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Subject: Agroforestry ×

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    FLORISTIC DIVERSITY, PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMICS OF MALTA [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] BASED TRADITIONAL HOMEGARDEN: A STUDY OF TEHRI GARHWAL, UTTARAKHAND
    (College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2020) Goswami, Suraj; Bijalwan, Arvind(Dr.); Butola, B.S.(Dr.) (Co-Advisor)
    The present study was conducted at four villages each of lower elevation (1300-1500 m) and upper elevation (1500-1700 m) in two blocks (Chamba and Jakhanidhar) of Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand during November 2019 to May 2020. The study was carried out to study the diversity, production potential, economics of Malta (Citrus sinensis) based traditional homegarden and marketing of Malta fruit. A total of 47 species documented including 27 agriculture crops, 15 fruit crops and 5 multipurpose tree species. The Citrus sinensis (density: 106-313 trees/ha; IVI: 128-216) was found to be the most dominating among all tree species and important species of these homegardens. The Shannon Weiner index value was highest (1.88) in lower elevation and lowest (0.81) in upper elevation. The Simpson index of diversity was found highest (0.76) in lower elevation (Petaw Village) and lowest (0.41) in upper elevation (Dargi Village). Margalef’s index of richness was highest (6.16) in lower elevation (Petaw Village) and lowest (2.44) in upper elevation (Dargi Village). The highest productivity among vegetable crops was recorded for Solanum tuberosum in both the elevations. The highest productivity of Citrus sinensis was recorded at Dargi village (19.844 t/ha) of upper elevation. The highest gross return (297660 ₹/ha) and net return (212155 ₹/ha) of Citrus sinensis fruit was recorded at Dargi. The least gross return (77592 ₹/ha) and net return (9864.25 ₹/ha) of Citrus sinensis fruit was recorded at Jagdhar village. The highest BC ratio for Citrus sinensis fruit was recorded at Budogi (3.86) and least BC ratio for Citrus sinensis fruit was recorded at Jagdhar village (1.27). Three marketing channels of Citrus sinensis fruit were recognized in the investigation region; Channel 1: [Producer – Local shopkeeper – Consumer], Channel 2: [Producer – Consumer] and Channel 3: [Producer – Contractor – Local shopkeeper – Consumer]. Only 35.88% people adopted these three marketing channels. The potential and benefit of Citrus sinensis is diverse and it is cultivated in a scientific manner along with proper management and transportation facilities can be a boom to a group of cultivators and this can save pecuniary losses and their occupation. These all measures can uplift the Citrus sinensis cultivator community.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PRODUCTIVITY OF AMARANTH CROP (Amaranthus cruentus L.) UNDER AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM IN GARHWAL HIMALAYA, INDIA
    (College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2019) Bala, Shashi; Bijalwan, Arvind(Dr.)
    The field experiment was conducted during 2018-2019 at Duwakoti village of district Tehri Garhwal (Uttarakhand) to study the impact of sowing distance from tree base on performance of Amaranth crop (Amaranthus cruentus L.) under Agroforestry system. The experiment consisting of thirteen treatments (i.e. Amaranth under two Agrihorticulture system, two Agrisilviculture system and one control at 1 m , 2 m and 3 m spacing from tree base). Growth parameters (plant population, plant height, leaves per plant, dry weight per plant, stem diameter) for yield attributes (number of panicles per plant, 1000 grain weight (g), grain yield per plant (g), grain yield (kg/ha), biological yield (kg/ha) and harvest index (%) of Amaranth increased with increase in distance from base of the tree and were maximum under control condition (sole cropping). Also maximum nitrogen and phosphorus content in Amaranth seeds were recorded in control condition, however sulphur and crude protein content were recorded higher in T12 (Amaranth at 3m distance from Toon) and minimum sulphur and phosphorus content were reported in T13 (control) and T7 (Amaranth at 1m distance from Kharik). The net return as well as B:C ration of Amaranth remained higher under Agrihorticulture system. The finding of present study suggested that cultivation of Amaranth under Agrihorticulture system can be recommended for the better economic returns under Tehri district of Garhwal Himalyas.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Traditional Agroforestry and Livelihood Support: A study in Upper Yamuna Valley of Uttarkashi district of Garhwal Himalaya, India
    (College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2022) Kumar, Mohit; Bijalwan, Arvind(Dr.)
