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ThesisItem Open Access Molecular analyses of recombinant inbred lines of wheat cross aldan x WH542 for resistance to Karnal bunt (Neovossia indica)(CCSHAU, 2010) Gupta, Mamta; Chawla, VeenaPresent studies were conducted on two genotypes, Aldan (resistant) and WH542 (susceptible), and their 94 recombinant inbred lines. Investigations were carried out to screen the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) for Karnal bunt resistance and to characterize above lines using molecular markers. There was significant variation among all the recombinant inbred lines for coefficient of infection of Karnal bunt. The range of coefficient of infection (CI) on the RILs was 0-41.70. The chi-square analysis indicated that a single dominant gene was responsible for Karnal bunt resistance. Thirty five inter simple sequence repeat primers were used for amplification of DNA from the two parents. DNA amplification was observed with only 25 markers. ISSR markers based finger print database were generated using these 25 primers. Out of 25, six primers showed 100% polymorphism. A total of 193 alleles were detected at 25 ISSR loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 4-14 with an average of 7.72 alleles per locus. The two parents were genetically divers (similarity coefficient 0.419). The cluster analysis led to distribution into two groups: group 1 had resistant parent Aldan and group 2 had susceptible parent WH542, resistant bulk and susceptible bulk. Among all the primers used one primer (IS-43) was identified to be associated with Karnal bunt resistance. This showed an amplification profile (650 bp product) characteristic of resistant parent, in corresponding bulk and in individual genotyping of the recombinant inbred lines. This might have an application in marker assisted selection after converting it to SCAR marker.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of pulsed electric Field on extraction and quality of carrot juice(CCSHAU, 2010) Moza, Jessy; Saleem SiddiquiThe present investigation was done to study the effect of pulsed electric field (9000V-50 Hz) on the yield and quality of carrot juice. The PEF treatment was given either to the carrot pieces or pomace or both and the effect was evaluated on the total soluble solids, total & reducing sugars, acidity, colour (hunter lab), antioxidant activity, total carotenoids, organoleptic quality & total plate count of the treated carrot juice. The juice after packed in glass bottles and after double pasteurization stored under refrigerated conditions. The juice yield increased by 10.8 % over control when pulsed electric field was given to the carrot pieces. An increase in the total soluble solids, total and the reducing sugars & total carotenoids of the juice was observed for pieces treated with pulsed electric field & their better retention was also obtained during the storage. An increased antioxidant activity was detected for juice obtained from PEF treated pieces & pomace, which was maintained throughout the storage period. Acidity of juice remained unaffected with different treatments, however, it increased during storage. The total plate count revealed no significant effect of different treatments on microbial load of juices. No adverse effect of pulsed electric field was observed on the organoleptic quality of the juice. The juice remained acceptable for a time period of 60 days at refrigerated condition.ThesisItem Open Access Feeding potential of Tyrophagus putrescentiae Schrank (Acari: Acaridae) and its management(CCSHAU, 2010) Anita; Gulati, RachnaThe studies on mean population of T. putrescentiae, percent weight loss and damage caused to grains qualitatively revealed that none of the grains was completely immune to pest infestation, however their susceptibility varied significantly (p=0.05).Susceptibility of grains/ flakes increased significantly with increase in initial infestation level and duration of infestation. Among the four foods, oat flakes was found significantly more susceptible (CD = 7.87; p = 0.05) as more number of mites (240.73 mites/5g grain) was recorded than on green gram flakes (207.26 mites/5g grain) and whole grains of oats (186 mites/5g grain). Least number of mites (173.26 mites/5g grain) was recorded from whole grains of green gram. The weight loss in oat flakes was 148.49mg/ 5g followed by loss in green gram flakes (121.40 mg/ 5g), oat grains (99.65mg/ 5g) and green gram grains (92.02 mg/ 5g) at pre count of 60 mites. Highly significant positive correlation (r= 0.93 to 0.99) was recorded at 15, 30 