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M. Sc. Dissertations

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20094
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Subject: Soil Science × End date: 2009 × Start date: 2009 ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Phosphate fractions and nutrients uptake by wheat as influenced by long-term P fertilization
    (2009) Saha, Bholanath; Tek Chand
    A long-term field experiment on pearl millet-wheat cropping sequence initiated in rabi in 1968 using split plot design was selected for present investigation entitled “Phosphate fractions and nutrients uptake by wheat as influenced by long-term P fertilization”. There were eleven treatment combinations related to sources (rock phosphate, nitrophosphate, SSP, DAP and UAP) and levels of P (60 and 120 kg P2O5 ha-1), including one control which were in main plots and three modes of P application were in sub-plots. Continuous application of different phosphatic fertilizers increased Olsen’s available P in soil. The maximum increase of available P was found with DAP (18.0 ppm) and minimum with RP (6.7 ppm). The available P content of the soil in control decreased from its original level 6.6 ppm to 2.7 ppm. Inorganic P fractions revealed that Ca-P was the dominant fraction (78.7%) followed by Al-P (10.1%), Fe-P (7.9%) and saloid-P (3.3%). Increasing levels of P application increased significantly saloid-P, Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P over lower levels of P application. Irrespective of sources, levels or modes P application, grain yield of wheat increased significantly over control as well as of rock phosphate application. Increasing levels of P (60 to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1) increased the yield of wheat significantly. Cumulative mode of P application was found to be the best for grain and straw yield followed by direct and residual modes. All the water soluble phosphatic fertilizers were found superior over insoluble sources in terms of nutrients uptake by wheat. With increasing levels of P from 60 to 120 kg P2O5 ha-1, uptake of N, P, K and Mn increased significantly, whereas, the uptake of Fe, Zn and Cu decreased significantly. Saloid-P, Al-P and Fe-P fractions were highly inter-related and they all were significantly correlated with Olsen’s available P in soil. Olsen’s P, saloid-P and Al-P were positively and significantly correlated with grain yield (r = 0.829** to 0.894**), straw yield (r = 0.833** to 0.890**), P concentration in grain (r = 0.666* to 0.749*), and total P uptake (r = 0.860** to 0.928**) by wheat.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Impact of chelating agents and bioinoculants on phytoextraction of Pb and Hg by Indian mustard
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Manoj Kumar Pal; Panwar, B.S.
    Laboratory and screen house studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of chelating agent (EDTA @ 2 mmol kg-1 in 5 split doses), FYM, vermicompost and microbial inoculants (Azotobacter and Pseudomonas) on the phytoextractability of Indian mustard from Pb (200 g g-1) and Hg (40 g g-1) enriched soil. Fractionation studies of Pb and Hg were also carried out in post harvest soil samples to investigate the contribution of different fractions on the Pb and Hg accumulation by the Indian mustard. Screen house studies showed that FYM and vermicompost led to higher biomass production as compared to unamended soil. The bioinoculants also contributed in augmentation of biomass production but not significantly. The EDTA led to significant decrease in biomass as compared to FYM and vermicompost. The Pb and Hg concentration increased significantly in Brassica juncea with the application of EDTA. The application of FYM and vermicompost also increased concentration of Pb and Hg. The seed treatment with bioinoculants was helpful in increasing concentration but was not much effective. The highest concentration of Pb and Hg was recorded in EDTA treatment. The concentration of Hg was higher in root as compared to shoot. Among all the treatment combinations, EDTA and bioinoculants treatment combination led to higher uptake of Pb and Hg. The FYM and vermicompost also increased uptake of Pb and Hg but it was very less as compared to EDTA. Fractionation studies of post harvest soil samples showed that application of EDTA led to shift in the distribution of Pb and Hg from more resistant to more soluble forms. Application of FYM and vermicompost in combination with bioinoculants led to increase in organic matter bound fraction. The bacterial count studies showed that application of FYM and vermicompost in Pb and Hg enriched soil increased counts of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas. Also the application of EDTA helped in increasing bacterial counts. The bacterial counts also increased with increasing time. The results suggested that EDTA combined with bioinoculants is good in increasing uptake of Pb and Hg and also FYM and vermicompost were helpful in phytoaccumulation of these metals, however, there is a strong need for further investigation in this aspect.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Adsorption and desorption of heavy metals in soil varying in organic carbon
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Kamini; Balwan Singh