    Agroforestry is a common feature of land use pattern in Uttarakhand hills which fulfills the day to day requirements of local people of the area. The present study was carried out in six villages of Naugaun block (1000-2000 m asl elevation), Uttarkashi district of Uttarakhand, India with the broader objectives of socioeconomic status of farmer in the study area, role of different agroforestry systems and different management practices adopted in traditional agroforestry system by the villagers. The socio-economic surveywas carried out using common questionnaire and representative taken from each village. Majority of respondents had education up to intermediate and graduation. Most of the respondents had medium family size (6-10 members) with (44.44%) residing in pucca house (concrete house). The primary source of income for (37.78%) families were Government/Private job, however (28.88%) were involved in farming. The families in the study area mainly had medium and large land holding. Among the livestock, cows (29.89%), buffalos (24.19%), bullocks (23.84%) and calves (22.08%) were the majorly owned by the villagers. The major agroforestry systems occupied in the study area were Agrisilviculture, Agrosilvihorticulture and Homegarden system. Trees such as Bhimal, Banj oak, Khadik etc. were mainly retained for fodder and fuel wood purpose by the villagers on their farmland. Horticulture trees such as apricot, walnut, plum, peach etc were also the source of livelihood for farmers. Crops such as wheat, finger millet, amaranth, maize, mustard, barley etc were commonly grown in agroforestry systems. Among the management practices, lopping (97.78%), thinning (88.89%) and pollarding (81.12%) were mainly adopted in forest trees by the villagers. In horticulture trees, cleaning (96.67%), pruning (85.56%) and training (76.67%) were the main management practices adopted by the villagers whereas weeding, irrigation, land preparation, manuring, stacking and fertilizer application were the main management practices followed in agricultural crops by the villagers. Current study reveals a high potential of agroforestry in the area with inclusion of multipurpose fruit and forest trees with improved varieties of agricultural crops for sustainable livelihood and income generation.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Performance of Indian Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (L.) Link)under Wild Himalayan Cherry (Prunus cerasoides D. Don) in mid hill situation of Garhwal Himalaya, India
    (College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2022) Kothari, Ahish; Bijalwan, Arvind(Dr.)
    The present study was conducted in four villages of district Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India in two altitudinal range (1000-1400masl and 1400-1800masl) and two aspects (Northern and Southern).For the estimation of production potential of Indian Barnyard millet(Echinochloa frumentacea (L.)Link) under Wild Himalayan Cherry (Prunus cerasoides D. Don), various growth and yield parameters were studied along with different distances (0-1 m, 1-2m, 2-3 m, 3-4 m and control) from tree base during Kharif season. The outcome of the study revealed that the production potential of Barnyard millet under Prunus cerasoides was reduced as compare to control. In case of elevation, lower elevation and northern aspect show maximum production potential as compare to upper elevation and southern aspect. In all the study sites, grain yield of Barnyard millet ranged between 235.97-849.97 kg/ha and straw yield ranged between 1285.80-3240.58 kg/ha. Overall results indicated a gradual increase in growth and yield performance of barnyard millet with increasing distance from tree base of Wild Himalayan Cherry. Enumeration of various trees of Wild Himalayan Cherry for Growing Stock, Volume and Carbon stock was done by measuring height and diameter individually for all the trees. Result revealed that the value of GSVD (Growing stock volume density), AGBD (Above ground biomass density), BGBD (Below ground biomass density) ranged between 18.91-29.12 M3/ha, 22.74-34.94 Mg/ha and 7.64-11.64 Mg/ha respectively. TBD (Total biomass density) and TCD (Total carbon density) in all study sites was between 30.25- 46.59 Mg/ha and 15.10- 23.29 Mg/ha respectively. Wild Himalayan Cherry was contributing 10.04 Mg/ha and 4.99 Mg/ha towards biomass and carbon stock respectively which accounts for 6.5% of total biomass and total carbon stock in study sites. Lower elevation was storing more amount of carbon (20.95 Mg/ha) in the form of tree biomass as compare to upper elevation (17.39 Mg/ha) in study sites. Soil bulk density and soil moisture in study sites varied between 1.18-1.31 g/cm3 and 27.84-36.73% respectively. Outcome from the soil bulk density and soil moisture revealed increasing trend with soil depth in all sites whereas, N, P, K, soil organic matter and soil organic carbon decreased with increasing soil depth. N, P and K in study sites ranged between 215.04-236.49 kg/ha, 44.20-55.71 kg/ha and 167.71-174.65 kg/ha respectively. Soil organic matter and organic carbon in study sites varied between 2.53-3.57 % and 1.38-1.42 % respectively. Keywords: Agroforestry, Prunus, Carbon sequestration, Grain yield, Soil carbon.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Allelopathic effects of common weeds on germination and seedling growth of four Rabi season crops of Garhwal Himalayas
