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ThesisItem Open Access Age dependent changes in liver composition and enzyme activity in Cyprinus carpio(CCSHAU, 2007) Simmi; Jain, K.L.The Comman carp (C. carpio) fish is used as a test animal both for stressed studies and various other aspects of nutrition and reproduction. There has been so far no such studies indicating changes in growth rate, tissue composition and the metabolic enzyme activities which could accurately prescribed comparative test parameters particularly with reference to the age dependent changes in the early stages of fish growth (juvenile stages) were studied about these parameters. Growth rate in terms of length and mass in this stage was positively correlated in age group upto 130 days of growth cases, although rates varied considerably between different age in length and in mass. Maximum growth increment in terms of gain in length was evident in 130 days old fish i.e.10.85, as compared to the earlier growth stages. The 40 days old fish showed percent length gain of 7.0% only. Likewise growth rate in terms of mass gain was also lowest in 40 days old fish (6.4%) and 16.6% in 130 days old fish. The regression equation showed a strong relationship between growth in length and in mass (R2=0.973, p<0.0001). The regression equation for the data for growth rate in length and in mass gain with condition factor was also significant and it expressed 67% variability in length and 62% variability in mass gain in C. carpio fish due to the condition factor (Fig. 4). The highest HSI increment was also noticed in 130 days old fish i.e. it showed on increased in 130 days old fish, 11.45), whereas HSI increment in 70 and 100 days old fish was 7.17 and 8.72, respectively and 4.58 in the early stage of growth period in 40 days. Data on age related changes in glycogen and protein contents in the liver also varied significantly with different growth periods (Table 3). The glycogen contents (mg/g of wet tissue) in liver was almost double in 70 days old fish as indicated by the mean values of 67.025 mg/g of wet tissue in 70 days and 35.25mg/g of wet tissue in 40 days old fish. Likewise the fish showed 40.69% gain in liver protein contents after 70 days of growth. HSI was highly correlated with growth rate in length (R2=0.893, p<0.0001) as compared to condition factor (R2=0.688, p<0.0001). Glycogen and protein contents in liver of fish C. carpio were both significantly affected by growth rate and condition factor. The enzyme activity of Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) both in liver and in serum increased rapidly from 70 days old fish to 100 days old fish. But Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) showed a significant increase from 40 days old fish to 70 days old fish in liver and in serum. There was a strong relationship of their activity with growth rate both in length and mass, than with condition factor. Among the metabolic enzymes in liver and in serum, PDH alone showed highest variability of 95% with growth in length in serum and 68% variability with condition factor in serum. Enzyme activities of Phosphatases such as acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes in fish liver and in serum increased considerably from 70 days old fish to 100 days old fish. Acid phosphatase explained 95% of the variability of growth rate in length in liver and in serum and 94% in mass growth in liver. However, alkaline phosphatase explained 87% of the variability in growth rate in length and in mass in serum, which was weak as compared to variability observed in liver. Age dependent changes in growth rate vis or vis changes in tissue composition and enzyme activities in early growth stage of fishes with reference to their application as biomarkers closely evidence their application both as age determinant as well as in study of stress effect in fish C. carpio. However up to 70 days old is appropriate for energy parameters and thereafter for structural changes.