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ThesisItem Open Access Callus development, plant regeneration and in vitro selection for drought tolerant cell lines of wheat [Triticum aestivum l.](CCSHAU, 2007) Mehla, Ankur; Rattan SinghWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is world’s leading cereal grain and also the most important food crop. In recent years a considerable improvement has been made in wheat using in vitro and in vivo techniques. The present study was planned to study the callus development and plant regeneration potential of wheat and to screen ten wheat genotypes viz., WH-147, WH-711, PBW-343, WH-542, HD-2687, WH-533, PBW-502, WH-1025, WH-773 and C-306 for drought tolerance using in vitro and in vivo techniques. The mature embryos of five wheat genotypes (WH-147, WH-711, PBW-343, WH-542 and WH-533) were cultured on MS1 (MS + 2.0% 2,4-D), MS2 (MS + 2.5% 2,4-D) and MS3 (MS + 3.0% 2,4-D) media for callus induction and regeneration. The calli were screened for drought tolerance by culturing them on MS2 media supplemented with various concentrations of PEG (6000 MW) viz., 7.5%, 10.0%, 12.5%, 15.0% and 17.5%. For in vivo drought screening, the seeds of wheat genotypes were sown in small plastic pots and the drought stress was produced by using different concentrations of PEG and the seed germination, seedling length, moisture content were measured. Based on these, vigour index and stress index were calculated. The results of the study revealed that the MS3 medium was superior to MS1 and MS2 medium for callus induction. The genotypic variation was present for callus induction and the mean callus induction was found the highest in WH-711 (83.85%) and the lowest in PBW-343 (65.66%). Callus regeneration was the highest in genotype PBW-343 (89.58%, from the calli developed on MS3 medium). Similarly, the number of shoots regenerated /callus was higher in WH-533 (9-10, from the calli developed on MS3 medium) and the lowest in WH-147 (5, from the calli developed on MS1 medium). Average seed germination was found the highest in WH-533 and WH-147 (80.00%) but at maximum stress level (17.5% PEG), the germination of PBW-502 (56.67%) was the highest. Moisture content of WH-147 was found the highest (89.44%). When the genotypes were compared for the callus growth percentage and stress index, the genotypes WH-533, WH-147, HD-2687 and C-306 were found better than the other genotypes under study.ThesisItem Open Access Stability analysis and molecular characterization of elite pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] hybrids(CCSHAU, 2007) Rakesh Kumar; Chhabra, A.K.Two experiments were conducted to study the stability, correlation and path coefficient for eleven traits in thirty hybrids of pearlmillet at three locations and to molecularly charcterize these hybrids with proteins and isoenzyme profiles. Significant genotypic differences were observed for all the traits in all the three environments. Estimates of environment index revealed that E1 (irrigated condition at Hisar) was the most favourable environment for all of the characters. The G x E interaction was highly significant for all the characters. The estimates of stability parameters of individual genotype revealed that hybrids HHB-146 and HHB-197 were most ideal hybrid. Besides high grain yield, it exhibited stable performance across the environments for harvest index, plant height ,total tillers and ear length. Correlation study revealed that grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with harvest index, ear girth, effective tillers, dry fodder yield and biological yield in all the three environments. The path coefficient analysis suggested the importance of biological yield as it has direct positive effect and indirect effect on grain yield in all environments. Hence, while breeding for increased grain yield main emphasis should be given on biological yield. In another experiment proteins and isoenzyme profiles produced a lot of polymorphic bands. However, they also detected some unique bands useful for fingerprinting of hybrids/male parents/female parents so these can play important role in registration of plant material and pedigree studies.ThesisItem Open Access Inheritance of seed yield and white rust (Albugo candida) resistance in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) czern and coss.)(CCSHAU, 2007) Manjunath H.; Phogat, D.S.Six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2) of two crosses viz. RH 0115 (S) x EC 126745 (R) and RH 0120 x EC 126745 (R) were raised in randomized block design with three replications during the year 2006-2007 in normal sown (E1) and late sown (E2) environments to study the inheritance of white rust resistance, nature and magnitude of gene effects involved in the genetic control of seed yield and its attributes and relationship between white rust resistance and biochemical parameters. Disease intensity data was analysed by using χ2-test whereas, yield and its attributes and biochemical parameters were analysed by using generation mean analysis as per Hayman, 1958. White rust resistance was governed by single dominant gene. Correlation studies indicated the positive association of sugars with disease intensity whereas, negative association was observed between phenols and disease intensity. Seed yield and its attributes were found to be predominantly under the control of additive gene effects except main raceme length and seed yield per plant whereas, non-additive gene effects were predominant in case of biochemical parameters. Duplicate type of epistasis was frequent for biochemical parameters whereas, it was less frequent for seed yield and its attributes.