotic potential and dry matter accumulation in grains. The detrimental effect of high temperature on various grain yield and quality characteristics such as grain shriveling score, grain hardness, grain weight/spike, grain number, test weight (1000-grains weight), β-carotene and total protein were also reflected. However, sedimentation value increased under high temperature treatment. Besides these, biochemical parameters such as total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, protein, sucrose, starch and amylopectin were also reduced under high temperature stress except amylose. The enzymes and metabolites involved in starch biosynthesis also declined under high temperature treatment. Among enzymes, soluble starch synthase activity was reduced maximum as compared to other enzymes activities and among metabolites, ADP-glucose and UDP-glucose reduced maximum than other metabolites under high temperature stress. Results of present experiment show that variety WH 896 is more tolerant to heat stress than WH 912 in manners of various physiological, biochemical and quality characteristics parameters when they were exposed to same degree of high temperature stressThesisItem Open Access Physiological and biochemical effects of salicylic acid in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under cadmium stress(CCSHAU, 2007) Son, Duong Hoang; Patel, A. L.The present study entitled “Physiological and biochemical effects of salicylic acid in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under cadmium stress” was conducted during Kharif 2006 in pots in the screen house, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments consisted of four levels of SA (0 mM as control, 100 mM seed treatment, 0 mM as water spray at booting stage and 100 mM spray at booting stage) and three levels of Cd viz. 0, 250 and 500 mM kg-1 soil applied after 30 days of sowing. Growth of rice plant in terms of plant height, number of tillers and leaf area at flowering, and total dry weight of shoot and its component (stem, leaf and panicle) at harvest decreased under Cd stress. SA spray treatment proved better than SA seed treatment in partially improving these parameters under Cd stress. Cd stress significantly reduced the ΨW, ΨS, RWC, rates of photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance, and contents of total chlorophyll, total soluble carbohydrate and total soluble protein in leaf at flowering. SA spray treatment being better than seed treatment partially improved these parameters under Cd stress. Considerable increase in the contents of total free amino acids, free proline, malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation) and percentage of membrane injury in leaf at flowering, and the Cd concentration in shoot and its components (Stem, leaf and panicle) at harvest were observed under Cd stress. SA spray treatment being more effective than seed treatment counteracted the Cd-induced elevation on these parameters Cd stress adversely affected the yield and its components number of panicles per plant, number of spikelets per panicle, filled grain percentage and 1000-grain weight) over control. Among these, number of panicles per plant and number of spikelets per panicle were more sensitive yield components responsible for decrease in grain yield under Cd stress. Grain yield and its components were higher in SA treated plants. SA spray being better than SA seed treatment partially alleviated the grain yield more under 250 mM of Cd than under 500 mM of Cd. In brown rice, starch and amylose content decreased but Cd concentration increased under Cd stress. Application of SA decreased the Cd concentration and showed partial improvement in starch and amylose content in brown rice under Cd stress.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on salicylic acid induced amelioration of salinity stress in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek](CCSHAU, 2007) Pooja; Sharma, K.D.The study entitled, “Studies on salicylic acid induced amelioration of salinity stress in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]” was conducted during kharif season of 2006 at screen house, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment was laid out in factorial CRD with three replications. The treatment consisted of two levels of salinity stress (4 and 6 dSm-1) maintained after germination and two concentration of salicylic acid (0.25 and 0.50 mM) applied as foliar spray at flower initiation. The observations were recorded 2 and 6 days after salicylic acid (SA) spray. Salinity stress decreased the growth of mungbean in terms of plant height, dry matter accumulation and leaf area. However, treatment with SA increased the growth parameters under salinity stress. All the plant water status parameters i.e. w, s and RWC decreased with increasing level of salinity stress. Application of SA improved the plant water status irrespective of salinity levels. Gaseous exchange studies i.e. rate of photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance get reduced under salinity stress. Higher concentration of SA was more effective to brought consecutive improvement in gaseous exchange under salinity. Membrane injury and lipid peroxidation enhanced under salinity stress but salicylic acid application increased the membrane stability and decreased MDA production. Biochemical metabolites i.e. chlorophyll and protein content declined under salinity stress. However, free proline, total soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids content showed sharp rise under salinity stress. Exogenous SA application increased all the above biochemical metabolites under salinity. The ionic composition i.e. Na+, Cl- and SO4- increased but decline in K+ content in leaves under salinity stress. Salicylic acid reversed the accumulation trend under stressed condition. Seed and biological yield reduced significantly by decreasing yield attributing characters i.e. number of effective pods, seeds per plant and test weight under salinity stress. Salicylic acid improved the yield and its attributes by maintaining plants water status and various physiological and biochemical processes.ThesisItem Open Access Transpiration traits and biodrainage potential of some tree species(CCSHAU, 2008) Mahesh Kumar; Datta, K.S.The present investigation was carried out on 10 different tree species i.e. Eucalyptus Clone-10, Eucalyptus Clone-130, Eucalyptus Clone-3, Eucalyptus hybrid, Tamarix aphylla, Prosopis juliflora, Callistemon viminalis, Melia azedarach, Terminalia arjuna and Pongamia pinnata to study various transpirational traits and correlate these with their biodrainage potential. For this, their growth parameters (height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and girth) and physiological traits (leaf area index (LAI), stomatal conductance, stomata density, relative water content (RWC), excised leaf water loss (ELWL), potometric water loss (PWL), sub stomatal CO2, transpiration rate, and photosynthesis rate) were recorded. Eucalyptus C-10, Eucalyptus C-3, Eucalyptus C-130 and Eucalyptus hybrid showed maximum plant height and DBH. LAI was highest in Eucalyptus hybrid. Stomatal density was found in the range of 197-335/mm2 on adaxial side, 215-451/mm2 on abaxial side. Minimal stomata density of 167 /mm2 was found in Tamarix aphylla and maximum of 592/ mm2 in Callistemon viminalis. Overall range of stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, sub-stomatal CO2 and transpiration rate were in range of 0.08-0.40 mol m2 S-1, 3.52 to 12.0 μ mol m2 S-1, 325.3- 269.48 μ mol/ mol, 4.22-7.39 m mol m2 S-1 respectively. PWL, RWC, ELWL were on the higher side in Eucalyptus species (varying amongst different species). Melia azedarach showed longer and wider vessels length than other species but Tamarix aphylla had shortest vessels and Eucalyptus Clone -130 had narrowest vessels. Tracheids were longer in Eucalyptus C-10 and shortest in Melia azedarach with wide variation among the different tree species. However, width of tracheids in all the species was in a very narrow range i.e. 20-29 μm. It was seen that water table started declining beneath the plantation after 08.00 hrs, and towards 16.00 hrs it reached a minimum level during the diurnal cycle. Amongst the different tree species biodrainage potential, as determined by decline in water table beneath the plantation, was in order of: Eucalyptus C-10 ≈ Eucalyptus hybrid > Eucalyptus C-130 ≈ Tamarix aphylla > Prosopis juliflora > Eucalyptus C-3 > Callistemon viminalis ≈ Melia azedarach > Terminalia arjuna ≈ Pongamia pinnata. Correlation analysis showed that by and large biodrainage potential had a significant positive correlation with LAI, height, DBH, stomata density and transpiration rate. Trends of significant correlation with other physiological traits like PWL, RWC, ELWL and length and width of tracheary elements were not significantly consistent in all the species.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) genotypes for phosphorus uptake efficiency(CCSHAU, 2008) Lamba, Ishu; Sandooja, J.K.An experiment was conducted with six pigeonpea genotypes namely Paras, ICPL-88039, H2000-37, H2000-47, H2001-4,and H2001-37, at different levels of phosphorus i.e. 15%, 30%, 60% and 100% in pot culture house. Various parameters like fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, leaf area, photosynthetic rate, total chlorophyll content, total phosphorus content of root and shoot, total nitrogen content of root and shoot, fresh weight of nodules, leghaemoglobin content, acetylene reduction activity, yield and its attributing characters were analysed at three sampling stages i.e. 45, 75 & 110 days after sowing. Another experiment was conducted in laboratory with four pigeonpea genotypes i.e. H2001-37, Paras, H2000-37 and ICPL-88039 with same treatments of phosphorus. However, the parameters studied were root length, number of root hairs, root-shoot ratio and alkaline phosphatase activity only 10 days after