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ThesisItem Open Access A study on economics of beekeeping in yamuna nagar district of Haryana(CCSHAU, 2006) Bhupender; Kadiyan, R.S.The study entitled “A study on Economics of beekeeping in Yamuna Nagar district of Haryana” was carried out in Yamunanagar district of Haryana state during 2003-04. It was observed that the expenditure on wooden box with iron stand accounted for 43.49 per cent followed by honey bees, wax sheets and labour costs. The returns from honey accounted for 82.76 per cent followed by bee colonies ( 14.79 ) and bee wax (2.45 ). The net returns were maximum in large category followed medium and small categories. The benefit-cost ratio showed that an investment of Rs. 1 in beekeeping enterprise as overall would fetch a return of Rs 2.19. And it was highest in large sized beekeepers i.e. 2.99. The whole cost invested in beekeeping enterprise was recoverable with in one year. While marketing of honey channel-II (producer-consumer sale at market) was mostly adopted by large beekeepers. The major problems faced by the beekeepers were lack of fair prices of honey and competitions among buyers. However, there is need to develop proper marketing and processing facilities so that the producer can get fair price of their produce.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic analysis of production and marketing of Bt-cotton in Haryana and Karnataka(CCSHAU, 2007) Shiva Kumar; Mehta, V.P.Cotton is India’s major commercial crop covering about 9.3 million hectares of area, ranking first in the world. It ranks third in the world in production with 2.51 million tonnes. In India, during 2005-06 Bt-cotton was grown on 9 lakh hectares and 100 per cent increase is expected in 2006- 07 according to International Service for the Acquisition of Agri.-Biotech application (ISAAA). However, the productivity (300 kg/ha) of non Bt-cotton in the country is considerably low. The major reason for this is due to damage caused by insect-pests, notably Helicoverpa armigera, commonly referred to as American bollworm. Meanwhile with the advance of technology biotechnological tools came handy in transferring pest resistance genes in cotton. Bt cotton has the gene from the soil bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, to effectively control the bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. On the one hand there were hopes that Bt cotton would help reduce the pesticide use, increase the yield and make the cultivation of cotton more economical and environmental friendly, and on the other hand, there were serious apprehensions that this would be used to increased pest resistance, antibiotic resistance, increased genetic pollution, destruction of biodiversity and perpetual dependence on trans-national agrochemical and seed companies. Visualizing the above constraints and importance of Bt cotton in both the states the present study was under taken with the following objectives: i) To study the comparative economics of Bt and American cotton cultivation, ii) To examine the marketing pattern, costs and margins through different channels and iii) To study the constraints in production and marketing. To derive the inferences of the study, the primary data were collected from 120 farmers i.e. 60 each from Haryana and Karnataka acted as ultimate unit of the sample. The required data pertaining to marketing pattern, costs and margin were collected from 10 respondents from the main markets situated in the study area and used in the analysis by using simple tabular analysis. The average total cost of cultivation per acre of American cotton was Rs. 11862 and Rs. 10186 and Bt-cotton was Rs. 14478 and Rs. 11772, in Haryana and Karnataka, respectively. The rental value of land, the harvesting/picking charges and plant protection charges were the main items of cost in American cotton but in case of Bt-cotton plant protection charges were replaced by seed cost in both the states. The gross returns obtained from American cotton was Rs. 13890 and Rs. 12866 and Bt-cotton was Rs. 17400 and Rs. 14467 in Haryana and Karnataka, respectively. The comparative analysis revealed significant difference in yield and gross returns among the two states. The Haryana state faired better over Karnataka. Growing of Btcotton found to be profitable over American cotton among both the states. The study of marketing pattern of Bt-cotton revealed that 15 per cent of total producers partially sold 4.77 per cent of the total production within the villages itself and remaining 95.23 per cent of the produce was sold in the market. In the study, three marketing channels i.e. producerà ginning mill, producerà wholesalerà ginning mill and producerà commission agentà ginning mill were identified. The channel-I was found to be more efficient with farmers, receiving highest share in miller’s price followed by channel-II and channel-III in both the states. The main production constraints noticed were non-availability of adequate good quality seed, non-availability of labour, unfavourable climatic condition, lack of technical knowledge and non-availability good quality insecticides/ pesticides. The major marketing constraints were low price of Bt-cotton produce in market, mixing of Bt-cotton and non-Bt-cotton, lack of extension and marketing services and non-availability of adequate processing units/ mills.ThesisItem Open Access An Economic analysis of milch bovine enterprise in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2006) Ajit Singh; Pandey, U.K.The present study entitled, “Economic analysis of milch bovine enterprises in Haryana” have been undertaken with the following specific objectives: 1. To study the spatio-temporal changes in stocking pattern, uptake and pattern of human labour utilization of milch bovines in Haryana. 