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Open Access
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF ELICITORS IN CHAMOMILE (Matricaria chamomilla L.) GROWN UNDER ABIOTIC STRESS CONDITIONS
(UHF Nauni, 2024-01-16) MITUL; Dr Rohit Sharma
The present research entitled “Studies on the effect of elicitors in Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) grown under abiotic stress conditions” was carried out in the polyhouse as well as in the laboratory of Department of Forest Products, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2022-2023. The seeds were sown in the nursery on 18th October, 2022. The seedlings were transplanted in earthen pots on 7th December 2022. The plants were subjected to water and salt stress conditions after 1 month of transplanting. The foliar application of elicitors was initiated at the vegetative stage and 2nd spray was given after 10 days of first spray. In water stress conditions, the plants without stress conditions show the highest growth performance and herbage yield- plant height (85.19 cm), no. of leaves per plant (476.67), no. of flowers per plant (316.45), fresh herbage yield per plant (303.47 g), dry herbage per plant (35.57g), fresh flower weight per plant (42.07 g), dry flower weight per plant (10.09 g), total chlorophyll content (3.00 mg/g) and total carotenoid content (0.94 mg/g). However, the maximum essential oil content (0.48%) was recorded at 50% FC with 0.5 mM acetyl salicylic acid and maximum essential oil yield (0.16 g/plant) was observed at 75% FC with 1.0 mM acetyl salicylic acid. In biochemical content, plants at 50% FC with 0.5 mM salicylic acid gave the maximum phenolic content (145.18±2.91 GAE/g), total flavonoid content (104.2±1.93 RE/g), maximum percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity (64.11±1.95). Maximum percentage of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (62.14±2.13) and maximum absorbance of reducing power activity was recorded at 50% FC with 1.0 mM salicylic acid. The nitric oxide scavenging activity (52.77±2.89) was recorded at 50% FC with 0.5 mM acetyl salicylic acid. In salt stress treatment, maximum growth and yield was observed in plants at 25 mM NaCl with 1.0 mM salicylic acid- plant height (99.84 cm), no. of leaves per plant (544.33), no. of flowers per plant (357.67), fresh herbage yield per plant (398.67 g), dry herbage yield per plant (40.87 g), fresh flower weight per plant (54.40 g) and dry flower weight per plant (14.08 g). However maximum essential oil content (0.55%) and essential oil yield (0.34 g/plant) were recorded in 50 mM NaCl with 1.0 mM acetyl salicylic acid. The maximum carotenoid content (1.13 mg/g) was found in 25 mM NaCl with 1.0 mM salicylic acid. Chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content was recorded highest in control conditions. In biochemical content treatment, 50 mM NaCl with 0.5 mM Salicylic acid gave the maximum phenolic content (128.61±1.84 GAE/g). Maximum flavonoid content (106.13±1.95 RE/g), maximum percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity (66.55±0.74) and, maximum absorbance of reducing power activity (0.844±0.012) was recorded at treatment 50 mM NaCl with 1.0 mM Salicylic acid. The maximum percentage of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (77.19±2.99) and nitric oxide scavenging activity (67.12±2.01) was observed as the treatment of 50 mM NaCl with 0.5 mM acetyl salicylic acid. Saponin and alkaloids were detected in all the treatments under water and salt stress.
Open Access
STUDIES ON EFFECT OF Parthenium hysterophorus L. EXTRACT ON WOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF Morus alba L.
