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M. Sc. Dissertations
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ThesisItem Open Access Agrometeorological responses of brassica species under different growing environments(CCSHAU, 2009) Mehnaj Tharranum, A.; Ram SinghThe study entitled ‘Agrometeorological responses of Brassica species under different growing environments’ was conducted at the research area of the Department of Agricultural meteorology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during the rabi season of 2008-09. The main plot treatments consisted of three dates of sowing (15th October, 27th October and 10th November) and the sub-plots consisted of 10 varieties (Laxmi, RH30, Varuna, RH819, Kranti, GSL-1, HNS- 0501, 0004, 0403 and 0401). The thirty treatment combinations were tested in split plot design with three replications. The 15th October sown crop had highest thermal and radiation indices and TUE and RUE were also highest in this treatment as compared to 27th October and 10th November sown crops. The transmitted photosynthetically active radiation (TPAR) was recorded lowest in D1 as compared to D2 and D3 treatments. All growth parameters, yield and yield attributes were found highest in 15th October sown crop. The oil contents of D1 and D2 treatments were found highest and decreased with delay in sowing. The delay in sowing from 15th October to 27th October shortened the life cycle of the crop by 11 days and delay in sowing upto 10th November reduced the life span of the crop by 16 days. Among the varieties, Kranti and HNS-0403 took more number of days for completion of phenophases, in B. juncea and B. napus, respectively. Among the varieties of B. juncea, Kranti consumed highest HU and PTU, whereas RH30 consumed highest HTU. RH30 was found to utilize heat units and IPAR, efficiently. LAI, dry biomass and yield were also recorded highest in RH30. Among the genotypes of B. napus, HNS-0403 consumed highest HU, HTU and PTU. The efficiencies of heat and radiation utilization were highest in HNS-0004. LAI, dry biomass, IPAR and yield were recorded highest in HNS-0004, whereas, oil content was highest in HNS-0401. The correlation and regression analysis were carried out to study the relationship between agrometeorological and crop parameters. The weather parameters such as air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours and wind speed during 50 per cent flowering stage of the crop were better correlated with crop parameters, as compared to weather parameters during other stages. Morning relative humidity showed maximum negative correlation, whereas sunshine hours and air temperature showed maximum positive correlation with seed yield. All the thermal indices were positively correlated with crop parameters. Significant weather parameters such as maximum temperature and morning relative humidity explained the variability in yield up to 85 per cent. The agrometeorological indices (HU, HTU, PTU and IPAR) explained 83 per cent variability in seed yield of B. juncea. Replacing IPAR and including TUE and RUE in the above model, explained up to 62 per cent variability in seed yield of B. napus.ThesisItem Open Access Impact analysis of seasonal climatic variability on rice productivity in eastern agroclimatic zone of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2010) Bemal, Suchandan; Diwan SinghThe present study “Impact analysis of seasonal climatic variability on rice productivity in eastern agroclimatic zone of Haryana” was undertaken to work out the climatic variability and trends at locations namely Ambala and Karnal and to have an idea of the probable impact of future trend scenarios for productivity of rice in eastern agroclimatic zone (main rice growing region of Haryana) using CERES-Rice model. Historical data (1977-2008) on weather and rice productivity for above two locations were collected. Analysis showed that maximum and minimum temperature variability has considerably increased during the period from 1997-2008 and that more so during winter season at both locations. The study revealed increase in rainfall during the south west monsoon season and increased variability in post monsoon rainfall at the both locations. Highest seasonal and monthly variability of solar radiation was observed in winter season and month of January, respectively at Ambala. The trend study for annual maximum temperature indicated an increase at Ambala while a decrease at Karnal. However as of recent past (1997-2008) the trend has reversed and indicated an increase of maximum temperature at both the places. The seasonal trends of maximum temperature at Ambala showed an increase during summer, south-west and post-monsoon seasons but decrease during winter. On the other hand at Karnal, a decreasing trend was observed during kharif and winter. Annual and seasonal (except summer) minimum temperature trend revealed a decrease at Ambala. The annual rainfall at Ambala showed an increasing trend but reverse trend was noted at Karnal. Annual Solar radiation trend was decreasing at the rate of 0.04 and 0.07 MJ/m2 at Ambala and Karnal, respectively. At Ambala, the