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ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC POLYMORPHISM IN AGOUTI SIGNALING PROTEIN (ASIP) GENE AMONG SHEEP GENETIC GROUPS OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-09) DIANA, M; MURALIDHAR, M(MAJOR); VINOO, R; KALYANA CHAKRAVARTHY, MThe sheep genetic resources of Andhra Pradesh shows a very clear distinct coat colour pattern. Coat colour is an important economic trait in domestic sheep which vary greatly due to hereditary and environmental factors. The coat colour phenotype is influenced by a large number of genes involved in various stages of melanogenesis, from the migration and maturation of the melanocytes to the production of melanin. The agouti signaling pathway (ASIP) gene is a crucial gene that plays an important role in coat colour determination in sheep through epistatic interaction with other genes. The present study was conducted to provide insight into role of certain ASIP loci in coat colour patterns in the sheep genetic groups of Andhra Pradesh. Blood samples were collected from six sheep genetic groups of Andhra Pradesh. Modified high salt method was used for the isolation of Genomic DNA. An allele specific PCR assay was designed to study variation in the deletion locus D5 located on exon 2 of the gene. PCR-RFLP assay with PstI restriction enzyme was used to determine the non-synonymous SNP (c.5172T>A) polymorphism. Departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in each population were analyzed using a chi-square test for both the loci. As the pattern of genotypes are not consistent with the genetic groups, it is difficult to draw a conclusion with respect to D5 allele and its role in coat colour in sheep genetic groups of Andhra Pradesh. In 5172T>A SNP, it is interesting to note that how a black coat colour influencing allele under homozygous condition is producing white coat colour in Nellore Palla. No single genetic group is associated with specific genotype for either of the loci so, a total of nine possible combination of diplotypes were scored. However, no specific diplotype is associated with the genetic group. From this, it is plausibly deduced that the combination of wild type at the deletion locus and T allele at the non-synonymous locus could plausibly be giving rise to the white coat colour in these genetic groups except in Nellore Brown which may be due to interactions with other coat colour loci. In order to get better understanding about genetics of coat colour in the native sheep genetic groups of Andhra Pradesh, studies involving coat colour loci other than ASIP gene and specific coat colour pattern of each individual is necessary.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON BUFFALO PRODUCTION SYSTEM IN DELTA AND UPLAND AREAS OF WEST GODAVARI DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-09) LAKSHMI KALYANI, G; ANITHA, A(MAJOR); ASHA LATHA, P; SUDHAKAR, KAn investigation was conducted to study the production and reproduction performance of buffaloes, management practices, cost of milk production, socio-economic characters and constraints perceived by the buffalo milk producers of Godavari delta and upland areas of West Godavari district in Andhra Pradesh. The cattle and buffalo population increased by 8.56and 39.04 per cent, respectively during the period from 1999 to 2019 in the district. The contribution of buffalo milk to the total milk production of West Godavari district is 85.17 per cent. The mean total number of buffaloes was significant (p ≤ 0.05) higher in Godavari delta area (4.88 ± 0.86) than that in upland (2.13 ± 0.34) area. The mean age at first calving (months) was significant (p ≤ 0.01) lower in graded Murrah (41.72 ± 0.52) and Murrah (39.52 ± 0.70) buffaloes. The service period (days) was significant (p ≤ 0.01) lower in Murrah buffaloes (101.82 ± 4.34) of delta area. There was no significant difference in calving interval between the buffaloes of delta and upland area.The peak yield (litres) was significant (p ≤ 0.01) higher in local buffaloes (5.25 ± 0.13) of delta area. The lactation milk yield (litres) was significant (p ≤ 0.01) higher in local (1050.12 ± 27.54) and Murrah (1942.80 ± 51.3) buffaloes of delta area. The lactation period (days) was significant (p ≤ 0.01) higher (332.75± 3.95) and the dry period (days) was significant (p ≤ 0.01) lower (101.81±2.30) in graded Murrah buffaloes of delta area. Adoption of A.I in buffaloes was significant (p ≤ 0.01) higher in the Godavari delta (87%) than that in upland area (79%). Majority of buffalo milk producers bred their animals between 3-5 months after calving in the Godavari delta (77%). Most of the buffalo milk producers