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of chronic effects of deltamethrin on Cyprinus carpio and its amelioration through dietary ascorbic acid(CCSHAU, 2007) Dushyant Kumar; Jain, K.L.The extensive use of deltamethrin a synthetic pyrethorids has led to increase in its residue in water. The primary aim of this study was to workout biomarkers which are measurable biological parameters that can change in response to toxicity exposure and amelioration of toxicity effects with in Cyprinus carpio. Sublethal dose level of deltamethrin studied in L. cerfies for behavioural and certain hematogoical changes with and without dietary supplement of Vitamin C ascorbic acid. Among behavioural changes the most distinct features was increasing exitation with increase positive in concentration as evident from the increase in operculum movements/minutes from 63 in controls to 83 at 0.006ppm of Depetamethrin. Among haematolgoical parameters the estimates of haemoglobin haemato crit, total orthrocytes counts and total levocyte count manifested significant reduction with increasing concentration of deltamethrin upto 23.70, 23.33, 23.07 and 30.48% respectively, likewise there have been marked decline in tissue proteins and lipids in muscles upto 37.93 and 13.33% respectively. The total muscle cholesterol however enhanced by 82.88% at 0.006 ppm of deltamethrin. There were also significant changes in the activity of glycolytic enzymes GDH & PDH showing respectively a decline up to 57.31 and 45.87% with the increase in concentration of the pesticide. The Ascorbic acid feeding of Ascorbic acid along with pesticide showed lesser toxicity effects showing relatively about 8 to 10% lesser changes in haematolgoical, Biochemical and enzymolgoical parameters. Maximum amelioration of toxicity effects was evident in haemoglobin and PCV contents among haematolgoical parameters and muscle cholesterols. Later showed an improvement by 26% with ascorbic acid voer the normal diet fed fish i.e. the cholesterol contents increased by 76.02% at 0.06 ppm with normal diet and 50.70% with ascorbic acid mixed diet. In a pesticide concentration. This studies thus clearly evidence the application of this haematoglocial and biochemical parameters in assessing toxicity effects and their amelioration with ascorbic acid.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of Natural and artificial feeding on growth performance and survival of fry and fingerlings of Clarias batrachus (Linn.)(CCSHAU, 2008) Manju Rani; Yadava, N.K.Present studies, ten diets (1-10) for the fry and fingerling of magur Clarias batrachus were prepared the with varying protein levels (35, 38, 40, 42 and 45%) were formulated using fishmeal (diet 1-5) and the processed soybean (diets 6-10), as the protein sources. Two hundred fry and fingerlings were randomly released @ 15 per aquaria and then fed for 45 days at 5 percent body weight, per day on the ten experimental diets. Fry and fingerlings were maintained under laboratory conditions (LD 12:12 at 25°C). Studies have revealed that, when live feed is given to fry, then better growth was obtained in comparison to the group fed on the supplementary feed (soybean based) which shows that live feed is the better feed for fry. The studies have further shown that optimum dietary protein levels, which have resulted significantly (P<0.05) with high growth, in terms of live weight and length gain, SGR (% d-¹), growth percent gain, nutrient retention (PER and APD%) and accumulation of carcass protein and fat were observed in the groups, fed on diets containing 4025% protein irrespective of the protein source. Activities at 40.25% dietary protein also support high digestibility and nutrient retention. Studies have further revealed that the growth, nutrient retention and energy retention values were significantly ((P<0.05) high in the group fed on diet containing 40.25% dietary protein from processed soybean (plant based) in comparison with the group fed on diet containing fishmeal (animal based), as the protein source. Postprandial excretory patterns of ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate production were not affected by the dietary protein quality and quantities, however, fingerlings fed on soybean containing diets excreted significantly (P<0.05) low levels ammonical nitrogen and orthophosphate, in comparison with the fingerlings fed on fishmeal based diets. Therefore, it is evident that supplementary diets with 40.25% crude protein is required for the optimum growth for the magur, Clarias batrachus fingerlings and live feed is best for the fry of C.batrachus.ThesisItem Open Access Some ectoparasitic diseases in fresh water ornamental fish species(CCSHAU, 2008) Sunita Rani; Yadava, N.K.Parasitic diseases are infectious extoparasitic diseases caused by the parasites. A survey on some ectoparasitic disease in fresh water ornamental fish species was carried out at various shops of New Delhi. Saidpur fish aquarium House, Karnal, Department of Fisheries, Government of Haryana and at three aquarium shops of Hisar, four residential and office areas. The studies revealed that the level of infection of various ectoparasitic diseases were correlated with hydrobiological parameters were they related. They affect the fish directly or indirectly “Lernaeosis” infection was found in Gold