maximum temperature and rainfall trend was increasing but at Karnal both the parameters showed decreasing trend during kharif seasons of 1977-2008. The kharif season rainfall variability was of greater proportion at Karnal than at Ambala. CERES-Rice model simulations with increase in maximum temperature of upto 1ºC above normal resulted in positive effect on rice productivity, However, the increase in minimum temperature event by 0.5ºC above normal caused loss in productivity at both the places. Further, the model projected a decrease of 19.0 and 16.9% in rice grain yield with increase of both maximum and minimum temperatures by 2.5°C above normal at Ambala and Karnal, respectively. The increase of either maximum or minimum temperature (upto 1°C) in conjunction with increment of carbon-dioxide concentration in atmosphere (upto 100 ppm) resulted in increase of rice productivity at both the locations. The rice grain yield simulations by CERES-Rice model with different temperature increments (either of maximum/minimum or combinations of two) accompanied by different CO2 concentrations suggested that the negative effect of incremental temperatures on rice productivity got marginalized with progressive increments of CO2 concentrations. The rainfall and solar radiation had positive relationship with rice productivity at both locations.ThesisItem Open Access Leaf curl virus disease in cotton in relation to microclimate under two growing environments(CCSHAU, 2012) Ved Prakash; Ram NiwasThe present investigatio n was undertake n for evaluation Leaf cur l virus disease in cotton in relatio n to mic roclimate unde r two growing e nviro nme nts . The mate r ials for the present investigation compr ised of 3 cotton cultivars, including two dates of sowing Viz. 30 th Apr il and 30 th May . The exper imental materials was grown at the Research Farm of the Depar tment of Genetics and Plant Breeding during Kharif 2011 in a factor ial randomized block design with four replications. The estimates of crop sown on 30 th April unde r protected (sprayed) conditio ns were the most ideal for control of leaf cur l virus disease. It exhibited stable per formance of the cultivar RASI 134 for dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, number of branches and bolls plant - 1 , boll weight and seed cotton y ield also. Correlation study revealed that leaf curl virus disease was signif icantly and positivel y cor related with suns hine hours, vapour pressure def icit at evening and negativel y signif icant with minimum temperature, relative humidity at evening, wind speed and vapour pressure def icit at morning in both growing e nvironments. The regression analysis suggested that maximum var iability in leaf cur l virus disease can be explained upto 81 percent by vapour pressure def icit at morning for RASI 134 and accuracy could be improved with addition of wind speed. The inte nsity of leaf cur l disease was found in HS 6 as compared to MRC 6304 and RASI 134, due to succulent broad leaves and none of the genoty pes was resistant to leaf cur l virus disease.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of seasonal climatic variability on wheat productivity in western agroclimatic zone of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2013) Kamlesh Kumar; Surender SinghThe present scientific investigation entitled ‘Effect of seasonal climatic variability on wheat productivity in western agroclimatic zone of Haryana’ was undertaken to work out the climatic variability and trends at two locations in western agroclimatic zone of Haryana viz., Hisar and Sirsa and to have an idea of the probable impact of future trend scenarios for productivity of wheat in the zone (main wheat growing region of Haryana) using CERES-Wheat model. Historical data (1977-2008) on weather and wheat productivity for above two locations were collected and considered or the study. Analysis of data indicated more variations in maximum temperature during the recent period (1997-08) with comparatively higher values of CV at Hisar (2.77%) and Sirsa (2.68%). Summer season’s maximum temperatures have also shown more fluctuations with higher CV values both at Hisar (14.55%) and Sirsa (15.87%). The mean minimum temperature (9.1 ºC) observed at Hisar during rabi season was lower than that observed at Sirsa (9.9ºC). In the recent past (1997-08) period, both maximum and minimum temperatures exhibited increasing trend in rabi season both at Hisar and Sirsa. However, the magnitude of increase in maximum (0.188ºC) and minimum temperatures (0.053ºC) at Hisar was more when compared with (0.102ºC) and (0.031ºC) at Sirsa, respectively. During rabi season, rainfall occurrence showed increasing trend both at Hisar and Sirsa during the entire period under study. However, in the recent past (1997-08), the rainfall activities during rabi season decreased @ 5.673 mm and 2.208 mm per year at Hisar and Sirsa, respectively. Sirsa received more rainfall (75.6 mm) than Hisar (54.9 mm) in rabi season during the entire period of study. The periodic rainfall ranged between 63.3 to 87.7 mm at Sirsa and 47.4 to 60.8 mm at Hisar in rabi season. CERES-Wheat model simulations