(UHF Nauni, 2023-12-11) VARUN THAKUR; Dr. Dinesh Kumar Sharma
The present investigation entitled “Studies on effect of Parthenium hysterophorus L. extract on wood characteristics of Morus alba L.” was carried out during the year 2022-2023 in the laboratory and wood workshop of the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Wood samples of Morus alba L. were prepared and dipped in different concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 per cent (w/v) in Parthenium hysterophorus L. extract (using petroleum ether, methanol and water solvents) solution for 72 hours and were analyzed for variation in physico-chemical and mechanical properties of Morus alba L. wood. Significant results were obtained from the variation in physical, chemical, mechanical and effect of paint concentrations on properties of wood treated with Parthenium hysterophorus L. extract prepared in different solvents. The highest (133.18%) maximum moisture content was observed in untreated wood samples, while lowest (102.97%) in wood samples treated with petroleum ether extract at 2 per cent. The maximum (0.594) specific gravity was observed in petroleum ether extract treated samples at 2 per cent, while minimum (0.504) in untreated wood samples. Maximum volumetric swelling (10.60%) and shrinkage (8.17%) co-efficient were recorded in untreated wood samples, whereas, minimum volumetric swelling (6.26%) and shrinkage (4.42%) were observed in samples treated with petroleum ether extract at 2 per cent. The highest values for cold water-soluble extractives (5.25%), hot water-soluble extractives (7.78%) and alcohol-benzene soluble extractives (12.35%) were recorded in water extract treated samples at 2 per cent, while lowest values for cold water-soluble extractives (3.92%), hot water-soluble extractives (4.90%) and alcoholbenzene soluble extractives (8.93%) were observed in untreated wood samples. The holocellulose and lignin content ranged from 69.20 to 69.40 per cent and 21.25 to 22.54 per cent, respectively. The highest values for tensile strength (0.073kN/mm2), bending strength (0.011kN/mm2), compression strength parallel to the grain (0.058kN/mm2) and compression strength perpendicular to the grain (0.019kN/mm2) were observed in petroleum ether extract treated wood samples, whereas, the lowest values for tensile strength (0.070kN/mm2), bending strength (0.008kN/mm2), compression strength parallel to the grain (0.055kN/mm2) and compression strength perpendicular to the grain (0.014kN/mm2) were recorded in wood samples treated with water extract. Significant results were obtained for different physical properties of wood treated with different paint concentrations. The highest (136.51%) maximum moisture content was observed absolute control, while lowest (21.24%) in wood samples treated with 100 per cent paint concentration. Maximum volumetric swelling (10.65%) and shrinkage (8.24%) co-efficient were recorded in absolute control, whereas, minimum volumetric swelling (2.11%) and shrinkage (0.67%) were observed in samples treated with 100 per cent concentrated paint
Open Access
STUDIES ON EFFECT OF Acorus calamus L. EXTRACT ON WOOD CHARACTERSTICS OF Morus alba L.
(UHF Nauni, 2023-12-16) SHWETA RAJPOOT; Dr. Rajneesh Kumar
The present study entitled “Studies on effect of Acorus calamus L. extract on wood characterstics of Morus alba L. wood was carried out during 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 in the laboratory and wood workshop of the Department of Forest Product, College of Forestry, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan. Wood samples were prepared and dipped in Acorus calamus L. (rhizome) extract treated with petroleum ether, methanol and water for 72 hours at different concentration 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 per cent to examine the physico-chemical and mechanical properties of Morus alba L. wood. The highest value (119.67%) for maximum moisture content (%) was observed in untreated wood samples and the lowest value (114.45%) in wood sample treated with petroleum ether extract at 2 per cent concentration. The maximum specific gravity (0.557) was found in petroleum ether extract treated wood samples at 2 per cent concentration while the minimum (0.546) in untreated wood samples. The maximum volumetric swelling co-efficient (8.90%) and volumetric shrinkage co-efficient (6.66%) was observed in untreated wood samples and minimum volumetric swelling co-efficient (8.27%) and volumetric shrinkage co-efficient (6.31%) was noticed in petroleum ether treated wood samples at 2 per cent concentration. The highest cold water soluble extractives (4.75%), hot water soluble extractives (6.50%) and alcohol benzene soluble extractives (11.10%) was recorded in water extract treated wood samples at 2 per concentration while the lowest cold water soluble extractives (4.46%), hot water soluble extractives (6.16%) and alcohol benzene soluble extractives (10.66%) was observed in untreated wood samples. The maximum tensile strength (0.074 kN/mm2), bending strength (0.011 kN/mm2), compression parallel to grain (0.057 kN/mm2) and compression perpendicular to grain (0.019kN/mm2) was found in petroleum ether extract treated wood samples at 2 per cent concentration and minimum tensile strength (0.071 kN/mm2), bending strength (0.008 kN/mm2), compression parallel to grain (0.055 kN/mm2) and compression perpendicular to grain (0.018 kN/mm2) was observed in untreated wood samples. In paint application, the highest maximum moisture content (134.64%), volumetric swelling co-efficient (10.65%) and volumetric shrinkage co-efficient (8.24%) was noticed in absolute control whereas, the lowest was recorded in 100 per concentration which was statistically at par with 95 per cent paint with 5 per cent thinner concentration and upto 75 per cent paint with 25 per cent thinner concentration.
Open Access
STUDIES ON EFFECT OF Lantana camara L. EXTRACT ON WOOD CHARACTERSTICS OF Morus alba L.