sowing Maximum fresh wt. of the root was observed in ICPL-88039 and minimum fresh weight was observed in H2001-37, whereas maximum fresh weight of shoot was observed in H2000-37 genotype and minimum was in Paras genotype. Dry weight of root was maximum in H2001-27 whereas dry weight of shoot was maximum in H2000-37. Minimum root was observed in H2001-37 genotype whereas minimum dry weight of shoot was observed in Paras genotype. Photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, leaf area was maximum in Paras genotype (Check variety). However, total phosphorus and nitrogen content at low phosphorus application was better in H2000-37 genotype. Nodule weight, acetylene reductase activity, leghaemoglobin content was high in Paras & H2001-37 genotype. However at lower P application H2001-37 performed better. In second experiment, at low phosphorus application maximum root length was observed in H2000-37 where number of root hairs were highest in H2001-37 genotype. Phosphatase activity was highest in H2001-37 genotype at low phosphorus application.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of some herbicides for management of resistant littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor retz.)(CCSHAU, 2009) P. Bhasker; Dhawan, RupaLittleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.) is a major weed in wheat fields, and has developed resistance to the commonly used herbicide isoproturon. Some reports of evolution of cross resistance against fenoxaprop-p-ethyl have also appeared. This study explores the potential use of fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, clodinafop, pinoxaden and ready mix formulation of sulfosulfuron plus metsulfuron (‘Total’), as post-emergence herbicides to control resistant littleseed canarygrass in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) and investigate the mechanism of evolution of cross resistance to fenoxaprop in P.minor. Greenhouse studies were carried out to determine the phytotoxicity of these herbicides in relation to percent mortality, plant height, fresh plant biomass, dry plant biomass, chlorophyll and carotenoid content and leaf membrane injury on littleseed canarygrass and wheat. These experiments were conducted in green house unit, Department of Agronomy, CCS HAU, Hisar (India). Resistant biotypes of Phalaris minor were collected from different locations of Haryana during 2007-08. Seven biotypes of P.minor from HAU-Hisar, Uchana, Ambala, Nangla, Chanarthal-1, Chanarthal-2 and Chanarthal-3, were raised along with wheat (PBW- 343) in pots. Herbicides (0-240 g ha-1 fenoxaprop, 0-60 g ha-1 clodinafop, 0-120 g ha-1 pinoxaden, 0-80 g ha-1 ‘Total’) were sprayed 35 DAS. Application of fenoxaprop 120 g ha-1, clodinafop 60 g ha-1, pinoxaden 60 g ha-1, provided control of biotypes from HAU-Hisar, Uchana, Ambala and Nangla but not from Chanarthal. However, application of pinoxaden 120 g ha-1 and ready mix formulation of sulfosulfuron plus metsulfuron 80 g ha-1 provided complete control of all biotypes of P.minor. Same situation was observed in laboratory experiments. Of the 7 biotypes studied, these were classified as sensitive (HAU-Hisar and Ambala), partially resistant (Uchana and Nangla) and resistant types (Chanarthal-1, Chanarthal-2 and Chanarthal-3). Dose response curves of decline in fresh weight against herbicide doze provided good indication of the resistance in various biotypes. GR50 values of the populations tested against fenoxaprop were in the range of 80 - >240 g ha-1, against clodinafop 30->60 g ha-1, against pinoxaden 10-120 g ha-1 and against ‘Total’ was 20 - > 80 g ha-1. This is supported by pigment retention tests and ion efflux tests. Pigment retention (chl-a, chl-b and carotenoid) was lesser in susceptible biotypes and more in resistant biotypes after herbicide spray. Ion efflux was also more in susceptible biotypes as compared to resistant biotypes. Experiment on mechanism of evolution of resistance to fenoxaprop is indicative of the fact that there is lesser involvement of detoxification mechanism pointing towards target site alteration.ThesisItem Open Access Phosphorus uptake, yield and quality parameters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L)(CCSHAU, 2010) Renu Bala; Munjal, RenuThe present experimentation was carried out on ten wheat genotypes namely WH-147, Raj-4083, WH-1021, WH-1022, WH-1025, LOK-1, NW-2030, C-306, PBW-343 and PBW-550 with three level of phosphorus i.e. 20%, 50% and 100% in order to identify the genotypes efficient in phosphrous uptake and utilization, the effect of phosphrous doses on quality parameters of wheat grains and the root morpho-physiological traits associated with efficient phosphors uptake. The investigation involved pot studies under screen house conditions during the year 2008-09.Data was recorded for dry weight of root,stem and leaves,physiological parameters(Chlorophyll fluorescence, Assimilation rate, Transpiration rate, Stomatal conductance, Water use efficiency ),days to heading, days