with an increase in maximum temperature by 1.0ºC over normal value exhibited positive effect on wheat productivity coupled with elevated CO2 concentration upto 100 ppm above the 330 ppm CO2 level at both the locations projected by CERES-Wheat model. The model projected a maximum yield loss of 18.2 per cent at Hisar and 16.3 per cent at Sirsa with 2.5ºC increment above normal both in maximum and minimum temperature. During rabi season, both rainfall and solar radiation had positive effect on wheat productivity at both the locations. The model predicted yield reduction by 0.89, 1.97, 4.12 and 6.78 per cent from mean simulated yield, due to anticipated decrease in rainfall by 15, 30, 40 and 50 mm at Hisar during rabi season.ThesisItem Open Access Growth and radiation use efficiency of Basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties under different transplanting environments(CCSHAU, 2016) Abhilash; Dagar, C.S.A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2015 at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Rice Research Station, Kaul, India to study the comparative performance of different scented basmati rice cultivars under different dates of transplanting. The experiment included three dates of transplanting viz. 25 th June, 10 th July and 25 th July, respectively as main plot treatment and four cultivars namely CSR 30, Pusa Basmati 1121, Pusa Basmati 1509 and Haryana Basmati 2 as subplot treatment, resulting in 12 treatment combinations. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four replications. Among different dates of transplanting the plant height and dry matter accumulation were significantly higher at all the growth stages when crop was transplanted on 25 th June as compared to the crop transplanted on 10 th July and 25 th July. Better results in terms of yield and yield attributes such as maximum number of effective tillers, more panicle length and panicle weight, more number of grains per panicle, less number of unfilled spiklets per panicle, higher 1000 grain weight, higher grain and straw yield, more harvest index, more grain length and breadth, L/B ratio and head rice recovery were observed in the early transplanted crop. Higher value of LAI, CGR, RGR and SLA were observed in the early transplanted crop. Maximum number of GDD, HTU and PTU were accumulated when crop was transplanted on 25 th June. Higher RUE and HUE were also observed in early transplanted crop. Among the varieties, CSR 30 consumed highest GDD, HTU and PTU as compared to HB 2, PB 1121 and PB 1509, respectively under different transplanting environments. The PAR utilization efficiency for grain production was highest in HB 2 at the time of harvest. The efficiency of heat utilization was also higher in HB 2 as compared to other varieties at the time of harvest. Panicle length, panicle weight, grains per panicle, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index were significantly higher than PB 1509 and CSR 30 but were statistically at par with PB 1121. LAI, CGR and SLA showed significantly positive correlation whereas, RGR was negatively correlated with yield and yield attributes. At physiological maturity all agrometeorological indices namely AGDD, AHTU, APTU, RUE and HUE were positively correlated with yield and yield attributes. Multiple regression equations developed for estimation of different yield and yield attributes using weather parameters shows that maximum temperature, sunshine hours, actual vapour pressure and morning relative humidity collectively explain the variability in grain yield, straw yield, up to 94 and 99 percent.,ThesisItem Open Access Radiation interception and DSSAT validation in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under different growing environments(CCSHAU, 2016) Sagar Kumar; Ram NiwasThe study entitled ‘Radiation interception and DSSAT validation in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under different growing environments’ was conducted at the research area of the Department of Agricultural meteorology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during the kharif season of 2015-16. The main plots treatments consisted of three date of sowing (2nd week of May (D1), 3rd week of May (D2) and 1st week of June (D3) and the sub-plots consisted of three varieties (Pancham 541, SP 7121 and RCH 791). The twenty seven treatment combinations were tested in random block design with three replications. The 2nd week of May sown crop consumed highest thermal and radiation indices. Radiation and heat use efficiency were also highest in this growing environment as compared to 3rd week of May and 1st week of June sown crops. Among cotton varieties, RCH 791 consumed highest heat units, heliothermal units and photothermal units as compared to SP 7121 and Pancham 541 under different growing environments. All growth parameters, yield and yield attributes were found highest in 2nd week of May sown crop. The efficiency of PAR utilization for dry matter production was highest in RCH 791 at all phenophases. The efficiency of heat utilization was also more in RCH 791 as compared to SP 7121 and Pancham 541 at all phenophases. Maximum temperature, minimum temperature, relative humidity morning and evening, wind speed and rainfall showed a positive correlation with dry matter, max. LAI, seed cotton, cotton seed, lint, oil, protein, boll/plant and bolls wt. per plant during vegetative phase, whereas morning and evening relative humidity showed negative correlation during reproductive phase. Relative humidity at morning and evening hours at reproductive phase had significantly negative correlations with seed and biological yields, whereas during vegetative phase, it had positive correlation. The slope value of the regression line shows that growing environment of cotton sown on 2nd week of May was highly efficient in utilizing PAR and accumulation heat units for dry matter production. 