(UHF Nauni, 2023-12-16) KUSUM LATA; Dr. Dinesh Kumar Sharma
The present research entitled “Studies on effect of Lantana camara L. extract on wood characteristics of Morus alba L.” was carried out during 2021-22 and 2022-23 in the wood workshop and laboratory of the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry (Nauni), Solan (HP). Wood samples of Morus alba L. were prepared and dipped in different concentrations of 0.25, 0.50 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 per cent (w/v) for Lantana camara L. leaf extract (using petroleum ether, methanol and water solvents) solution for 72 hours and were analyzed for variation in physico-chemical and mechanical properties of Morus alba L. wood. Significant results were obtained from the variation in physical, chemical, mechanical and effect of paint concentrations on physical properties of wood treated with Lantana camara L. leaf extract prepared in different solvents. The highest maximum moisture content (119.02%), volumetric swelling (8.96%) and shrinkage coefficient (6.70%) were recorded in water extract treated samples, whereas, lowest maximum moisture content (115.49%) volumetric swelling (8.34%) and shrinkage coefficient (6.35%) were recorded in petroleum ether extract treated wood samples. Maximum values for maximum moisture content, volumetric swelling and shrinkage coefficient were recorded in untreated samples and minimum at 2 per cent extract concentration. Maximum specific gravity (0.555) was recorded in petroleum ether extract treated samples and minimum (0.544) in water extract treated wood samples. Chemical properties including cold water, hot water and alcohol-benzene soluble extractives were recorded maximum at 2 per cent and minimum in untreated samples. The highest values for cold water-soluble extractives (4.59%), hot water-soluble extractives (6.30%) and alcohol-benzene soluble extractives (10.78%) were recorded in water extract treated samples, while lowest values for cold water-soluble extractives (4.38%), hot water-soluble extractives (6.01%) and alcoholbenzene soluble extractives (10.45%) were observed in petroleum ether extract treated samples. The holocellulose and lignin content ranged from 69.41 to 69.51 per cent and 21.82 to 22.12 per cent, respectively. The highest values for tensile strength (0.069kN/mm2), bending strength (0.010kN/mm2), compression strength parallel to the grain (0.061kN/mm2) and compression strength perpendicular to the grain (0.021kN/mm2) were observed in petroleum ether extract treated wood samples, whereas, the lowest values for tensile strength (0.064kN/mm2), bending strength (0.007kN/mm2), compression strength parallel to the grain (0.057kN/mm2) and compression strength perpendicular to the grain (0.017kN/mm2) were recorded in wood samples treated with water extract. Highest values for all mechanical properties were recorded at 2 per cent concentration, while minimum in untreated wood samples. Significant results were also obtained for different physical properties of wood treated with different paint concentrations. The highest (134.09%) maximum moisture content was observed in absolute control, while lowest (31.53%) in wood samples treated with 100 per cent paint concentration. Maximum volumetric swelling (10.69%) and shrinkage (9.66%) co-efficient were recorded in absolute control, whereas, minimum volumetric swelling (3.30%) and shrinkage (0.69%) were observed in samples treated with 100 per cent concentrated paint.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF Acorus calamus L. COLLECTIONS FROM HIMACHAL PRADESH
(UHF Nauni, 2023-12-18) SAURABH THAKUR; Dr Ravi Bhardwaj
The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of Acorus calamus L. Collections from Himachal Pradesh” was carried out during the year 2022-2023 in the laboratory and experimental field of the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Morphological study of Acorus calamus from different sites revealed that plant was found to be perennial, aromatic herb with erect growth habit. The leaf was found to be distichous and base equitant, linear to narrowly ensiform with parallel veins and having single prominent mid vein and smooth edges with entire leaf margin having moderate olive-green colour. Rhizome was found to be creeping, jointed, vertically compressed with numerous fibrous roots and spongy inside having greenish white colour externally and pinkish white internally. With regard to effect of different harvesting seasons on essential oil content the maximum value was recorded when the rhizomes were harvested during the month of May (3.82%) as compared to harvesting during November. Among different sites, site S1 (Bandrol, Kullu) exhibited maximum essential oil content (4.37%). With regard to interaction effect between sites and harvesting seasons maximum value for essential oil content (4.78%) was observed in treatment combination S4M2 (Khajjiar, Chamba during May). Among different drying methods D1(Shade drying) exhibited maximum essential oil content (3.43%) followed by oven drying (3.06%). Whereas among different sites maximum essential oil content (3.95%) was observed in site S1 (Bandrol, Kullu). However, in case of interaction effect between sites and drying methods maximum value of essential oil content (4.41%) was exhibited by treatment combination S1D1 (Bandrol, Kullu in shade drying). Among different growth hormones treatment, T2 (IAA 100 ppm) excelled in all growth parameters i.e., sprouting percentage (60.82%), rooting percentage (60.82%), survival percentage (60.82%), plant height (55.72 cm), total root length (201.61 cm) and surface area of roots (25.09 cm2) and minimum values were observed in T0 (Control). Among different sites, site S7 (Harabag, Mandi) exhibited maximum sprouting percentage (62.50%), rooting percentage (62.50%) and survival percentage (62.50%) which was followed by site S1(Bandrol, Kullu) (59.22%). However maximum plant height (56.03 cm), total root length (214.49 cm) and surface area of roots (27.57 cm2) was exhibited in site S1 (Bandrol, Kullu). Among interaction effect between different sites and plant growth hormones treatments, maximum value for plant height (62.74 cm), total root length (248.27 cm) and surface area of roots (32.67 cm2) was recorded in treatment combination S1T2 (Bandrol Kullu with application of IAA 100 ppm). Correlation analysis between essential oil content (%) and soil nutrients revealed positive correlation between essential oil content (%) and Available N, Available P and Available S.