2. To work out the major milch bovine species wise economics of milk production in rural households across regions. 3. To analyse the overtime changes in production, consumption and disposal pattern of milk and milk products across regions. The present study is based on the data recorded under the cost of cultivation scheme of principle crops in Haryana for the block years 1991-93 and 1999-2002. -viii- The stocking of cows marginally declined while stocking of buffaloes marginally increased (except on small farm) across categories during the period of 1991-93 and 1999-2002. Likewise, the stocking of bullocks and he-buffaloes declined in overall categories. On the contrary, rearing of cows declined across categories and overall during the periods under study. The hours spent by female labour in eastern regions increased during the periods under study across categories and overall. Except on large farms the same declined in western region and Haryana. The female labour utilization in Haryana was the highest in summer season followed by rainy and winter seasons on small and overall categories. But medium and large farms engaged highest female labour in rainy season. The quantity of dry fodder fed across categories was the highest in summer season followed by the winter and rainy season. The large farms fed more concentrates followed by the medium and small farmers. On the whole in Haryana, feeding of green and dry fodders marginally declined while concentrates substantially increased overtime. It implies that concentrate feeding has increased temporally across regions in Haryana due to stall feeding pattern on the one hand while for the fat rich buffalo milk production on the other. The items of fixed cost included interest on total initial capital investment, depreciation (on shed, equipments and Animal) and imputed value of family labours. Among, these costs the imputed value of family labour constituted the lion’s share across categories and overtime in eastern and western regions as well as in Haryana. Again, feed and fodder costs constituted the lion’s share across categories and over time in eastern and western regions as well as Haryana. In Haryana, the milk production in overall category was the highest in winter seasons followed by rainy and summer seasons during the two block years. It however, increased between two block years. The disposal pattern of milk production in Haryana was in terms of fluid milk and ghee across farm categories and overtime. By and large, fluid milk consumption across seasons and farm categories have increased temporally.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of primary agricultural cooperative credit societies in Haryana and Karnataka(CCSHAU, 2008) Ashok A. Pujari; Suhag, K.S.The present study was undertaken based on secondary data pertaining to Haryana and Karnataka states for the period of ten years i.e. 1996-1997 to 2005-06. The specific objectives of the study were: 1. To examine the size of operations, pace of deposit mobilization and functional structure of loans in PACS 2. To study the loan delinquencies and unit transaction /administrative cost of PACS. 3. To identify the factors responsible for loan overdues in PACS. For the study, the relevant data was obtained from various publications of different cooperative institutions, NABARD and RBI publications including Statistical Statements Related to Cooperative Movement in India, Part-I. The data related to other aspects of the study like factors affecting overdues etc. were also collected from various issues of Statistical Abstracts of Haryana and Karnataka sates, other published and unpublished sources. Tabular analysis was carried out to analyse the data. Simple statistical tools such as averages, percentages, correlation and regression analysis and compound growth rate, multiple regression were used used to bring the outline conclusions for the said objectives. The study revealed that the number of membership, paid up share capital, owned capital, deposit mobilization, borrowings, working capital, loans outstanding, loans advanced, loan recovery, overdues and cost of management increased over the study period for both the states and the compound growth rates (CGRs.) of the these variables were found significant at five per cent level of probability. The paid up share capital constituted more share from individuals than government and borrowings constituted the major share of working capital in both the states, over study period. It is clear from the study that out of the total loan advanced more than 85 per cent and 70 per cent of the loan was that of agriculture in Haryana and Karnataka respectively. Major portion of short term and medium term loans were given for seasonal agricultural operations. For Haryana, Agricultural Production Sub-System (APS) share was between 93.14 per cent to 97.76 per cent, while