fish, whereas “White spot” disease was found in Gold fish and Black moor. The correlation between hydro-biological parameters and per cent infected fish clearly showed that temperature, pH, DO and turbidity factors were negatively xvi correlated with per cent of infected fish, whereas total alkalinity, total hardness and free CO2 were positively correlated with per cent of infected fish. The studies showed that for the treatment of “Lerneaeosis” and “white spot” disease a combination of methylene blue + potassium permanagate; methylene blue + malachite green; copper sulphate + malachite green and formaline + malachite green was given to the infected fish at laboratory level, then 100 per cent recovery was observed in the infected fish. When sodium chloride was used alone for the treatment of infected fish then 100 per cent recovery was observed but recovery takes more time.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the breeding behaviour of guppy fish, poecilia reticulata (Peters), under laboratory conditions(CCSHAU, 2009) Godara, Sunita; Yadava, N. K.Guppy (Poecilia reticulata (Peters)) is an important ornamental aquarium fish. Courtship behaviour of this fish has been of interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. This is a cannibalistic fish which creates problems in keeping this fish in the aquaria. The adult guppy fishes were procured from the local market. These fishes were put in an aquarium of 24” ×12”×12” size, having filled with pond water. The fishes were fed on natural food @ 800-1000 zooplankton per aquarium on alternate days and artificial food (Toya Fish Food) @ 1g per aquarium twice a day was given. These feed levels kept the hydrological factors at optimum range. The aquarium was provided with water plants like Hydrilla and Ceratophyllum to give shelter to the new born. The latter were segregated each day and then transferred to other culture tanks as explained above to avoid predation by the adult fishes. The length and weight of the growing male and female fishes fed on above mentioned feed was monitored at different ages. The age specific size of the fishes was then determined. Mature males and females in different ratios were taken in the experimental aquarium and their behavioural displays towards each other were recorded in large number of trials and comparisons were made. The observations on female and male mate choices as influenced by the size, color and number of opposite sex and reproductive stages were recorded. The time budget of males and females of different ages and reproductive stages, and in different sex ratios were also recorded. The effect of previous feeding levels on the future time budgets of males was also studied. In breeding experiments, effect of different sex ratios (female: male) on the fecundity of female guppy fish was recorded. Likewise, effect of four protection designs on the gestation period and fecundity of female, and survival of young guppy fish were determined. Guppy fish raised on the recommended food source showed proportionate body growth with age. The anal fin in 8 weeks old males (2.5 cm) developed in to gonopodium and in 12 weeks old males (3.0 cm) gonopodium hood was developed. At this age/size, the males were considered to be capable of mating, although it was not certain whether sperms were available or not in such males. Males showed sigmoid displays and sneaky mating attempts where as females showed approach and fleeing behavior. In 1: 1 female: male ratio, all the males showed sigmoid displays only, and none showed sneaky mating attempts. However, when the males of different ages/sizes competed for the mate, they showed both kinds of displays; the frequency of sneaky display/ attempt was lower than the sigmoid display. It was further indicated that males of 3.5 cm length were sexually mature to attract the virgin females for mating, and female of guppy fish preferred large males for mating over the smaller ones and orange males over the dull coloured males. The female of guppy fish were found to copy the mate choice behaviour of other female in competition. Like female guppy fish, the males also had distinct choice for females of large size and a reproductive stage. The males showed maximal preference for mature virgin and bearer-unmated females. When two males compete for a virgin or bearer-unmated female, the first male showed, in majority of the cases, sigmoid display whereas second male in majority cases resorted to sneaky mating attempts. The same trend was followed in case of females with other reproductive stages. Young males of guppy fish (up to 4 weeks old) spent most of their time in feeding, which was reduced