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on floral biology and breeding behaviour of kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata nees) and safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum santapau and fernandes)(CCSHAU, 2007) Hudedamani, Umesh; Yadav, O.P.The present investigation was carried out to study the floral biology and breeding behaviour in kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) and safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum). The research work was conducted during May 2006-Jan 2007 at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. In Andrographis paniculata studies on floral biology showed that, flowering was at low rate initially during October, gradually increased to peak in November followed by cessation during mid December. Inflorescence is racemes lax. Floral formula is:. The flower bud from visible stage to come to full bloom took 11-12 days with a flowering duration of about 95 days. More than 74 per cent floral buds opened between 8.00-10.00 a.m. anther dehiscence occurred in synchronization with flower opening. Pollen viability at the time of flower opening by acetocarmine test was found to vary from 79-83 per cent. Pollination experiments revealed the self-pollination or self-compatibility breeding system in Andrographis paniculata, However possibility of cross-pollination to a certain extent could not be ruled out. In Chlorophytum borivilianum studies on floral biology and breeding behaviour showed that the inflorescence was raceme. The floral formula is:. The flower opening was asynchronous. The flower bud took 7-8 days to come to bloom with the flowering duration of about 21 days. More than 64 per cent of the flower buds opened between 9.00-10.00 a.m. Pollen viability by acetocarmine test at the time of flower opening was found vary from 84-88 per cent. It could be established by pollination experiments that safed musli is a cross fertilizing species.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes using morphological and biochemical parameters(CCSHAU, 2007) Satish Kumar; Mehla, Balwant SinghTwenty cultivars of rice were studied at Rice Research Station, Kaul, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2006-2007. The study revealed that plant morphological characters viz. awning, panicle length, plant habit, Node base colour, stigma colour, Anthocyanin coloration as stem, node and internodes are the most important diagnostic characters to variety identification in rice. Stigma colour, attitude of branching of panicle, flag leaf angle are also helpful in testing the varietals purity of rice. There are only two characteristics (leaf Pigmentation and hairiness on leaf blade) which are not very much helpful in distinguishing the rice variety. The study also concludes that the seed morphological characteristics such as Kernel length, breadth, L/B ratio, hundred seed weight, grain yield, husking percentage, milling percentage and head rice recovery also proved to be very helpful in varietals identification. The differential response of paddy varieties to phenol, FeSo4, NaOH, modified phenol and KOH-bleach test was found to be accurate means of classification. The reaction which was observed on the husk was distinct and consist ant. It is, therefore, concluded that the field morphological characters and the laboratory parameters could be used for genetic purity testing.ThesisItem Open Access Characterization of cowpea [vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genotypes using morphological characters and chemical tests(CCSHAU, 2007) Swami, Vivekananda, B; Khatri, R.S.The investigation was conducted to “Characterize the cowpea genotypes using morphological characters and chemical tests”. The experiment was conducted during Kharif, 2006 at Dry land area, Forage Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. In the present investigation twenty two cowpea genotypes were grown in randomized block design in triplicate accommodating each genotype in singl row of 4m length spaced 30 cm apart. Observations on 5 representative plants for leaf colour, terminal leaflet shape, leaf margin, leaf apex, plant habit, stem colour, stem hairiness, plant height, flower colour, 50 per cent flowering, immature pod colour, pod shape, clusters per plant, pods per plant, pod length, days to maturity, mature pod colour, seed coat colour, seed shape, seed crowding, eye pattern, seed yield per plant and 100-seed weight were recorded. After harvesting protein content was estimated. Among the morphological characters, terminal leaflet shape, leaf surface, plant habit, stem colour, flower colour, pod shape were found to be most important diagnostic characters for cowpea genotypes identification. Some other characters such as number of pods per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering were also helpful in characterization but cannot be referred as promising trait for genotype identification because of effect of environment. Some seed characters like seed shape, seed crowding and eye pattern were also found helpful to differentiate the cowpea genotypes. The differential response of cowpea genotypes to different chemical tests viz. KOH-bleach test, phenol test, modified phenol test, ferrous sulphate test and sodium hydroxide test were found to be accurate means of categorization which shows quickness and reliability of these chemical tests. The schematic diagram on the basis of morphological traits has good amount of resolution in differentiating among the genotypes. While the chemical tests though not so laborious but has less resolving capacity to differentiate among genotypes.