99 and 93% variability in dry matter production was explained by IPAR and heat unit, respectively. Among yield parameters, Seed cotton, lint and cotton seed were directly and linearly related with IPAR and IPAR explained 84%, 79% and 85% variability in seed cotton, lint and cotton seed production respectively. The model performance was good for all the three cotton cultivars and for all the growing environments for simulation of days to flowering and physiological maturity. Also the model performance was good for all the cultivars and 2nd and 3rd week of May sown crops for seed cotton yield, biomass and max. LAI but simulation was not satisfactory in case of cotton sown on 1st week of June.ThesisItem Open Access Simulation of growth and yield of Indian-mustard (Brassica juncea) using InfoCrop model for western Haryana(CCSHAU, 2015) Yogesh Kumar; Raj Singh)The study entitled ‘Simulation of growth and yield of Indian-mustard (Brassica juncea) using InfoCrop model for western Haryana’ was conducted at the research area of the Department of Agricultural meteorology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during the Rabi season of 2014-15. The main plots treatments consisted of three date of sowing (26th October (D1), 5th November (D2), and 15th of November (D3). The sub-plots consisted of three varieties (Kranti, RH 406 and RH 0749). The thirty six treatment combinations were tested in split plot design with four replications. The 26th October sown crop accumulated highest heat units, heliothermal units, photothermal, thermal use and radiation use efficiency used as compared to 5th and 15th of November sown crop. Among mustard varieties, RH 0749 used highest heat units, heliothermal units and photothermal, thermal use and radiation use efficiency as compared to RH 406 and Kranti. The correlation was carried out to study the relationship between weather parameters and yield and yield attributes at vegetative and reproductive stage. At vegetative stage, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, sunshine hours and evaporation showed a significant positive correlation with number of siliquae per plant, seed yield (kg/ha), biological yield (kg/ha) whereas morning and evening relative humidity showed negative correlation with these parameters. At reproductive stage, morning and evening relative humidity showed significant positive correlation with number of siliquae per plant, seed yield (kg/ha), biological yield (kg/ha) while rest of the weather parameters showed significant positive correlation. Different statistical test criteria were applied to validate and sensitivity analysis for performance of InfoCrop model v.2.0 in estimation of mustard yield. The days to attain various phenophase, LAI, biomass, yield and yield attributes simulated by model were compared with observed data and results revealed that the model overestimate all the parameters within the acceptable range (<15%) with significant accuracy. Sensitivity analysis results were made with varying maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall and CO2 concentrations on mustard yield. Beneficial effect were obtained with increased in maximum temperature (1 ºC above and below crop season of 2014-15); and the percent increase in yield was higher in RH 0749 followed by RH 406 and Kranti. The results revealed that varying in daily minimum temperature (1 to 3 ºC above) and (1 to -2 ºC below during crop season 2014-15) then yield increased but at 4 to 5 ºC above and -3 to -5 ºC below from crop season, yield decreased. The results indicated that increase in rainfall 10 to 20 percent from season 2014-15. Simulated the increased in yield but after beyond it adversely affected the mustard yield. Various levels of CO2 concentration increase the grain yield over the base yield. Elevated CO2 390 to 490 ppm, increased in yield and yield attributes.ThesisItem Open Access Study of SW monsoon rainfall pattern in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2014) Sukhbir Singh; Surender SinghThe present scientific investigation entitled ‘Study of SW Monsoon rainfall pattern in Haryana’ was undertaken to analyze the monsoon rainfall behaviour during SW monsoon season and its impact on kharif crops productivity in Haryana. In Eastern Agroclimatic Zone, weekly mean maximum rainfall of 77.2 mm in 29th SMW, 69.9 mm in 28th SMW and 52.1 mm in 32nd SMW was observed