Open Access
STUDIES ON PROPAGATION AND EVALUATION OF Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng FROM HIMACHAL PRADESH
(UHF Nauni, 2023-12-18) SAKSHI; Dr Ravi Bhardwaj
The present study entitled “Studies on propagation and evaluation of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng from Himachal Pradesh” was carried out during 2021-2023 in the experimental farm and laboratory of Department of Forest Products, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (Himachal Pradesh). “Morphological studies of Murraya koenigii L. Spreng” revealed that the plant was found to be a shrub, the stem was found to be erect, with numerous dots scattered around it. Leaves were found to be exstipulate, bipinnately compound, thin, ovate, serrate and shiny. Inflorescence was terminal cyme carries 50-80 flowers, flower was pale yellow green, petals were liner-oblong and dotted, 10 stamens were present in which filament was dilated at the base and ovary was 2-celled with single ovule. Effect of different pre-treatments on seed germination and growth parameters of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng exhibited significant effect and treatment T5 (GA3 800ppm) excelled in all germination and growth parameters viz., germination percentage (90.00%), early initiation of germination (9.33 days), completion the germination (19.00 days), maximum peak value (5.66), maximum mean daily germination (4.74 %), maximum germination value (26.84), maximum seedling shoot length (18.23 cm) and maximum root length (19.13 cm). With respect to the effect of different growing media on seed germination and growth parameters of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng growing media of soil + sand + vermicompost (1:1:1) resulted in the maximum germination percentage (86.66 %), early initiation of germination (10.00 day), early completion of germination (20.33 days), maximum peak value (6.35), maximum mean daily germination (4.26 %), maximum germination value (27.15), maximum seedling shoot length (17.60 cm) and maximum root length (18.90 cm). With regard to phytochemical analysis of Murraya koenigii L. Spreng leaves collected from different sites of Himachal Pradesh. The maximum total chlorophyll content (1.44 mg/g), maximum phenolic content (417.07± 0.92 GAE/g of crude extract) and maximum flavonoid content (324. 38 ± 1.39 RE/g of crude extract) was found in samples collected from Jhaniari (Hamirpur). The analysis also showed presence of alkaloids and absence of saponins among all the sites. Signature
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SAGE (Salvia officinalis L.) BASED HERBAL TEA
(UHF Nauni, 2023-11-23) MEENAKSHI BALA; Dr. Reena Sharma
The present study entitled “Development and evaluation of sage (Salvia officinalis) based herbal tea” was conducted in the Laboratory of Department of Forest Products, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during the year 2022-2023. The present study involved the development of nine different herbal tea formulations and evaluation of their physico-chemical characterstics comparing to four control samples viz. two market controls (T10 and T11) and Ocimum sanctum and Matricaria chamomilla based herbal tea (T12 and T13). The developed herbal teas were assessed for their total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities using different assays. The physicochemical parameters of each herbal ingredient used in the development of herbal teas were also examined. The T3 showed highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Four different antioxidants assays viz. DPPH radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging assay, reducing power assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of developed herbal tea. The developed herbal teas showed significant antioxidant activities. Among all the developed herbal teas T3 exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in all assays. The total phenolic content of T3 was 221.51 ± 2.24 mg GAE/g of crude extract which was high in comparison to the market herbal tea i.e. 151.96 ± 4.68 mg GAE/g of crude extract. The total flavonoid content of T3 was 172.62 ± 4.12 mg RE/g of crude extract while that of market tea was 109.52 ± 3.57 mg RE/g of crude extract. Among the nine different developed herbal teas, the T5 scored best with overall acceptability of 8.75 in the sensory evaluation as compared to the control samples. The optimal infusion time and sample amount was found to be 5 minutes and 0.3 grams which showed highest phenolic and flavonoid content along with highest antioxidant activity. The finding of our study showed that the developed sage (Salvia officinalis L.) based herbal teas showed higher total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities as compared to herbal teas procured from the market.