    (College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2022) Padu, Kejum; Khanduri, V.P.(Dr.); Butola, B.S.(Dr.) (Co-Advisor)
    The present investigation entitled “Allelopathic effects of common weeds on germination and seedling growth of four Rabi season crops of Garhwal Himalayas” wasundertaken in the Department of Forestry, College of Forestry (V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry) Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, during March to September, 2021. The experiment was undertaken to evaluate the Allelopathic effect of three weed species (Poa annua, Erigeron annuus and Stellaria media) on the germination and seedling growth of four agriculture crops (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum ,Brassica juncea and Eleusine coracana). In the present study the data indicated inhibitory effect of different weeds extract on agriculture crops. The study showed that higher concentration of weeds extract were found more toxic for germination, radicle-plumule length, nutrients and chlorophyll contents of the test crops. The result revealed that allelopathic influences are species specific and extract can have influence on seed germination, root-shoot growth, dry weight and nutrient and chlorophyll contents of the test crops. From the study, it can be concluded that these weeds have allelopathic potential in water-soluble extract, and their effect was dependent on their concentrations in water. These weeds have inhibitory effects at higher concentrations but less inhibitory effects observed at lower concentration. The tolerance of crops was in the order of Eleusine coracana>Brassica junicea>Hordeum vulgare>Triticum aestivum as compared to the control. In water soluble extract the toxicity of the weeds was in the order Erigeron annuus> Stellaria media> Poa annua on all the test crops.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Fuelwood and Fodder Consumption Pattern in Bhatwari Block of Uttarkashi District, Uttarakhand
    (College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2022) Bisht, Abhishek; Dhanai, C.S.(Dr.)
    The present investigation was conducted in six different villages (Bonga, Ganeshpur, Dang, Bandrani, Kyark, and Aleth) of Bhatwari block of Uttarkashi district which lies between the altitudinal ranges of 1417m to 2266m altitude. The study was proposed to evaluate socio-economic status of farmer’s in the hilly areas and to identify their consumption pattern of fuelwood and fodder. The survey was carried out in 120 households (20 households from each village). The maximum number of households were 278 in Dang village whereas, the minimum number 62 households were 62 in Kyark village. Among the selected villages the maximum population 1480 (747 males and 733 females) was recorded in Dang village whereas the minimum population 325(160 males and 165 females) was in Bandrani village, 325(160 males and 165 females). The majority of people, 295, were middle aged which is 44.2% of the total villagers which was followed by old age people (259) which is 38.8% of the total whereas only 16.8% were young individuals. About 49.1% respondents had medium sized family, 35% of respondents had small sized family and only 15.8% respondents had large sized family. About 87.5% respondents had the nuclear type family and only 12.5% were living in a joint family. The highest literacy rate was noted in Kyark (79.16%) village whereas, Bandrani (52%) had the lowest literacy rate. The major population around 57.3% was indulged in agricultural. The average daily fuelwood consumption of the villages varied from 850 kg/day/village to 1267.20 kg/day/village in the summer season whereas, it varied from 1185.18 kg/day/village to 1949.36 kg/day/village in the winter season. The village to village consumption of the fodder varied from 1224.19 kg/day/village to 3005.10 kg/day/village in summer season whereas it varied from 1208.47 kg/day/village to 2969.46 kg/day/village in winter seasons. The current study reveals that introduction of agroforestry in the study area can enhance up the production of fodder and fuelwood which will be helpful in minimizing the pressure from the existing forests in the coming future.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of Growth and Productivity of Vegetable Rai (Brassica juncea L.) Varieties in Agri horticulture Systems under Mid-hill Situation of Garhwal Himalaya, India
    (College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2020) JOSHI, ANURAG; Bijlwan, Arvind(Dr.); Bisht, T.S.(Dr.) (Co-advisor)