at Ambala, Karnal and Sonepat, respectively whereas in Western Agroclimatic Zone, weekly mean maximum rainfall of 51.2 mm in 30th SMW, 40.4 mm in 29th SMW and 37.5 mm in 27th SMW was observed at Bawal, Hisar and Sirsa, respectively. In Eastern Agroclimatic Zone, monthly mean maximum rainfall of 290.6 mm (July), 208.6 mm (July) and 197.9 mm (August) was observed at Ambala, Karnal and Sonepat, respectively while in Western Agroclimatic Zone, monthly mean maximum rainfall of 179.9 mm (August), 130.2 mm (July) and 124.3mm (July) was observed at Bawal, Hisar and Sirsa, respectively. In Eastern Agroclimatic Zone, seasonal mean rainfall of 750.5 mm , 594.4 mm and 514.5 mm was observed at Ambala, Karnal and Sonepat, respectively and in Western Agroclimatic Zone, seasonal mean rainfall of 473.7 mm , 356.7 mm and 309.2 mm was observed at Bawal, Hisar and Sirsa, respectively. Seasonal average numbers of rainy days recorded were 29 at Amabla, 27 at Karnal and 24 at Sonepat (Eastern Zone).Whereas, there rainy days were 24 at Bawal, 19 at Hisar and 14 at Sirsa (Western Zone) observed during the entire period of study. Normal onset date for SW Monsoon was 29th June at Ambala and Karnal whereas, it was 30th June at Karnal (Eastern Zone). In Western Zone, the normal onset date of SW monsoon was observed at 30th June at Bawal, 1st July at Hisar and 3rd July at Sirsa. Average duration of SW monsoon was 76 days at Ambala & Karnal, 74 days in Sonepat (Eastern Zone); Whereas, this duration was 73 days at Bawal, 70 days at Hisar and 65 days at Sirsa (Western Zone). In the entire state of Haryana, four stations viz., Ambala, Bawal, Hisar and Sirsa exhibited increasing trend in rainfall @ 7.2 mm, 5.3 mm, 2.0 mm and 1.8 mm, respectively. Whereas, two stations viz., Karnal and Sonepat exhibited decreasing trend @ 0.7 mm and 0.5 mm per mm, respectively. Higher values of standard deviation and coefficient of variation on temporal and spatial scale exhibited highly variable rainfall in the netire state during the period under study. Correlation coefficient between seasonal monsoon rainfall and rice productivity attained was between 0.52 to 0.58 at all three stations and the comparatively lower ‘r’ value may be attributed to assured irrigation facilities in the Eastern Agroclimatic Zone. Correlation coefficient between seasonal monsoon rainfall and guar productivity attained was between 0.79 to 0.85 at all three stations and the comparatively higher ‘r’ values may be attributed priority to rainfed cultivation of guar entirely dependent on seasonal rains in the Western Agroclimatic Zone.ThesisItem Open Access Study on crop weather relationships in cotton hybrids(CCSHAU, 2014) Sharma, Abhijeet; Khichar, M.L.The study entitled „Study on crop weather relationships in cotton hybrids”was conducted at the research area of the Department of Agricultural meteorology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, during the kharif season of 2013-14. The main plots treatments consisted of three date of sowing ( 4th week of April, 2nd week of May and 4th week of May) and the sub-plots consisted of three varieties (Two Bt cotton hybrids-Ankur 3028BG II, BIO 6588 BG II and one non Bt cotton hybrid HHH 223. The fifty four treatment combinations were tested in split plot design with three replications. The 4th week of April sown crop had highest thermal and radiation indices and TUE and RUE were also highest in this treatment as compared to 2nd week of May and 4th week of May sown crops, The transmitted photosynthetically active radiation (TPAR) was recorded lowest in D1 as compared to D2, and D3 treatments. All growth parameters, yield and yield attributes were found highest in 2nd week of May sown crop. Among cotton varieties, Ankur 3028BG II consumed highest heat units, heliothermal units, photothermal units and thermal interception rate as compared to BIO 6588 BG II and HHH 223 under different growing environments. The efficiency of PAR utilization for dry matter production was highest in Ankur 3028BG II at all phenophases. The efficiency of heat utilization was also more in Ankur 3028BG II as compared to BIO 6588 BG II and HHH 223 at all phenophases. The correlation and regression analysis were carried out to study the relationship between agrometeorological and crop parameters. Among the phenophses , the weather parameters during 50 per cent flowering were better associated with the crop parameters than those of other phenophase. Maximum temperature, minimum temperature and vapour pressure deficit showed a strong positive correlation with seed cotton, cotton seed, cotton lint and bolls per plant during boll opening stage, whereas morning and evening relative humidity showed negative correlation with seed cotton, cotton seed, cotton lint and bolls per plant during vegetative, flowering stage and boll opening stage. Among the agrometeorological indices, HTU were highly correlated with seed cotton, cotton seed, cotton lint and bolls per plant followed by PTU and HU. Among all weather parameters, maximum temperature during boll opening stage individually explained 92 per cent variability in seed cotton yield and yield attributes.