Agricultural Produce Marketing and Processing Sub-System (AMPS) loans occupied second place in the total loans advanced and Agricultural Inputs Distribution Sub-System (AIS) remained meager. Out of the APS loans, Current Production Growth and Stability (CPGS) occupied maximum share of 93.05 per cent to 97.60 per cent which was followed by Current Production Diversificaton and Growth (CPDG) and lastly the loan for Current Production Loss Minimization (CPLM) was also found to be which was very meager. The order of loan lending was same for Karnataka but, share of each category of loan differs. Percentage of APS ranged between 92.03 per cent to 98.38 per cent. GPGS covered most part of APS to the tune of 86.68 per cent to 96.18 per cent. The study further revealed that among the variables which have shown significant association with the dependent variable are the amount of loans outstanding which has indicated the highest association followed by amount of loans advanced, percentage of cash crops to gross cultivated area, percentage of loanee members to total cultivating families and the area under high yielding varieties in case of Haryana and factors affecting overdues in Karnataka state were cropping intensity in addition to the above factors.ThesisItem Open Access Economic appraisal of production and marketing of kinnow (Citrus reticulate blanco) in Sirsa district, Haryana(CCSHAU, 2009) Jhajhria, Abimanyu; Karwasra, J.C.The present study was undertaken to examine various aspects of “Economic Appraisal of Production and Marketing of Kinnow (Citrus reticulate blanco) in Sirsa district, Haryana” with the following objectives: 1. To workout the costs and returns of Kinnow production. 2. To study marketing costs and margins under different marketing channels. 3. To identify the constraints faced by the farmers in production and marketing of Kinnow and to suggest remedial measures. The present study was conducted in Sirsa district of Haryana, which was selected purposively on basis of maximum area and production under kinnow cultivation. Further, Dabwali market was selected for the market study. Finally 60 growers from purposively selected six villages were selected for the present study. On the basis of the nature of the data, budgeting technique and various economic tools were used for estimation of cost of production, economic feasibility, marketing costs and margins. The study revealed that over all kinnow growers incurred losses during the initial five years of establishment of kinnow orchard. The net returns per hectare were Rs. 66209 in the seventh year and it was expected that this rate of return to be more or less same upto to age of 25 years. The net present value per hectare was calculated at 12 per cent discount rate, which comes to Rs. 166902.99 for entire expected life of orchard. Further, on the basis of benefit-cost ratio 1: 2.97 and internal rate of return (27.35 per cent) it may be concluded that kinnow orchard is a profitable proposition. While, comparing the results for different channels, it was observed that major share of the produce marketed through channel II (Producer Pre-harvest contractor Commission agent Retailer Consumer) while the producer’s share in consumer’s rupee was more in direct sale as compared to other channel due to the elimination of market intermediaries. Marketing efficiency worked out in kinnow marketing showed that channel V (Producer–consumer) was most efficient marketing channel. Major problems faced by the kinnow growers in production of kinnow were damage due to aberrant weather conditions, non-availability of good seedling and lack of technical knowledge. Problems faced in marketing were lack of support price, inefficient market organization and non-availability of processing facilities. The study emphasized the need to develop the proper marketing and processing facilities before its cultivation is popularized on a large scale in the state.ThesisItem Open Access An economic analysis of bovine husbandry in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2009) Ravinder Kumar; Goyal, S.K.The present study was conducted in Haryana. Multistage stratified random sampling technique was used for the selection of ultimate unit of sample. Primary data collected by personal interview was supplemented by secondary data. The primary data related to the year 2005-06. The study revealed that family size and literacy status have positive relationship with the herd size. The age at first calving was more in region II as compared to region I in case of indigenous and cross bred cows while in case of buffaloes it was almost same for both the regions. The lactation milk yield was more in region I in case of -viiindigenous cows while the case was reverse in case of crossbred cows. As regards to buffaloes, lactation milk yield was almost same in both the regions. It was further found that the feeding cost constituted the most important item of the maintenance cost of a milch animal accounting for 62.24 to 63.46 percent of the total cost of maintaining a milch indigenous cow, 55.93 to 56.27 percent in case of milch crossbred cow and 54.82 to 55.37 percent in case of a milch buffalo. The net return from a milch (indigenous cow, crossbred cow and buffalo) animal per day in both the regions of the state was higher on medium (Rs. 1.89, 3.05 and 5.24) as