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the breeding potential of clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) in the sub tropical region-Hisar(CCSHAU, 2007) Sharma, Kavita; Yadava, N.K.The present studies were aimed to investigate the breeding potential of air-breathing catfish, Clarias batrachus, commonly known as Magur for its natural breeding in the pond and induced breeding, through hatchery management techniques. The natural breeding of C. batrachus was carried out with the manipulation of aquatic environmental conditions and therefore, the natural breeding in this fish during the present studies, was made possible with low recovery rate of fry/seed population. For the induced breeding experiments, three hormones (Pituitary gland extract, Ovaprim and Ovatide), with three different doses were tried. In case of Pituitary gland extract, three different doses were tried @ 25, 30 and 35 mg/kg body wt. of female brood fish, whereas, in case of ovaprim and ovatide the three different doses were tried @ 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 ml/kg body wt. of female brood fish. When all the three best doses of three hormones were compared, the overall results for spawning, net fecundity, fertilization and hatching have shown that ovatide when used @ 1.00ml/kg body weight, the spawning percentage was 81.97, fecundity was 4919 eggs, total fertilization percentage was 82.33, hatching percentage was 55.35 and the net survival of fry 98.52%, followed by the ovaprim @ 1.00ml/kg body weight, with spawning percentage was 76.91, fecundity was 4711 eggs, total fertilization was 78.37%, hatching percentage was 55.68 and net survival of fry was 97.31% and the PG extract, @ 35mg/kg body weight, with spawning percentage was 67.77, fecundity was 4326 eggs, total fertilization percentage was 40.82, hatching percentage 30.38 and net survival of fry 95.75%. The water quality parameters were also analysed for natural and induced breeding experiments which were found within the optimal range during the studies. The survival rate of fry was found to be independent of the types of hormones used and the rate of various doses thus concludes that the better survival of fry/seed population was depending on the excellent management practices.ThesisItem Open Access Genotype x environment interaction and stability in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids(CCSHAU, 2007) Dadhich, Shailendra; Dhakla, M.S.An experiment was conducted to study the stability, correlation and path coefficient for grain yield and its attributing traits in 22 maize hybrids in three environments (based on Nitrogen fertilizer doses) at Regional Research Station, Uchani (Karnal), CCS HAU, Hisar. The observations were recorded on 11 quantitative traits namely days to 75% tasseling, days to 75% silking, days to maturity, cob placement, internodal length, plant height, cob length, cob girth, grain yield, 100-kernel weight and shelling percentage. The analysis of variance showed significant differences due to genotypes for all the traits in all the three environments. Estimates of environment index revealed that E1 (75% Nitrogen dose of the recommended dose) was the most favourable environment for majority of the characters. The G x E interaction was highly significant for days to maturity, cob placement, internodal length, plant height and grain yield (gm/plant) characters. Its partitioning into linear and non-linear components revealed preponderance of non-linear component for all the characters. The hybrid NECH-132 was the best hybrid on the basis of its overall mean performance. Besides high grain yield, it exhibited stable performance across the environments for grain yield and also for cob length, cob girth and 100-kernel weight. Correlation study revealed that grain yield was mainly a component of cob girth, cob length and 100-kernel weight in all the three environments. The path coefficient analysis suggested the importance of 100-kernel weight for grain yield as its direct contribution was most consistent over the environments. Two other important characters i. e. cob length and cob girth showed the varied effect of environment on the root of their contribution to grain yield. Hence, while breeding for increased grain yield main emphasis should be given on 100-kernel weight.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on combining ability and heterosis in upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.)(CCSHAU, 2008) Jain, Ashish; Sarial, A.K.The present investigation was undertaken to estimate standard heterosis with the objective of exploring possibilities of its commercial utilization and study of combining ability effects. The material for the present study comprised of 42 hybrids developed on three male lines (testers) using 14 female parents (lines) in a line x tester mating design along with their 17 parents (14 lines and 3 testers) and one standard check (HHH 223). The experimental material was grown at Research Area of Cotton Section, Deptt. of Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar, during Kharif 2007 in a randomized block design with three replications. Observations were recorded for ten characters namely, plant height, days to 50% flowering, boll number, boll weight, number of monopods, number of sympods, ginning out turn, seed index, lint index and seed cotton yield per plant. The standard heterosis was calculated over standard check HHH 223. Marked economic heterosis was observed for most of the characters studied. Among all the hybrids studied, cross combination RS 875 x HS 88 exhibited heterotic effects (49.46%) for seed cotton yield per plant followed by Machha early x HS 6 (40.23%), Tidewater 4 x HS 88 (36.28%) and HS 223 x HS 88 (35.93%). The magnitude of heterosis is reasonably high warranting their testing for commercial exploitation. Significant positive heterosis for boll number was also recorded in most of the promising hybrids. Combining ability analysis revealed the presence of both additive and non-additive variance where additive variance figured more prominent over non-additive variance for almost all the characters. In general none of the male or female parent showed high gca effects for all the traits studied. Among testers HS 88 was the best general combiner while among lines RS 875, HS 223 and HS 180 were promising parents that could be utilized for future breeding programs.