adopted pregnancy diagnosis in the study area (96.50%). The practice of green fodder production was significant (p ≤ 0.01) higher in Godavari delta (79%) than that in upland area (58%). The practice of chaffing of green fodder was very low (1.5%) in the study area. Significant (p ≤ 0.01) majority of buffalo milk producers in upland area (93%) provided home made concentrate mixture. Significant (p ≤ 0.01) majority of the buffalo milk producers practiced soaking of concentrates in delta area (67%) compared to upland area (42%). Most of the buffalo milk producers provided concentrate feed to animals on flat rate basis in Godavari upland (87%) than in delta (83%) area. Supplementation of mineral mixture (42%) and common salt (16%) in the feed was practiced by significant (p ≤ 0.01) majority of buffalo milk producers in the delta area. The practice of extra concentrate feeding during advanced pregnancy was significant (p ≤ 0.05) higher in Godavari delta (31%) compared to upland (16%) area. Majority of buffalo milk producers in upland (99%), and delta area (82%) provided drinking water to animals from tube well. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) majority of buffalo milk producers in upland (72%) than in delta area (58%) located the animal shed nearer to their dwelling. Significant (p ≤ 0.01) majority of the respondents in delta area provided pucca flooring (28%) and drainage (21%) in animal houses. Significant (p ≤ 0.01) majority of the respondents of delta area provided cooling devices (25%), wallowing of buffaloes (71%) and practiced cleaning of sheds twice in a day (52%) compared to upland area.Colostrum feeding to new born calf within one hour of birth (91%), weaning of calves (6%) and regular deworming of calves (75%) was practiced by significant (p ≤ 0.01) majority of milk producers in Godavari delta area. Washing of animals before milking (53%) and marketing of milk to co-operatives / private diaries (78%) was practiced by significant (p ≤ 0.01) majority of milk producers in delta area. Vaccination against BQ was practiced by significant (p ≤ 0.01) majority of milk producers in upland area (60 %). Deworming of adult animals (42%), control of ecto-parasites using insecticides (88%) and isolation of sick animals (30%) was found to be significant (p≤0.01) higher in Godavari delta area. The average gross cost, cost of milk production, gross income and net income of graded Murrah buffalo was significant (p≤ 0.01) higher in Godavari delta area (Rs.191.52, 21.14, 467.79, 276.27, respectively). The average gross cost, cost of milk production and net income of local buffalo was significant (p≤ 0.05) higher in delta area (Rs.105.67, 22.86, 79.25, respectively) and the average gross income was significant (p≤0.01) higher in delta area (184.92) than that in upland area.The average gross cost and cost of milk production of Murrah buffalo was significant (p≤ 0.05) higher in Godavari delta area (207.02 and 20.49, respectively). The average gross income and net income of Murrah buffalo was significant (p≤0.01) higher in Godavari delta area (581.93 and 374.91, respectively). Majority of buffalo milk producers belonged to middle age (76.5%) and were illiterate (41%). Majority of buffalo milk producers had agricultureas main occupation (82%) and dairying as subsidiary occupation (6.5%). Most of the milk producers in study area (33%) were of marginal farmer category. Significant (p≤ 0.01) majority (45.5%)of milk producers had extension contact with veterinarian followed by para veterinarian (33%). High cost of pure bred buffaloes (84.56%), high cost of feed and feed ingredients (73.5%),high incidence of repeat breeding (68%) and anoestrum (67.5%) were found to be some of the major constraints perceived by buffalo milk producers in the study area. Majority of veterinarians expressed problem of inadequate facilities for diagnostic purpose and specialized treatment (100%), not bringing animals in right time for A.I (96%), larger area to be covered for treatment of livestock (94%) and lack of sufficient knowledge to the farmers about the scientific feeding and management of buffaloes (94%) as major constraints in buffalo production of West Godavari district.ThesisItem Open Access DYSTOCIA INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS IN EWES (Ovis aries)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-08) PREETHI, J; PRABHAKAR RAO, K(MAJOR); SRINIVAS, MANDA; SREENU, MAKKENAThe present study was undertaken in dystocia affected ewes, which were presented to the Obstetrical unit, Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics. Detailed obstetrical examinations were performed in referral dystocia cases of ewes (n=84) and the incidences of maternal and fetal dystocia were recorded and analysed. Further, biochemical and oxidative parameters were recorded and compared between dystocia affected (Group 1, n=6) and normally lambed (Group 2, n=6) ewes at presentation (0 hrs) and after treatment (24 hrs). The incidences of maternal and fetal dystocia in the present study were 64.29% and 35.71%, respectively among the cases presented between January 2020 to December 2021. Uterine torsion was the most common maternal cause of dystocia, accounting for an incidence of 70.38% among all the maternal dystocia cases with an overall incidence of 45.24% among all the dystocia cases. Higher numbers of pluriparous ewes (63.15%) presented to the referral center at 24-36 hrs after existence suffered from right sided uterine torsion (84.22%) and delivered higher number of male fetuses (73.68%) in anterior longitudinal presentation (84.21%) and dorso-sacral to dorso-ilial position. Fetal dystocia (35.72%) also occurred more frequently in pluriparous ewes (66.67%) and higher percentage of fetuses were in anterior longitudinal presentation (86.66%) with limb flexions and most of them were dead (80.00%). Biochemical parameters recorded in the present study revealed that the activity of ALT (IU/L) was significantly (P≤0.01) higher, whereas AST (IU/L) was non-significantly higher in dystocia affected ewes when compared to the eutocia ewes at the time of presentation (0 hrs). Significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentration in dystocia affected ewes were observed when compared with the eutocia ewes at the time of presentation (0 hrs). While, a non-significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in the levels of mean albumin to globulin ratio in dystocia affected and normally lambed ewes. Oxidative stress parameters recorded in the present study revealed that MDA activity was increased in dystocia affected ewes, whereas SOD and GPx activity were decreased as compared to eutocic ewes. It was concluded that evaluation of ALT, AST, total protein with oxidative parameters (MDA, SOD, GSH-Px) could be used as indicators for the severity of the condition and to predict the prognosis of dystocia. Assessment of oxidative and antioxidant parameters were necessary to initiate emergency care and to attempt early treatment of dystocia to improve the prognosis and for prompt recovery.ThesisItem Open Access THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF IMMUNOMODULATORS IN SUBCLINICAL ENDOMETRITIS OF CROSSBRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-08) LEELA MANI, B; VENKATA NAIDU, G(MAJOR); SRINIVAS, MANDA; SREENU, MAKKENAThe present investigation was conducted to assess the clinical recovery from subclinical endometritis following the treatment with double prostaglandin injections (Group 1; n=10) and intrauterine infusion of E. coli LPS (Group 2; n=10) in comparison with phosphate buffer saline (Group 3; n=10) in crossbred cows by pH and uterine discharge cytology. The characterization of repeat breeding in crossbred cows (n=105) based on per-rectal palpation of the reproductive tract, revealed that 13.33% had cystic ovarian degeneration, 68.57% had endometritis, 5.72% had mucometra/ hydrometra, 11.43% had kinked or fibrosed cervix and 0.95% had uterine adhesions. Of which, endometritis was the most common cause with an occurrence of 68.57 (72/105) per cent. Occurrence of subclinical endometritis based on per rectal examination, appearance of cervico-vaginal mucus (score), pH and uterine discharge cytology was 63.89, 63.89, 58.33 and 51.39 per cent, respectively. While, occurrence of clinical endometritis was 36.11, 36.11, 41.67 and 48.61 per cent, respectively. Subclinical endometritis could be diagnosed preliminarily based on pH and appearance of cervico-vaginal mucus. Uterine discharge cytology by aspiration technique and staining with Field’s stain could be easily performed at field level. Biochemical cues (metabolites, enzymes and minerals) revealed that variations in serum at post-treatment estrus as compared to pretreatment estrus values indicated the clearing of uterine infection after therapy. In the present study, intrauterine infusion of E.coli LPS (100 μg) yielded promising recovery (90.00%) and conception rates (88.88%) in the treatment of subclinical endometritis affected crossbred cows as compared to double prostaglandin injections (80.00% Vs 62.50%)and intrauterine infusion of phosphate buffer saline (30.00% Vs 33.33%). In conclusion, therapy with E.coli LPS could be effectively used as an alternative to traditional intrauterine antibiotic therapy or antimicrobial agents with better efficacy to cure the