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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of priming treatments on seed quality in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)(CCSHAU, 2010) Arun Kumar; Kharb, R.P.S.The clusterbean (guar) is an important arid legume crop and recognized as an industrial crop due to presence of galectomannan (gum) content in the seed. The present investigation was carried out at the department of Seed Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The material comprised of two seed-lots (good quality=L1 and marginal=L2) of each of two popular guar varieties (HG-365 and HG-563). The priming treatments (hydropriming, halopriming, osmopriming, biopriming)were applied to all the variety-lot combinations to assess their effect on physiological and field parameters and relative storability. Pre-sowing seed invigoration treatments T1 (H-D), T6 (KNO3, 0.5%) and T8 (Pseudomonas culture) enhanced germination (6.66-12.66%) in good quality seed-lot of variety HG-365, whereas, the treatment T3 (GA3, 50ppm), T5 (PEG-6000, -5bar), T7 (Rhizobium culture) improved the germination percentage (6.67-11.00%) considerably over control in good quality seed-lot of variety HG-563. The treatments T3, T5, T1, and T6 enhanced total seedling emergence (3.83-7.5%) in good qualit y lot of HG-365, whereas, the treatment T1 and T3 enhanced SET percentage (6.00-6.33%) over control in marginal seed lot of HG-563. Similar trend was found for FEI and MET for both the varieties. The SET was found significant ly and positively correlated with SG, vigour indices (VI-I and VI-II), AA, and FEI and negatively with MET. These parameters can be used as reliable predictors of total seedling emergence potential and seedling establishment. The treatments T3 (GA3, 50ppm), followed by T1 (H-D), and T8 (Pseudomonas culture) enhanced the seed yield per plant, commonly in seed lots of both the varieties. The characters pods/plant followed by pod length was found associated with seed/plant. Based on the AA and EC test, the treatments T1, T2, T3, and T5 were found commonly most effective for enhancing the relative storability particularly in good quality seed lot of the varieties. Overall, the treatment T3 (GA3, 50ppm) was found commonly superior in all variety-lot combinations, for enhancing standard germination, final field emergence and reducing the mean emergence time (MET).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on seed viability and vigour in naturally aged seeds of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)(CCSHAU, 2010) Vipesh Kumar; Verma, Sher SinghIn the present investigation three seed lots of eight varieties/genotypes of coriander viz., DH-224, DH-226, DH-228, DH-242, DH-259, DH-294, DH-296 and Hisar Anand, were subjected for different viability and vigour parameters with the objectives to study the effect of natural ageing on seed quality parameters. All the seed lots were analyzed for standard germination test (%), root length (cm), shoot length (cm), seedling dry weight (mg), vigour index-I, vigour index-II, accelerated ageing test (%), seed density (g/cc), electrical conductivity (S/cm/seed) of seed leachates, dehydrogenase activity test (O D g-1 mL-1), field emergence index and field establishment (%) and, the association of various seed quality parameters with field emergence rate index were determined. Results revealed that all the varieties/genotypes showed the germination percentage above the Minimum Seed Certification Standards (60%) in Lot-A and Lot-B. It was also observed that for standard germination test (%), root length (cm), shoot length (cm), seedling dry weight (mg), vigour index-I, vigour index-II, accelerated ageing test (%), seed density (g/cc), dehydrogenase activity test (O D g-1 mL-1), field emergence index and field establishment (%) decreased significantly and progressively as the ageing period increased. The electrical conductivity was found negatively and significantly correlated with all seed viability and vigour parameters. Results also revealed that viability and vigour of seeds declined with faster rate in Lot-C (2½ years old seed). Among all the varieties/genotypes, genotypes DH-224 and DH-228 were found most promising for various parameters of viability and vigour. The standard germination test, vigour index-I, accelerated ageing test and vigour index-II emerged as reliable predictors of field emergence rate index.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of priming treatments on seed quality in greengram. (Vigna radiata L.)(CCSHAU, 2010) Beniwal, Inderpal; Dhaiya, O.S.The greengram (mung) is an important arid pulse crop, its significance lies in crop rotation and inter cropping as well on account of their ability to enrich soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and healthy diet. The material comprised of two seed lots (good quality=L1 and marginal = L2) of each of two popular varieties of greengram (Asha and Muskan). The different priming treatment (Hydration 14-16h, 2% CaCl2, 50 ppm GA3, hydration-dehydration+dry dressing with thiram @ 0.25% and 0.5% KNO3) were applied to all the variety lots and combination to assess their effect on seed quality. The significant mean sum of squares due to variety, lots and treatments and their interaction indicated the presence of sufficient amount of variation for most of the parameters studied. Lot L2 seeds showed better improvement over lot L1 for standard germination, shoot length, dry weight, vigour index-II, DHA, 50% flowering, days to maturity