gradually with the age (size) of the fish. When a virgin mature female was provided to a male, the young males engaged mostly in feeding whereas mature males engaged in the pursuit of females. When multiple females were provided to a male, the latter involved more and more in the chasing of females. The present feeding level of the males also influenced the future feeding and courtship behaviour of the males. Female fishes in all the reproductive stages, if kept alone, spent most of their time in feeding. Presence of males severely influenced the time budget of female guppy fishes. Variation in sex ratio was found to influence the fecundity in female guppy fish. An optimum 1: 3 sex-ratio resulted into maximum fecundity in the females of this fish. All the female showed almost equal gestation period before giving birth to the young ones (range 21-25 days). The fecundity, though could not reach at optimum level as realized in previous experiment, yet it was uniform (about 58) in all the four types of aquaria. The survival of young fry and young fishes in aquarium design-II was significantly higher than those in other three aquarium designs.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of vermicompost as pond fertilizer on growth performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio linn.)(CCSHAU, 2010) Bansal, Nitish; Gupta, R. K.In the present investigations, the experiment was carried out in .0033 ha.sized ponds at the fish hatchary farm of CCSHAU, Hisar for 150 days to study the effect of vermicompost as pond fertilizer on growth performance of common carp. The different organic fertilizers viz. Vermicompost @10000kg/ha/yr, vermicompost @ 5000kg/ha/yr and cowdung @10000kg/ha/yr were used to monitored their effect on water quality parameters and fish growth. One forth dose of fertilizers were applied 15 days prior to fish stocking and remaining doses given at fortnightly interval. The fry/fingerlings were stocked @ 10000/ha/yr and fed upon supplemented feed given at 5% of their body weight. The water parameters like DO, pH, K, P and NH4-N was found in optimum range in all treated ponds and observed maximum value under the vermicompost @ 10000kg/ha/yr. The range of pH(7.90 +0.016 – 8.19+0.007 mg/l), Dissolved oxygen (7.136+0.012 – 7.22+0.01mg/l), Potassium (18.392+0.027 – 22.688+0.014mg/l), Phosphorous (0.137+0.001 - 0.166+0.001mg/l) and NH4-N (0.107+0.0 - 0.127+0.001mg/l) increased significantly(P<0.05) in the ponds received vermicompost @ 10000kg/ha/yr. As vermicompost easily and large amount of nutrients( N,P,K) release in water due to which plankton production also found to be highest in ponds treated with vermicompost @ 10000kg/ha/yr. Growth of fishes also observed maximum where the plankton population was maximum. So, it is concluded that vermicompost @ 10000kg/ha/yr shows maximum growth of fishes followed by vermicompost @5000kg/ha/yr and cowdung @10000kg/ha/yr. There is three times more growth of fishes occurred in vermicompost @ 10000kg/ha/yr as compare to control where no fertilizers were used. All the observed data statistically analysed by using completely randomized design (CRD) at 5% level of significance.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of vermicompost as pond fertilizer on the growth performance of Indian major carps(CCSHAU, 2011) Kaur, Jyotsaroop; Gupta, R.K.In the present investigations, the experiment was carried out in .0033 ha. sized ponds at the fish hatchary farm of CCSHAU, Hisar for 150 days to study the impact of vermicompost as pond fertilizer on the growth performance of Indian major carps. The different organic fertilizers viz. Vermicompost @ 15000kg/ha/yr, Vermicompost @ 10000kg/ha/yr, vermicompost @ 5000kg/ha/yr and cowdung @ 10000kg/ha/yr were used to monitored their effect on water quality parameters and growth of fishes. One forth dose of fertilizers were applied 15 days prior to fish stocking and remaining doses given at fortnightly interval. The fry/fingerlings were stocked @ 10000/ha/yr and fed upon supplemented feed given at 2% of their body weight. The water parameters like DO, pH, alkalinity, hardness, free CO2 and planktons were found in optimum range in all treated ponds. The maximum value of Dissolved oxygen (7.314 ± 0.060 to 7.573 ± 0.047mg/l), Phytoplanktons (536.000 ± 5.099 to 5210.00 ± 4.45 no/l) and Zooplanktons (186.000 ± 2.449 to 1782.00 ± 5.83 no/l) was observed under the vermicompost @ 10000kg/ha/yr. While that of pH (7.258 ± 0.54 to 8.251± 0.041mg/l), Alkalinity (199.320 ± 0.524 to 326 ± 0.743mg/l), Hardness (198.600 ± 0.872 to 252.640 ± 0.172 mg/l) and Free CO2 (0.812 ± 0.006 to 4.720 ± 0.037mg/l) were maximum in vermicompost @15000kg/ha/yr. The range of water parameters increased significantly (P<0.05) in the ponds. All the three species gained maximum growth in vermicompost 10,000 kg/ha/yr, followed by vermicompost @ 15000kg/ha/yr, vermicompost @ 5000 kg/ha/yr and cow dung @ 10000 kg/ha/yr. . Among the 3 species Catla catla showed maximum growth followed by Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo rohita.There was two times more growth of Indian major carps as compared to control in pond treated with vermicompost @10000kg/ha/yr. All the observed data was statistically analysed by using completely randomized design (CRD) at 5% level of significance.