Open Access
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL STIMULANTS ON OLEORESIN PRODUCTION AND WOOD QUALITY OF Pinus roxburghii Sargent
(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-07-12) SAURABH SHARMA; BHUPENDER DUTT
ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Effect of chemical stimulants on oleoresin production and wood quality of Pinus roxburghii Sargent” was undertaken in the Department of Forest Products, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan-173230 (HP) during 2020-2022 with the objectives to find out the effect of chemical stimulants and methods of tapping on oleoresin production and quality, effect of chemical stimulants on wound healing of Borehole and Rill method and effect of methods of oleoresin tapping on the wood quality of Chir Pine respectively. Among the different chemical stimulants used for oleoresin tapping, treatment T7 (20 per cent H2SO4 + 20 per cent HNO3) showed best results for oleoresin yield. Healing rate in both Boreholes and Rill tapped blazes of Pinus roxburghii trees ranged from 4.64 (2.37) per cent to 96.25 (79.34) per cent. In contrast to traditional methods, where healing of these Boreholes and Rill tapped blazes takes at least 2-3 years and 20-30 years respectively, but by the application of new chemical stimulants, especially auxins like NAA (Napthalene Acetic Acid), rapidly healed the Boreholes and Rill tapped blazes within a year. Oleoresin tapping methods had significant effects on physical, chemical, and anatomical factors associated with wood quality. In order to improve oleoresin yield and wound healing, different chemical stimulants can be tailored and modified such as CEPA can be replaced with NAA, which can be used in combination with sulphuric acid which helps in prolonged resin flow. NAA is an auxin that aids in cell differentiation and growth leading to rapid healing of wounds caused by tapping, which could result in eco-friendly sustainable practices to ensure the long-term health and productivity of trees.
Open Access
MORPHO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF Berberis lycium Royle.
(UHF,NAUNI, 2023-02) SHARMA, VISHAL; SHARMA, YASHPAL
ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Morpho-chemical evaluation of Berberis lycium Royle.” was carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during 2021-22. The study was conducted under three objectives namely (i) To study the effect of extraction methods and mode of drying on berberine content,(ii) To standardize HPLC method for quantification of berberine in different plant parts, (iii) To study the effect of geographical location on major bioactive compounds. For standardization of extraction techniques in B. lycium three different extraction methods viz., soxhlet extraction, reflux extraction and sonication assisted extraction were used with three different solvents. In B. lycium maximum berberine (4.05%) content was obtained in reflux extraction for sixteen hours with methanol solvent and higher total extract (16.59%) in soxhlet extraction for fourty hours with methanol as a solvent. Effect of drying methods revealed that shade drying is the best method of drying for obtaining higher total extract (13.27%) and berberine (4.05%) content. During the present studies plants of B. lycium from Himachal Pradesh at altitude ranging from 973 m to 2614 m amsl were studied. Morphological studies revealed that the maximum plant height (3.80 m) and number of branches (18.00) were recorded in plants of Sarkaghat whereas highest leaf length (4.86 cm), leaf width (1.83 cm), spine length (1.88 cm) and shoot diameter (24.73 mm) were observed in plants of Renuka Ji. Phytochemical studies revealed huge variation of berberine and other compounds in root, stem and leaf. The maximum berberine content was obtained in root (4.153%), stem (0.889%) and leaf (0.521%) of plants collected from Renuka ji whereas the maximum 4-hydroxy benzoic acid content was obtained in root (0.812%) stem (0.267%) and leaf (0.457%), chlorogenic acid content in root (0.705%), stem (3.203%), leaf (4.895%) and quercetin content in leaf were found to be maximum (0.025%) in plants collected from Churdhar. Determination of phenolic and flavonoid content revealed that the maximum phenolic content was obtained in leaf (299.63 ± 2.08 mg GAE/g of crude extract), stem (284.94 ± 1.05 mg GAE/g of crude extract) and root (209.16 ± 1.05 mg GAE/g of crude extract) and maximum flavonoid content in leaf (175.47 ± 0.72 mg RE/g of crude extract), stem (161.06 ± 1.17 mg RE/g of crude extract) and root (150.56 ± 0.66 mg RE/g of crude extract) extract was observed in plants collected from Churdhar. Simple and easy to handle HPLC method was developed and validated for quantification of berberine and other phytoconstituents in B. lycium. Method was validated as per ICH guidelines for seven parameters viz., linearity, range, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and robustness

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