and yield. Whereas lot L1 showed better improvement in root length, vigour index-I, EC, speed of emeregence, seedling establishment and final plant stand. The variety Asha showed higher improvement in standard germination, shoot length, root length,dry weight, vogour index-I, vigour index-II, DHA, 50% flowering, days to maturity , speed of emeregence and yield. Muskan showed higher improvement in EC, DHA, seedling establishment, final plant stand and 50% flowering. Among various treatments hydration-dehydration + dry dresing with thiran @ 0.25% were found most effective for improving shoot length, dry weight, vigour index-I , vigour index-II, DHA, speed of emeregence, seedling establishment, final plant stand, 50% flowering, days to maturity and yield followed by hydration-dehydration. Therefore, it is concluded from this study that the germination level of marginal/ sub standard seed lots in greengram can be improved by using presowing seed treatments.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on seed quality evaluation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)(CCSHAU, 2011) Vikas Singh; Kashyap, R.K.The twenty genotypes of barley were evaluated for seed quality by various viability, vigour tests with three replications, and observations were recorded on standard germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seed weight, seed density, vigour index-I, Vigour Index-II, accelerated ageing test, electrical conductivity, tetrazolium test, dehydrogenase activity test, pH exudates test, field emergence index, seedling establishment and mean emergence time .Significant mean squares values showed the wide variation among the genotypes for all studied parameters. Among all the genotypes BH 393, BH 942 and RD 2552 showed the top rank in almost all parameters. On the contrary, PL 751 and BH 932 genotypes found to be inferior for almost all the viability and vigour parameters. All the parameters were significantly positively correlated with standard germination except seed weight, seed density, pH exudates test and mean emergence time whereas field emergence also showed the positive correlation with all parameters except seed density, pH exudates test and mean emergence time. The electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with standard germination and field emergence. Tetrazolium test followed by vigour index-I showed highest reliability for prediction of standard germination whereas vigour index-I followed by tetrazolium showed the highest reliability for prediction of field emergence. Correlation coefficient analysis and regression analysis revealed that vigour and viability parameters viz., tetrazolium test, Dehydrogenase activity test, vigour indices, electrical conductivity, accelerated ageing, and seedling length can be used as reliable predictors of standard germination and field emergence in barley. The tetrazolium test and vigour index-I should be most preferred as they are not only quick and cost effective but also easy to perform.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on seed viability and vigour in pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)R. Br](CCSHAU, 2011) Ananda, H.A.; Deswal, D.P.Twenty genotypes of pearl millet were evaluated for seed quality by various viability, vigour tests with three replications and observations were recorded on standard germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seed weight, seed density, vigour index-I, Vigour Index-II, accelerated ageing test, electrical conductivity, tetrazolium test, dehydrogenase activity test, pH exudates test, field emergence index, seedling establishment and mean emergence time .Significant mean squares values showed the wide variation among the genotypes for all studied parameters. The hybrids were superior for most of the vigour and viability parameters than their parental lines. The hybrids namely HHB 216 and HHB 226 ranked at top in almost all parameters. Among ‘R’, ‘A’, and ‘B’ lines HTP 3/13, HMS 7A and HMS 37B respectively were found superior, based on majority of viability and vigour tests.on the other hand ‘A’ line ICMA 97111 and ICMA 94555 has shown lowest rank in most of parameters. All the parameters were significantly positively correlated with standard germination except seedling dry weight, seed density and pH exudates test whereas, field emergence also showed the positive correlation with all parameters except seedling dry weight and pH exudates test. The electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with standard germination and field emergence. Tetrazolium test followed by vigour index-II showed highest reliability for prediction of standard germination whereas standard germination followed by tetrazolium showed the highest reliability for prediction of field emergence. Correlation coefficient analysis and regression analysis revealed that vigour and viability parameters viz., tetrazolium test, Dehydrogenase activity test, vigour indices, electrical conductivity and accelerated ageing, can be used as reliable predictors of standard germination and field emergence in pearl millet. The tetrazolium test and electrical conductivity test should be most preferred as they are not only quick and cost effective but also easy to perform.ThesisItem Open Access Status of quality seed production and its impact on crop production in Haryana(CCSHAU, 2012) Vinod Kumar; Deswal, D.P.The performance of the agricultural sector influences the growth of the Indian economy. The growth of agriculture and allied sectors is still a critical