and 45 days between T. putrescentiae population and weight loss in oat grains. Qualitative estimation of oat flakes revealed the losses in protein contents (0.4 to 1.22%), total soluble sugars (0.5 to 1.35%), starch (0.24 to 1.38%) and non reducing sugars (3.49 to 9.97%) after 45 days of infestation. However, the reducing sugars exhibited a marked increase from 1.9 g/100 g (control) to 2.72 g/100 g flakes at 45 days of mite exposure when subjected to initial count of 20 mites/ 5g flakes. Aqueous extracts of Ocimum sanctum leaves and Glycyrrhiza glabra stems showed concentration dependent activity against T. putrescentiae in oat flakes. Among the extracts, G. glabra was effective as it provided 71.53 to 94.75 percent relative protection against T. putrescentiae whereas, O. sanctum extract caused 66 to 92 percent reductions in number at different durations.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of pinoxaden in combination with 2, 4-D against complex weed flora in barley(CCSHAU, 2010) Sunil Kumar; Bhattoo, M.S.A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2008-09 at Cotton Research Station, Sirsa of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar to evaluate the efficacy of pinoxaden as tank mixture or sequential application with broad leaf herbicide 2, 4-D for controlling the complex weed flora in barley. All the weed control treatments effectively controlled the weeds and gave significantly higher grain yield than the weedy check. Post-emergence application of pinoxaden at 40, 45 and 50 g ha-1 alone provided excellent control of P.minor Retz. and A. ludoviciana Dur., whereas 2, 4-D at 500 g ha-1 proved very effective against all broadleaf weeds. Application of pinoxaden 40, 45 and 50 g ha-1 and 2, 4-D either as tank mixture or their application in sequence before or after one week interval effectively controlled the complex weed flora without any phytotoxic effect on crop and produced grain yield of barley equal to weed free treatment. No antagonism between pinoxaden and 2, 4-D was observed as shown by percent control of grassy weeds.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) utilizing rhizobia and Pseudomonas on nodulation and plant growth of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.)(CCSHAU, 2010) Khandelwal, Aakanksha; Sindhu, S. S.Clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is an important commercially utilizable crop in arid zone of India. The nodulation status of this crop is poor under field conditions and therefore, its productivity is low. Recently, ACC deaminase containing rhizobia have been found to improve nodulation and plant growth of pea and alfalfa by lowering the level of ethylene, which acts as inhibitor of nodulation. Therefore, 95 isolates of Bradyrhizobium/Rhizobium and 55 isolates of Pseudomonas were obtained from the nodules and rhizosphere of clusterbean and screened for utilization of ACC on Dwarkin and Foster’s minimal medium. ACC utilization studies showed that 78% cultures of Bradyrhizobium/Rhizobium and 64% of Pseudomonas cultures had the ability to grow on ACC supplemented plates. Six Bradyrhizobium/Rhizobium isolates GRA11, GRA114, GRA115 and GRA6 caused significant root and shoot elongation of clusterbean at 5 and 10 days of growth on water agar plates. Most of the Pseudomonas isolates showed retardation effect on root growth but isolate CPA123 showed root and shoot elongation at 10 days of growth. Bradyrhizobium isolate GRA11 and two Rhizobium isolates GRA6 and GRA110 formed 35 to 47 nodules per plant and 136 – 255% increase in plant dry weight was observed at 45 days of growth in sterilized chillum jar assembly conditions. Coinoculation of ACC utilizing Bradyrhizobium isolate GRA11 with Pseudomonas isolate CPA123 (ACC +) formed 48 nodules per plant and caused 293% increase in plant dry weight whereas coinoculation of CPA123 (ACC +) isolate with Rhizobium culture GRA6 formed 40 nodules per plant and 274% increase in plant dry weight was observed at 60 days of growth. These three cultures having the ability to increase nodulation and plant growth under pot house conditions could be further used for inoculation of clusterbean under field conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Protective clothing for textile industrial workers(CCSHAU, 2010) Jyoti; Pruthi, NeelamTextile industry is known as backbone of Indian economy also provide several threats to its workers, while performing various activities. All the health problems can be solved by variety of method and use of appropriate protective clothing is one of effective method to prevent the workers