compared to small (Rs. 1.42, 2.63 and 4.79) and large (Rs. 1.22, 1.67 and 4.19) herd size groups. On an average net return was found more from a milch buffalo followed by crossbred cow and milch indigenous cow across different herd size groups. The study further revealed that green fodder, concentrates and human labour significantly affected the milk yield in all the animal species in the study areas. The use of green fodder was found optimal in all the three animal species in both the regions. Concentrates in case of buffaloes in region I and crossbred cows and buffaloes in region II was under utilized. Human labour was optimally utilized in case of cross bred cows and buffaloes in both the regions but in case of indigenous cows in region II, human labour was underutilized. It was further observed that H.S, FMD and Rabies diseases were found most important diseases in terms of out-break occurrences, number of animals affected and number of animals died. However, declines in outbreaks of the diseases have been observed over the period under the study. Among various constraints lack of exotic bulls for breeding purposes, lack of regulated markets for sale and purchase of animals, lack of subsidy for housing, non-availability of green fodder throughout the year, non-availability of veterinary equipments and veterinary hospitals were the major constraints inhibiting the bovine husbandry in Haryana state.ThesisItem Open Access Performance of haryana gramin bank in agricultural financing(CCSHAU, 2009) Nand Kishore; Dalvir SinghThe study was conducted on Haryana Gramin Bank. With its new name from the year 2005 while earlier, known as Haryana Kshetriya Gramin Bank, H.O. Bhiwani, Hisar-Sirsa Kshetriya Gramin Bank, H.O. Hisar and Ambala Kurushetra Gramin Bank, H.O. Ambala City. They were set up with the objectives to take the banking to rural masses particularly unbanked rural areas to make available institutional credit to weaker sections of the society, to mobilize rural saving and channelise them for supporting productive activities in the rural areas. The study “Performance of Haryana Gramin Bank in Agricultural Finance, Haryana” pertains to the agricultural finance in Hisar and Ambala districts. The study was planned with the three objectives: i) To study the performance in terms of deposit mobilization, loan advances, recovery and overdues over the period of last 15 years. ii) To examine the borrowing pattern and extent of loan diversion. iii) To assess the gap between the demand and existing credit supply. To accomplish the objectives, one branch from each district was selected. Out of 22 branches in Hisar district, Neoli Kalan branch was selected randomly. Similarly, out of 9 branches in Ambala district, Patvi branch was selected for the collection of primary as well as secondary data. 60 farmers were selected from each branch. In all, data were collected from 120 respondents from two branches of the bank. From Neoli Kalan branch (Hisar), Out of total crop loan farmers were received 91.79 percent of amount demanded and diverted 9.20 percent of amount advanced. In case of livestock loan farmers received 83.03 percent of loan demanded and diversion of 7.78 percent. Out of total FI and tractor loan farmers got 83.44 percent and diverted 3.36 percent of money advanced. From Patvi branch (Ambala), out of total crop loan farmers received 89.06 percent of money demanded and diverted 8.67 percent of amount demanded. In livestock loan, farmers got 87.50 percent and diverted 7.88 percent. In FI and tractor loan, farmers received 84.46 percent of money demanded and diverted 3.37 percent. So it is clear from the study that there is a need to advanced more credit to the farmers.ThesisItem Open Access An economic analysis of production and marketing of mushroom in Panipat district, Haryana(CCSHAU, 2009) Khichi, Parmod; Kadian, R.S.The Haryana State is a leading producer of mushroom (approx. 7,000 tonnes) in India and is bound to increase its production in near future. In fact many unemployed youth are adopting this enterprise as a business. Yet, many problems have also cropped up before the mushroom growers both in production and marketing of mushroom. If marketing aspect of mushroom do not get due attention, then efforts to increase the mushroom production could go waste. Secondly, there exists ample scope of mushroom exports from Haryana, being nearer to national capital market. The present study was conducted in Panipat district of Haryana during the year 2008-2009 with the following specific objectives: (i) to find out the cost and returns of mushroom production on different mushroom units; (ii) to study marketing pattern and costs through different marketing channels, and (iii) to identify the major problems faced by the growers in production and marketing of mushroom. For analysis of data, 60 mushroom growers from four selected villages were taken and they categorized along with quantity of compost used, on the basis of number of trays in to small, medium and large growers. Tabular analysis and benefit-cost ratio were adopted to determine the cost structure, returns, profits and opinions of the growers regarding the problems of production and marketing of mushroom. The study revealed that (1) the proportion of fixed cost to the total cost being lowest on large farms as compared to medium and