factor in the overall performance of the Indian economy. Agriculture not only providing 58.2 per cent employment to the total work force in India but also is a key supplier of food, fodder, and raw materials for a vast segment of industry. Hence the growth of Indian agriculture can be considered a necessary condition for ‘Inclusive Growth’. Presently, Haryana is next only in country, after Punjab in terms of farm productivity and contribution of food grains to the central pool in the year 2009-10. The future increase in agricultural production in India is much depends on increase in productivity because the acreage expansion under crops has been at plateau. Now the solution to meet the increasing food grain demands to produce more from limited land resources by the efficient use of improved agricultural technology as well as improvement in soil health and management of resources available to the production. For the sustainable as well as accelerated growth of any enterprises, information on this current status and likely to be future scenario in terms of demand and supply as well as its importance on national economy is of paramount importance. Therefore in the present study an analytical approach was made to examine the status, impact and future scenario of quality seed in the state of Haryana with the four objectives i.e., by examining the present status of quality seed and its replacement rate and the relationship of quality seed with actual crop production, then find out the share of public and private sector in quality seed production finally by estimating estimate the future demand and supply of quality seed. Analysis of secondary data shows that there is a increment in area, production as well productivity in almost all crops except in barley (area), gram (production), pea (productivity) during 2009-10 in compared to 1990-91(base year). The production of foundation seed by public sector has been increased in barley, green gram, rapeseed & mustard, paddy, whereas in case of wheat, gram, pea, pearl millet and cotton, there was decrement in production during 2009-10. The production of certified seed by public sector has been increased in barley, rapeseed & mustard, pea, green gram, cotton, paddy whereas there is decrement in certified seed production in wheat, gram and pearl millet during 2009-10. Private sector accelerated in the production. The seed replacement rate of wheat, barley, rapeseed and mustard, gram, pea, paddy, pearl millet, green gram and cotton was still low except in wheat as compared to the desired seed replacement rate. The quality seed sale has increased in barley, wheat, rapeseed & mustard, paddy, pearl millet, green gram, while the sale has decreased in pea and cotton during the year 2009-10. The share in foundation seed production by public sector of wheat, paddy, barley, pearl millet, rapeseed and mustard, gram, green gram, pea and cotton was 12.76, 3.31, 14.04, 0.00, 96.00, 93.42, 70.76, 68.77 and 84.61 per cent respectively during 2009-10. The share in certified seed production by public sector of wheat, paddy, barley, pearl millet, rapeseed and mustard, gram, green gram, pea and cotton was 3.11, 7.27, 18.59, 0.50, 47.28, 99.58, 54.81, 100 and 50.00 per cent respectively during 2009-10.ThesisItem Open Access Seed quality assessment in naturally aged seed of fenugreek(CCSHAU, 2012) Bahader Singh; Dahiya, O.S.Seed quality plays an important role in the crop establishment and overall performance of the crop. Keeping in view, the importance of quality seed, the present research entitled “Seed quality assessment in natural aged seed of fenugreek” was carried out in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during, the year 2011-12. The experimental material for present research comprised of four genotypes of fenugreek viz. HM-202, HM-204,HM-205 and HM-214, with four seed lots of each genotype including fresh, one year, two year and three year old seed lot. In the 1 st experiment, all the four seed lots of each four genotypes were tested for various physiological and biochemical basis for loss in viability. It was observed that, test weight (g), seed density (g/cc), standard germination (%), seedling length (cm), dry weightper seedling (mg), vigour index-I & II, viability (%), speed ofemergence, seedling establishment (%) decreased whereas, mean emergence time (days) and electrical conductivity (µS/cm/seed)of seed leachates increased with ageing period. The activities of various anti-oxidant enzymes viz., dehydrogenase activity test (OD g -1 ml -1 ), catalase and peroxidase activity (mg protein -1 min -1 ) and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) (mg protein -1 min -1 ) decreased whereas lipid peroxidase activity (MDA content) (µ mol. -1 g DW) increased with the advancement of ageing period. The seed of each genotype sustain their germination up to two year thereafter, the germinationfall below IMSCS (70 %). After ageing maximum germination wasretained by genotype HM-202 followed by, HM-205 and maximum loss of germination was observed in genotype HM-214, hence the genotype HM-202 was good storer whereas genotype HM-214 was poor storer under ambient condition. In the 2nd experiment, an effort had been made to improve the seed quality with various priming treatments (hydration (6hrs.) – dehydration, hydration (6hrs.) – dehydration + 0.25% thiram treatment and hydration with GA 3(50 ppm for 6 hrs.). The maximum enhancement in germination was observed in marginal seed lot by different priming treatments. Among various priming treatments hydration with GA 3 (50 ppm for 6 hrs.) was found superior for enhancing germination in all the four genotypes of fenugreek followed by,hydration (6hrs.) – dehydration + 0.25% Thiram treatment. Among genotypes, maximum improvement was observed in genotype HM-202 and minimum improvement in genotypeHM-204.