from being exposed to health problem. To achieve the objectives of he study, it was inducted in two phases. In phase 1 to develop protective clothing for workers of textile industry and to assess their suitability and acceptability Delhi cloth Mill of Hisar and Bhiwani textile mill of Bhiwani were selected. Hundred respondents from different section of textile industry were selected to gather information regarding health and clothing related problems. In second phase protective clothing were designed. The sketched designs were evaluated by Judges and two designs of each article were selected for construction. Protective clothing/accessories selected were: Beak shape mask, cap mask, hood masks, scarf mask, shirt (Male) coverall for male, coverall for female, waist level apron, foot cover and foot cover with pajama. The selected articles were stitched and each article was given to five respondents for three trials. After three trial, suitability and acceptability was assessed. The result highlighted that scarf mask, hood mask for female and cap mask, hood mask for male was found suitable as these gave protection against fiber dust stick on head, neck and inhalation of fiber dust particles. But acceptability of scarf mask for female and cap mask for male was highly acceptable as compared to hood mask because of excessive heat in the industry and with the use of hood mask identification of the workers is difficult. Coverall with Chinese collar, pockets and elastic at wrist level in sleeves was found to be highly suitable and acceptable as compared to waist level apron, while male shirt with Chinese collar, elasticized cuff, pockets in front were found highly suitable and better than coverall. In case of pajama with foot cover and knee length foot cover, knee length foot cover was fond to be highly suitable and acceptable as compared to pajama with foot cover.ThesisItem Open Access Utilization of satavar (Asparagus racemosus) and guar gum for the preparation of value added extruded products(CCSHAU, 2010) Bhatia, Kirti; Grewal, Raj BalaThe present study was carried out to utilize the satavar powder and guar gum for the preparation of value added pasta products and ready to eat extruded snacks. The flour and satavar powder were assessed for proximate composition, total dietary fibre, mineral saponins and polyphenols. The effect of incorporation of different levels of satavar powder and guar gum & satavar powder on farinogrphic, pasting characteristic, extensibility of dough and quality evaluation of pasta, noodles and RTE-snacks was studied. Satavar powder contained appreciable amount of fibre, minerals, saponins and polyphenols. Dough development time, stability, time to break down and farinographic quality number increased whereas mixing tolerance index decrease with addition of satavar powder and guar gum along with satavar powder in flour. Increase in peak, trough and break down viscosity and no change in set back, final viscosity, peak time, pasting & gelatinization temperature was noticed with incorporation of satavar powder upto 10%. However, futher increase in level of satavar powder (15%) significantly decreased the peak, trough and break down viscosity. Similar trend was found with addition of guar gum (0.5-1.5%) in pasting characteristics. Significant increase in resistance to extension with incorporation of satavar powder upto 15% and no change in resistance to extension as well as extensibility of dough with the addition of guar gum (0.5-1.5%) along with stavar powder in flour. Mean score of various attributes indicated that pasta and noodles containing 10% satavar powder and RTE-snacks containing 5% satavar powder were ‘liked very much’ by the judge. Incorporation of guar gum either improved or did not change the sensory characteristic in formulation of these products. Increase in hardness, water uptake, swelling index, cooking time and gruel solid loss in water was noticed in pasta & noodles whereas decrease in stickiness of noodles gradual increase in bulk density and hardness and decrease in expansion ratio of RTE snacks with incorporation of satavar powder was observed whereas with incorporation of guar gum along with satavar powder no change in these parameters was noticed. Results indicate that satavar powder upto 10% can be utilized with guar gum for value added of extruded products.ThesisItem Open Access Protective role of spermine on salinity induced oxidative stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings(CCSHAU, 2010) Snehvart; Malhotra, SarlaThe effect of salt stress and spermine was studied on oxidative stress and antioxidative system in rice seedlings. The seeds of salt-tolerant (CSR-10) and salt-sensitive (IR-28) cultivars of rice were germinated on Whatman filter paper No. 1 for 4 days and then the seedlings were transferred to hydroponic culture system. The three week old rice seedlings were subjected to 50 and 100 mM salt stress for 10 days. The protective effect of spermine was studied by its exogenous application at 0.1 and 1 mM concentration before salt stress or along with salt stress or after salt stress. The roots and leaves of control, salt-stressed and spermine treated stress plants were analysed for lipid peroxidation (MDA, O2.