small farms implied the optimum use of fixed farm resources with that size of farm; (2) there exist a positive relationship between the mushroom production and farm size. The income generating capacity of mushroom growers went up with the increased size of farm; (3) large grower adopted the better management practices which results them in to higher net income, followed by medium and small growers. This indicated the applicability of ‘economies of scale’ in mushroom cultivation; (4) of various channels, channel-I was the most common channel amongst different categories of mushroom growers followed by Channel-II (producer- wholesaler- consumer) in small, medium and large size farms; (5) the producer’s share in consumer rupee was the highest in channel-IV followed by III, II and I, respectively. Due to large number of intermediaries, channel-I was least efficient and (6) In major six production constraints the main problem faced by growers was non - availability of quality spawn and in six major marketing constraints the main problem was lack cold storage facilities in Panipat district of Haryana. The study further suggests that (1) good quality spawn should be provided by government organization and research institute. There should be proper labeling of spawn bags indicating the name of mushroom, strain, weight, expiry date, etc. At present, there is no regulating authority in India to monitor the quality of spawn; (2) the Government should install cold storage structure so that the growers far away from local markets can store their produce; (3) since mushroom production is capital intensive in nature, so government should provide loans for growers at cheaper interest rate; (4) more training and more awareness programmes should be conducted by extension agencies through which more number of people can adopt mushroom cultivation as an enterprise; (5) Demonstration should be conducted by State Agricultural University (SAU) and Agriculture Department, on various components of mushroom cultivation viz. spawning, compost making, casing etc; (6) as far as possible, the economies of scale in mushroom production should be followed.ThesisItem Open Access An economic analysis of mushroom production and consumption pattern in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2010) Jat, Mukesh Kumar; Chauhan, R.S.The study was conducted in Sonepat and Kurukshetra districts of Haryana during the year 2008-09 with the following objectives. 1. To compare the cost and return of different methods of mushroom production. 2. To study the marketing efficiency of different marketing channels. 3. To examine the consumption pattern of mushroom. 4. To estimate the employment generation through mushroom enterprise Sonepat and Kurukshetra districts were purposively selected for study as Sonepat is the highest producer of mushroom in the state and Kurukshetra is an emerging district. For this study, 120 mushroom growers were selected from the twelve villages of both districts. 40 mushroom growers each from the three different growing methods viz. paddy straw, wheat straw and pasteurization, were selected and deta obtained from these farmers were used to compare the cost and return of the selected methods. Tabular analysis, depreciation and interest, ratio analysis, returns and economic feasibility were adopted to determine the cost structure, returns, profits and efficiency of methods. The marketing efficiency was calculated on the basis of size of mushroom growers for different marketing channels and Shepherd’s formula was used to analyse the efficiency. The consumption pattern was analyzed for rural and urban areas on the basis of income level and employment effect was studied based on the number of hired and family labours engaged in the production process. The findings of the study reveal that the proportion of fixed cost to the total cost was lowest on pasteurization method of mushroom production (22.68 percent) followed by wheat straw (29.74 percent) and paddy straw (35.82 percent) which indicated comparatively lower initial capital investments under pasteurization farms. The total cost of production in the three methods viz. paddy straw, wheat straw and pasteurization were Rs. 265000, Rs. 312367 and Rs. 320322 respectively while the gross returns were Rs. 401625, Rs. 411840 and Rs. 468125 respectively and the net returns per kg of mushroom were Rs.17.85, Rs. 12.75 and Rs. 16.89 respectively. The higher gross return on pasteurization irrespective of higher total costs was due to the higher production in this method than the other two methods and the higher net returns per kg. was in paddy straw method due to less cost of compost. The benefit-cost ratio (1.52) was the highest for Paddy straw method whereas the pay-back period (1.49 years) was the lowest in pasteurization method. Channel І (producer- wholesaler- retailer – consumer) was the most common channel while the most efficient channel was channel- ІV (producer- consumer) in terms of less marketing costs and higher producer’s share in consumer’s rupee. Consumption pattern showed a positive relationship with the level of income in both rural and urban areas. Mushroom enterprise proved to be labour intensive providing employment to family labour as well as hired labours. Key words: - 1. Mushroom, Production, Consumption 2. Economic analysis 3. Haryana