    A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the adsorption and desorption of heavy metals in soils varying in levels of organic carbon. Four metals Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb were chosen which are most effective in critical concentrations for plant growth. Soil samples were collected from different plots from on going long term field experiment on, “Effect of FYM and fertilizer nitrogen application in pearl millet – wheat cropping sequence” at soil Research Farm, CCS HAU, Hisar since 1967, receiving different levels of FYM. Collected soil samples from all the plots were analyzed for their organic carbon content. From these 10 samples with graded levels of organic carbon were chosen for the present study. The levels of organic carbon of these samples were: 0.3%, 0.45%, 0.93%, 1.23%, 1.5%, 1.65%, 1.8% 1.92%, 2.19% and 2.28%.Equilibration time was determined by taking soil sample having about 2% organic carbon level and treating it with 50 μg/cm3 concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb) in 0.005MCaCl2 electrolyte solution and shaking it up to 24 hours. A constant adsorption was achieved after 4 hours of shaking time for all metals. Hence 4 hours shaking time was adopted for further adsorption studies Adsorption percentage and distribution coefficient increased with increase in organic carbon levels in soil. Adsorption percentage and distribution coefficient were maximum for Pb followed by Cd, Ni, and Cr. A linear relation between metal adsorbed and levels of organic carbon in soil (R2 value for all 4 metals ranged from 0.8170 to 0.9876) was found for all the metals up to the concentrations taken in this study. Adsorption percentage and distribution coefficient of all metals decreased with increase in metal concentration at all organic carbon levels. Freundlich constants K and n increased with increase in organic carbon contents of soils. Langmuir constants; adsorption maxima (B) and bonding energy (D) also increased with increase in levels of organic carbon in soil. The highest value of B was observed for Ni followed by Pb, Cd and Cr. The highest value of D among metals was observed for Cr followed by Cd, Pb and Ni. The adsorption data were fitted very well to the Freundlich equations than to Langmuir equation and gave highly significant R2 values ranging from 0.9759 to 0.9990 for Freundlich equation. The desorption of adsorbed metals by 0.005M CaCl2 electrolyte solution was low at lowest concentration of metals but increased with increasing concentration of metals in soils. Desorption (per cent of adsorbed) decreased with increase in organic carbon levels in soil at all concentrations. The order of desorption (%), (of adsorbed) was Pb < Cr < Ni < Cd. Desorption of all metals as least in the soil with highest organic carbon level.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Characterization of ground water quality of Siwani and Tosham blocks of Bhiwani district of Haryana
    (CCSHAU, 2009) Kamlesh Kumar; Kaushik, R.D.
    The Present investigation for characterization of ground water quality and its effect on soil properties in respective blocks, was undertaken. Two hundred and five (205) and one hundred seventy three (173) ground water samples were collected from randomly selected tube-wells of Siwani and Tosham blocks, respectively. The Soil samples were collected from sites of different quality ground water used of Siwani and Tosham blocks and were analyzed for their physico-chemical properties. The pH, EC, SAR and RSC in ground waters varied from 7.8-9.1, 0.26-17.62 dS m-1, 0.06-28.45 (mM L-1)1/2 and nil-11.43 me L-1, respectively in Siwani Block and from 7.50-9.10, 0.29-17.53 dS m-1, 0.32-45.74(mM L-1)1/2 and nil-5.56 me L-1 respectively in Tosham Block. Dominant cation was sodium followed by magnesium and calcium. Likewise, in the case of anions, chloride was the dominant anion followed by sulphate, bicarbonate and carbonate upto EC 3 dSm-1 and after EC class 3-6 dS m-1 and above the trend was Cl- > SO4-2 >HCO3- >CO3-2 type water in Siwani block. In Tosham block dominant cation was sodium followed by magnesium and calcium. Likewise, in the case of anions, chloride was the dominant anion followed by sulphate, bicarbonate and carbonate.As per Manchanda (1976) classification 17, 21, 21, 10, and 31 percent waters of Siwani block were classified under good, marginal, saline, sodic, and saline-sodic categories respectively. As per AICRP (1989) classification 17%, water samples were found under good category, 21% marginally saline, 21% saline, 31% high SAR saline, 1.0% marginally alkali, 1%, alkali and 8% water samples were classified as highly alkali waters. Similarly, in Tosham block 26%, 22%, 13%, 8% and 31% waters of Tosham block were classified under good, marginal, saline, sodic, and saline-sodic categories respectively. As per AICRP (1989) classification 27%, water samples were found under good category, 23% marginally saline, 13% saline, 31% high SAR saline, 3% marginally alkali, 1%, alkali and 2% water samples were classified as highly alkali waters. The marginal water could be used without appreciable harmful effect on crop and soil. But its long term use depends on type of soil, rainfall and crops to be grown. The problematic water required special management practices depending upon the soil type, crop and climatic factors. The use of poor quality water resulted salt accumulation both in surface (0-15 cm) and sub surface (15-30 cm) layers. Mostly highest ECe and SARe were observed in the surface layer (0-15 cm) of soil.