-, H2O2 content and LOX activity), activities of antioxidative enzymes (CAT, SOD, GR, POX and APX) and antioxidative metabolites (ascorbate and glutathione). Imposition of stress resulted in increase in H2O2, O2.- and MDA content and LOX activity, however, the increase was more pronounced in IR-28. The activities of antioxidative enzymes, in general, decreased in both the tissues of IR-28 but increased in those of CSR-10 upon exposure to salinity. Exogenous application of spermine could partially alleviate the deleterious effect of salinity by lowering H2O2, O2.-, MDA content and LOX activity both in leaves and roots of salt stressed plants of both cultivars. The level of ascorbic acid and reduced glutathione content increased by spermine application to stressed plants of both cultivars. All antioxidative enzymes exhibited an increase in activities in both cultivars after spermine application but the higher concentration (1 mM) had no effect on GR and SOD activity in leaves of CSR-10. Thus, PAs are able to influence oxidative stress intensity by moderating the activities of ROS scavenging enzymes.ThesisItem Open Access Development and evaluation of ready-to-serve (RTS) drink and squash from bael-mango blends(CCSHAU, 2010) Punam; Gehlot, RakeshThe present investigation entitled "Development and evaluation of ready-to-serve (RTS) drink and squash from Bael-Mango blends" was carried out with the objectives to standardize appropriate combination of bael-mango blends for preparation of its ready-to-serve drink and squash and also to evaluate storage quality of blended beverages. Fresh bael and mango fruits were analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters. Data show that bael and mango fruit had fruit weight (502 and 351 g), pulp weight (584 and 724 g/kg fruit) and Yield of pulp (58.4 and 72.4%), respectively. Chemical constituents of bael and mango fruits such as TSS, total sugars, reducing sugars and acidity percentage were analyzed to be (28.20 and 17.60%), (16.72 and 13.55%), (4.53 and 6.19%) and (0.39 and 0.45%), whereas ascorbic acid, carotenoids, pectin and total phenols were found to be (17.21 and 53.33 mg/100 g), (45.33 and 4.67 mg/100 g), (2.40 and 0.64%), and (23.66 and 56.15 mg/100 g), respectively. Chemical constituents of the blended beverages were analyzed just after processing and at monthly interval during three months storage period. RTS drink prepared with 20 per cent pulp (25 Bael : 75 mango), 14 per cent TSS and 0.26 per cent acidity was highly acceptable (8.59). Squash prepared with 40 per cent pulp (25 Bael : 75 mango), 50 per cent TSS and 1.0 per cent acidity was found most acceptable (8.60). The comparative study of all the beverages revealed that the beverage blends prepared with 25 Bael : 75 mango pulp ratio were highly acceptable followed by 50 Bael : 50 Mango pulp and 75 Bael : 25 mango pulp ratio. Acceptability of all the beverages prepared from Bael-Mango blends decreased significantly with increase in storage period. Total sugars, reducing sugars and acidity increased, whereas ascorbic acid, carotenoids and total phenols decreased significantly in all the beverages during 90 days storage. Ascorbic acid content and total phenols of bael-mango beverage blends increased with the increase in proportion of mango pulp. Carotenoids increase with the increase in proportion of bael pulp in the bael-mango beverage blends. Cost of production was maximum (Rs. 3.05/200 ml) in RTS drink (0 bael : 100 mango) with 20 per cent pulp, 14 per cent TSS and 0.26 per cent acidity and minimum (Rs. 2.39 /200 ml) in RTS drink (100 bael : 0 mango) with 15 per cent pulp, 14 per cent TSS and 0.26 per cent acidity. In squash, cost of production was maximum (Rs. 29.31/700 ml bottle) in blend (0 bael : 100 mango) with 40 per cent pulp, 50 per cent TSS and 1.0 per cent acidity and minimum (Rs. 25.52 /700ml bottle) in the blend (100 bael : 0 mango) with 30 per cent pulp, 50 per cent TSS and 1.0 per cent acidity.