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on seed viability and vigour in ajwain (Trachyspermum copticum L.)(CCSHAU, 2012) Mujawar Sadik Sallauddin; Verma, Sher SinghIn the present investigation four seed lots of fivevarieties viz., HAJ-13, HAJ-15, HAJ-17, HAJ-19, and HAJ-22 of ajwain were evaluated for various viability and vigour tests and the observations were recorded on test weight (g), standard germination (%), seedling length (cm), seedling dry weight (mg), seedling vigour index-I, seedling vigour index-II, accelerated ageing test (%), electrical conductivity (µS/cm/g), tetrazolium test(%), dehydrogenase activity test (OD g -1 ml -1 ), speed of germination, speed of emergence, field establishment (%) and mean emergence time (days). The result showed that seed viability and vigour decreased as the increase in storage period in all five varieties of ajwain. Germination test was standardised and it was concluded that ajwain seeds should be tested on the top of paper (T.P.) at 20 0 C temperature and final count should be taken on 9 th day. Accelerated aging period for ajwain was standardised and it was revealed that ajwain seeds should be placed in accelerated ageing chamber for 96 h at100% RH and 40+1 0 C temperature. The results also revealed that Tz test should be conducted as soaking of seed in water for 24 h followed by removal of seed coat and treating these seeds with 0.5% Tz solution at 35 0 C temperature for 5 h. Among the different seed lots, varieties which were harvested in 2010-2011 (L4) showed high viability and vigour followed by those harvested in 2009-2010 (L 3) Among five varieties, HAJ-15 was observed to be highly vigorous and having good storability whereas variety HAJ-19 showed lowest vigour and minimum storability. Results showed that 18 month old seeds of ajwain retain better viability and vigour hence it was revealed that ajwain seeds can be stored for 18 months with minimum loss of viability and vigour. Mean emergence time and electrical conductivity of seed leachates increased as period of ageing proceed. standard germination, seedling length, seedling dry weight, test weight, seedling vigour index-I, seedling vigour index-II, accelerated ageing test, tetrazolium test, dehydrogenase activity test, speed of germination, speed of emergence and field establishment decreased as period of natural ageing increased in all five varieties. All the parameters were significantly correlated among themselves except dehydrogenase activity test which is not correlated with standard germination, speed of germination andmean emergence time. The electrical conductivity and mean emergence time showed negative significant association with all parameters. Tetrazolium test, speed of germination, vigour indices, seedling dry weight, and seedling length can be used as reliable predictors of standard germination, field establishment and mean emergence time in ajwain. Hence it was concluded that ajwain seeds maintain viability and vigour up to 18 months under ambient condition.ThesisItem Open Access Varietal identification and seed vigour assessment in fodder sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench](CCSHAU, 2014) Gend Dnyaneshwar Gajanan; Verma, S.S.The present investigation comprised of 12 varieties of fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) was undertaken for varietal identification based on morphological and SDS-PAGE and to assess their vigour potential. The results revealed that morphological character like leaf sheath anthocyanin colouration, leaf midrib colour, flag leaf yellow colouration of midrib, lemma arista formation, anther colour of dry anther, glume colour, glume length, panicle length without peduncle, panicle shape, caryopsis colour and grain luster were found important diagnostic characters for categorizing these varieties. Seed characters such as seed size, seed shape and test weight clearly differentiated the varieties into different groups. Total soluble seed protein analysis using SDS–PAGE revealed that maximum total number of bands were 17. A wide quantitative variation (having different Rm values) was observed in pattern of protein bands, their electrophoretic mobility, position and intensity. The standard protein marker bands [2 (Rm 0.2 4), 6 (Rm 0.40), 9 (Rm 0.53), 11 (Rm 0.64), 13 (Rm 0.68), 16 (Rm 0.88) and 17 ( Rm 0.91)] were observed invariably common in almost all the varieties. All the varieties were differentiated by using the presence/absence of specific combination of bands or single band. The similarity was calculated in all the combination and the similarity index values ranged from 0.143 to 1.00 and the variety PC 3 gave less value with the comparison of other varieties showed dissimilarity with other remaining varieties. The dendrogram showed two major clusters at coefficient of 0.7774, the varieties PC- 3 and PC 7 in first cluster and rest varieties in second cluster. The maximum vigour potential was shown by HJ-513, HJ-541, SSV-84, HC- 136 and CSV-15 varieties which showed superiorly form the all other variety. The standard germination, accelerated ageing test, tetrazolium test and electrical conductivity were found the most suitable vigour parameters for prediction of seedling establishment in field conditions.