to Anthesis, days to Maturity, Grain Filling duration, Plant Height, No. of productive tillers/plant, biomass/plant, Spike length, Grain yield/plant Test weight, Phosphorus cont Quality parameter in grain . In this study day to heading, anthesis, maturity and grain filling duration got delayed at low P level (20%) as compared to 100% P. Raj-4083, WH-1022, NW-2030, WH-1025, C-306, PBW-343 and PBW-550 showed significant difference for root, shoot and leaf dry weight at different level of phosphorus during anthesis stage. WH-147 and Raj-4083 was better in maintaining WUE at different P level. Acid and alkaline phosphate activity increased with decrease in the P. Activity of both enzymes was highest in NW-2030. For majority of the yield components the genotypes Raj-4083, WH-147, LOK-1, NW-2030 and PBW-550 performed better at different P levels. Among all these seedling characteristics root length root/ shoot dry weight and no. of secondary lateral roots increased at 20% P, but shoot length decreased at 20% P. No. of secondary lateral roots was found as major determinant of P deficiency.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on epibrassinolide induced amelioration of high temperature stress in brassica juncea (L.) czern & coss(CCSHAU, 2010) Walke, Mahadev Bapu; Chhabra, M.L.The present investigations were undertaken to study the role of epibrassinolide (EBR) on seed germination, seedling growth, 50% seedling mortality, relative water content, membrane stability, free proline content, antioxidative enzymes and metabolites at seedling stage, while gaseous exchange and yield attributes at terminal stage in field grown Brassica juncea plants. When seedlings were grown at 25C, 30C or 35C, it was observed that 25C is optimum temperature for germination and seedling growth. The germination, speed of germination and seedling growth of Brassica juncea in general reduced when temperature was increased from 25C to 30C and 35C. Soaking seeds in EBR (10-6 M, 10-8 M or 10-10 M) for 2 hrs in general reduced germination, seedling growth and delayed seedling mortality. Higher the concentration of EBR used, more was the reduction in germination and seedling growth. Acclimation at sublethal temperature (32C) and EBR pretreatments (10-8 M and 10-10 M ) for 24 hrs prior to high temperature stress (45C) were found to be effective in imparting thermo protection at seedling stage, which is the crucial stage of plant establishment. These pretreatments helped seedling to recover from heat stress by improved relative water content, reduced per cent injury and increased free proline content. Increase in enzymatic activity of catalase, peroxidase, and also reduction in MDA, H2O2 content conferred thermotolerance. At flower cessation stage, compared to normal sown, in late sown crop the rate of photosynthesis and seed yield decreased significantly whereas, rate of transpiration and stomatal conductance increased. Rate of photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance increased in plants sprayed with EBR at flower cessation stage. Lower concentration of EBR (10-10 M) was more effective to bring consecutive improvement in gaseous exchange. EBR spray (10-10 M) increased the seed yield (13.6%) and oil content (4.23%) as compared to control. Lower concentration of EBR (10-10 M) in general was more effective in imparting thermotolerance in B. juncea.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the ripening of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari by ethephon and calcium carbide(CCSHAU, 2011) Poonam Kumari; Sandooja, J. K.An expriement was conducted to compare the ripening caused by ethephon (source of natural ripening hormone, ethylene) and calcium carbide (source of acetylene and applied commercially) in mango fruits as compared to control. Physiological loss in weight increased with increase in the period of storage in all the treatments. There was no decay loss up to 6th day, however it was observed on 8th day of storage in all the treatments and further it increasd on 10th day of storage. Fruits treated with calcium carbide had higher physiological loss in weight, decay loss, sugars and total soluble solids as compared to fruits ripened with ethephon. However, acidity, ascorbic acid, cellulose and pectin content of fruits were lower in calcium carbide treated fruits as compared to fruits ripened with ethephon. Sugars (total, reducing and non-reducing) and total soluble solids increased with increase in period of storage up to 4th and 6th day of storage respectively in all the treatments and decreased thereafter whereas cellulose, pectin, acidity and ascorbic acid decreased with increase in the period of storage in all the treatments. Among the different treatments, calcium carbide @ 3g/kg was highly effective in increasing decay loss, total soluble solids and sugars and decreasing acidity, ascorbic acid, pectin and cellulose content. Fruits ripened with ethephon @ 250 ppm showed better ripening and sensory qualities.