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of herbal additives on the growth, survival and disease resistance in black molly, poecilia sphenops (Val.)(CCSHAU, 2012) Anita kumari; Gupta, R.K.Ornamental fishe trade earns foreign exchange besides serving as a source of employment. Diseases are a crucial factor which inhibits the expansion of aquaculture. Moreover, the bacterial infections are considered the major cause of mortality in aquaculture. Use of herb plants in aquaculture is gaining success. Recently it is considered as an alternative to antibiotics, chemicals in fish health management. The present investigation was designed for a period of six weeks to study the influence of herbal additives on the growth, diseases resistance and survival in black molly, Poecilia sphenops. From diseased fish black molly (Poecilia sphenops) six bacterial strains were isolated and identified. The herbal extract of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Aloe vera (aloe) and Emblica officinalis were tested to find out there antibacterial properties against isolated bacteria under in in vitro condition. All herbal extract showed inhibitory effect against pathogenic bacteria, but Emblica officinalis extract was most effective among all herbal extract. Future studies were conducted to test the efficacy and potential of most suitable herb extract (Emblica officinalis) under in vivo conditions. Fish fed with herbal extract (Emblica officinalis) in different concentration (@1, 1.5 and 2% of feed ingredients) gave better results in terms of hematological parameters, growth and percent survival rate as compare to control group. Level of Hb, TEC, TLC and PCV was highest in fish fed with Emblica officinalis diet @ 1.5% followed by Emblica officinalis diet @ 1%, 2% of feed and then control group. Emblica officinalis extract @ 1.5% of feed yield highest mean weight (4.23g) and length (3.62cm) gain. The highest survival rate (95.8%) was also observed in Emblica officinalis fed group at 1.5 per cent concentration. Hence the alternative herbal biomedicines prove to be very effective in aqua-cultural operations.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of herbal additives on the growth, survival and disease resistance in swordtail, xiphophorus helleri (Haeckel)(CCSHAU, 2012) Kalyankar, Amol D.; Gupta, R.K.Ornamental fishes form an important commercial component of aquaculture providing for aesthetic requirements and upkeep of the environment. Diseases are a crucial factor which inhibits the expansion of aquaculture. Moreover, the bacterial infections areconsidered the major cause of mortality in aquaculture. Use of herb plants in aquaculture is gaining success. Recently it is considered as an alternative to antibiotics, chemicals in fish health management. The present investigation was designed for a period of six weeks to study the influence of herbal additives on the growth, diseases resistanceand survival in Swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri. From diseased fish Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) six bacterial strains were isolated and identified. The herbal extract of Allium sativum (Garlic), Raulfia serpentina(sarpgandha), Zingibera rhizoma (Ginger) and Allium cepa (Onion) were tested to find out there antibacterial properties against isolated bacteria under in in vitro condition. All herbal extract showed inhibitory effect against pathogenic bacteria, but Allium sativum extract was most effective among all herbal extract. Future studies were conducted to test the efficacy and potential of most suitable herb extract (Allium sativum) under in vivoconditions. Fish fed with herbal extract (Allium sativum) in different concentration (@1, 1.5 and 2% of feed ingredients) gave better results in terms of growth, survival and hematological parameters, however Allium sativum extract @ 1.5% of feed was most effective among alldiets. Hence the alternative herbal biomedicines prove to be very effective in aqua-cultural operations.