    The present study entitied "Assessment of Growth and Productivity of Vegetable Rai Brassica juncea L.) Varieties in Agri-horticulture Systems under Mid-hill Situation of Garhwal Himalaya, India" firstly, started with before transplanting soil analysis; secondly, to evaluate the growth and productivity of vegetable rai varieties under vacant space between three different fruit crops along with control in different agri-horticulture systems and finally, to estimate the benefit: cost (B:C) under different agri-hortic1 systems. The experiment consisted of eight treatments comprising two varieties VR12-1 (UHF and Pusa Sag-1) of vegetable rai; three fruit trees (Peach, Apricot and Plum) and a control (conventional agriculture field) were tested in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications of each treatment. Growth parameters (plant height, collar diameter, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaf per plant, number of siliqua per plant and number of seeds per siliqua) and yield parameters (leaf yield, straw weight and grain yield) of vegetable rai were observed maximum under peach based agri-horticulture system. Available nitrogen, potassium, sulphur, and soil pH were found maximum under peach tree. Available phosphorus and soil organic carbon was recorded maximum under plum based agrihorticultre. The highest benefit cost ratio was observed for peach based agri-horticulture system. The finding of present study suggested that vegetable rai can be grown more profitably under peach based agri-horticulture system as compared to apricot, plum based agri-horticulture system and control condition.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Assessment of Growth and Productivity of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Varieties in Agri-horticulture Systems under Mid-hill Situation of Garhwal Himalaya, India
    (College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2020) SINGH, ABHISHEK PRATAP; Bijalwan, Arvind(Dr.); Bisht, T.S(Dr.) (Co-advisor)
    The present investigation entitled “Assessment of Growth and Productivity of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Varieties in Agri-horticulture Systems under Mid-hill Situation of Garhwal Himalaya, India” firstly, started with pre sowing soil analysis; secondly, to evaluate the growth and productivity of garlic varieties under vacant space between three different fruit crops along with control in different agri-horticulture systems and finally, to estimate the benefit : cost (B:C) under different agri-horticulture systems. The experiment consisted of eight treatments comprising two varieties (UUHF G 12-1 and Agrifound Parvati) of garlic; three fruit trees (Peach, Apricot and Plum) and a control (conventional agriculture field) were tested in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications of each treatment. Germination parameter (days to 25 %, 50 %, 75 % emergence and germination %), growth parameters (plant height, leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves per plant) and yield parameters (bulb neck diameter, bulb diameter, bulb length, bulb weight, number of cloves per bulb, clove weight, clove length, clove width, plot yield and bulb yield) of garlic were observed maximum under peach based agri-horticulture system. Soil pH, soil organic carbon and available sulphur were found maximum under peach tree and available nitrogen was recorded maximum under control condition. Available phosphorus and available potassium was observed maximum under apricot based agri-horticulture system. The highest benefit cost ratio (B:C) was observed for peach based agri-horticulture system. The finding of the present study suggested that garlic can be grown more profitably under peach based agri-horticulture system as compared to apricot, plum based agri-horticulture system and control condition.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Allelopathic effects of GrewiaoppositifoliaRoxb. andFicusauriculataLour. on some traditional agricultural crops of Garhwal Himalaya
    (College of Forestry, Ranichauri Campus, V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry, 2020) KUMAR ARYA, VIJAY; Dhanai, C.S.(Dr.)
    The present investigation entitled “Allelopathic effects of GrewiaoppositifoliaRoxb. andFicusauriculataLour. on some traditional agricultural crops of Garhwal Himalaya” was undertaken in the Department of Forestry, College of Forestry (V.C.S.G. Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry) Ranichauri, TehriGarhwal, Uttarakhand, during 2019.The experiment was undertaken to evaluate the Allelopathic effect of two agroforestry tree species (G. oppositifoliaand F. auriculata) on the germination, growth performance and biomass accumulation of four agriculture crops (Vigna umbellate {Thunb.}, Amaranthuscaudatus L., PanicummiliaceumL. and Glycine max {L.} Merr.). In the present study results indicates both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on agriculture crops under in-vitro and nursery conditions. The leaf and bark extracts were potent sources of various metabolites and their effects were also species specific. The stimulatory effects on crops which might be due to the degree of toxicity could not be higher in these improved varieties. In case of germination and root growth, leaf extracts of G. oppositifoliawas more toxic than bark extract of G. oppositifoliaand leaf and bark extracts of F. auriculata. However, shoot growth and dry weight is more affected by bark extracts of G. oppositifoliathan the leaf extract of G. oppositifoliaand leaf and bark extracts of F. auriculata. In most of the cases, the toxicity of leaf and bark extracts was increased with the increase in concentration of the extracts. The toxicity level was higher in leaf and bark extracts of G. oppositifoliaas compared to leaf and bark extracts of F. auriculata. The tolerance of the crops was in the order of G. max >A. caudatus>P. miliaceum>V. umbellate as compared to the control.