subclinical endometritis by promoting uterine defense mechanism.ThesisItem Open Access PLATE-ROD TECHNIQUE FOR REPAIR OF DIAPHYSEAL FEMORAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-08) PRATHYUSHA, B; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V(MAJOR); DEVI PRASAD, V; SRINIVAS, MANDAThe present study entitled “Plate-rod technique for repair of diaphyseal femoral fractures in dogs” was carried out on 12 clinical cases with femur diaphyseal fractures presented to Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram and divided into two groups of 6 each. Total number of fracture cases recorded in dogs were 197 of which long bone fractures were 156 (79.18%). Among the long bone fractures incidence was highest in femur (37.82%) followed by tibia and fibula (25.01%), radius and ulna (21.15%) and lowest in humerus (16.02%). More incidence was observed in dogs aged below 1 year (62.71%). Incidence was more in Mongrels (42.37%). Higher incidence was observed in males (54.23%) than females (45.77%). The main cause for fracture was automobile accident (75.0%) followed by unknown causes (16.67%) and fall from a height (8.33%). Dogs with femur fracture exhibited symptoms like non-weight bearing of the affected limb, local swelling, pain, crepitus and abnormal mobility with or without soft tissue damage. Cranio-caudal and medio-lateral radiographs were taken for diagnosis, fracture classification and selection of implant. Among 59 femur fractures, 15.25% were proximal femur fractures, 44.08% were diaphyseal fracture and 40.67% were distal femur fractures. Cranio-lateral approach was used for femur under atropine premedication and ketamine-xylazine induction with 2-3% isoflurane maintenance. In Group I, the fracture was stabilized with IM pinning and in Group II with LCP platerod system. Implants were selected based on body weight and bone length. Postoperatively, the dogs were evaluated by clinical, radiographical parameters, lameness grading and serum biochemistry on immediate, 15th, 30th and 60th post-operative days. In both the groups, fracture healed by secondary healing. In Group I, complete healing was observed on 60th POD. In Group II, majority dogs showed signs of clinical union by 30 POD and signs of radiographic union on 40th POD. In group I, the dogs regained full functionality of the limb on or after 60th POD, whereas in Group II, by 30th POD. Dogs regained normal return to weight bearing far early in Group II compared to Group I. In Group I, pin migration and suture dehiscence were observed. Elevation in serum Ca, P and alkaline phosphatase values was observed up to 15th POD and later returned to base value by 60th POD. Significant variation was observed between the groups with regard to serum phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase. To conclude, plate-rod system for repair of femur diaphyseal fractures resulted in early ambulation and accelerated bone healing without any complications. Adding an IM pin to the implant system increases the rigidity by two-fold and reduces the stress on plate by ten-fold.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ACETONE EXTRACT OF Boswellia ovalifoliolata (INDIAN FRANKINCENSE) RESIN AND ITS SYNERGY WITH OTHER SELECTED PHYTOCHEMICALS AGAINST MASTITIS CAUSING ORGANISMS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-08) DIVYA SRI, TAPPITLA; BHARAVI, K(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; ASWANI KUMAR, KMastitis is one of the major economic burden for the dairy industry and also has got huge public health significance. Conventional antibiotics comprise the most common therapeutic approach in mastitis, however their non-prudent use led to the development of resistant bacterial species. Steadily increasing rate of bacterial resistance to existing drugs necessitates the search of new antimicrobial agents to combat this problem. As an alternative to antimicrobial agent, phytochemicals offer effective and economical alternatives not only to treat infections but also counter bacterial resistane. Use of medicinal plant drugs does not carry the disadvantage of resistance and has the additional property of immunomodulation. The present study investigates the antibacterial activity and biofilm inhibition potential of acetone extract of Boswellia ovalifoliolata resin, its combined activity with commercially available antibiotics enrofloxacin and amoxycillin and with phytochemicals eugenol, thymol and carvacrol against standard MTCC cultures and clinical isolates Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from bovine mastitis. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Boswellia ovalifoliolata resin extract (BORE) revealed the presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugars, saponins, triterpenes, phenols, flavonoids, proteins, and alkaloids. Antioxidant activity assessed by phosphomolybdenum assay with 0.1 mg/mL of BORE, eugenol, thymol, enrofloxacin, and 10 mg/mL of carvacrol which was equivalent to 63.1±0.89, 74.8±0.56, 53.80±0.32, 33.60±0.31 and 106±1.21 μg/mL of ascorbic acid respectively. Antibacterial activity assessed by microdilution assay and minimum inhibitory concentration values of enrofloxacin, BORE, eugenol, thymol and carvacrol against E. coli. were 0.078 μg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.562 mg/mL, 1.562 mg/mL and 1.562 mg/mL, respectively. MIC values of amoxycillin, BORE, eugenol, thymol and carvacrol against S. aureus were 0.3125 μg/mL, 0.3125 mg/mL, 3.125 mg/mL, 1.562 mg/mL and 0.390 mg/mL respectively for both MTCC cultures and clinical isolates. Synergistic antibacterial activity of BORE assessed by microdilution checkerboard assay in combination with enrofloxacin, amoxycillin, eugenol, thymol and carvacrol exhibited additive action against both E. coli and S. aureus. All bacterial isolates used are proved to be good biofilm producers after 24 hr of bacterial growth. Individually, BORE leads to a considerable biofilm reduction, but when tested in combination with antibiotics enrofloxacin, amoxycillin, eugenol, thymol and carvacrol are most effective in inhibition of biofilm. In conclusion, BORE contains various bioactive phytochemicals, exhibited potent antioxidant and considerable antimicrobial activity with MIC 0.3125 mg/mL, 2.5 against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, showed additive action in combination with enrofloxacin, amoxycillin, and phytochemicals eugenol, thymol and carvacrol and exhibited considerable biofilm inhibition at MIC values, alone and various combinations against bovine mastitis causing organisms E. coli and S. aureus.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC EVALUATION OF PRODUCTIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN CROSSBRED LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRE PIGS (SVVU-T17)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-07) RAMYA NAIDU, B; PUNYA KUMARI, B(MAJOR); GURU VISHNU, P; SURESH BABU, DData collected on 4011 production records and 343 reproduction records of 75% Large White Yorkshire (SVVU-T17) crossbred pigs born during 2005 to 2020 maintained at All India Coordinated Research Project on Pigs (AICRP), Tirupati, Chittoor district was utilized in the present investigation to study the effect of various genetic and non genetic factors including inbreeding on productive, reproductive and litter traits. Single trait analysis were done by fitting a general linear model (GLM) to study the effect of various non-genetic factors (fixed factors) on each trait. The (co)variance components for different production and reproduction traits were estimated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood Method (REML) using WOMBAT programme of Mayer (2007). The (co)variance components and heritability were estimated using four different models with direct, maternal and permanent environment effects were fitted and best model was selected through log likelihood ratio test (LRT). Estimates of (co) variance between different production and reproduction traits were obtained through bivariate analysis. Estimates of breeding values (EBV) for different production traits were obtained by Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) method. The overall least squares mean body weights were 1.09 ± 0.003, 1.54±0.004, 2.78±0.009,4.11±0.013,5.44±0.017,6.38±0.017,7.38±0.02,8.48±0.024,9.85±0.03,14.57±0.06,20.49±0.09,29.13±0.13 and 35.94 ± 0.17 kg at birth (BW0), BW1, BW2, BW3, BW4, BW5, BW6, BW7, BW8, BW12, BW16, BW20 and BW24 weeks of age, respectively. Period, Season of birth and inbreeding had significant influence (P<0.05) on body weights at all ages. Parity had significant influence on body weights at birth (BW0), BW7, BW8 and BW12 weeks of age only. Sex of the piglet had significant influence on body weights at birth (BW0), BW1, BW2, BW3 and BW4 weeks of age only. Body weights of piglets born in rainy and winter seasons recorded significantly higher body weights. The overall least squares means for AFF and FI in 75% crossbred LWY (SVVU-T17) pigs were 352.59 ± 6.42 and 249.14 ±2.15 days, respectively. The effect of period, season and inbreeding were significant on reproductive traits. The overall least squares means for LSAB, LSAW, LWAB and LWAW in 75% crossbred LWY (SVVU-T17) pigs were 7.71 ± 0.10, 7.44 ± 0.10, 8.58 ± 0.13 kg and 55.42 ± 0.91 kg, respectively. The effect of period and parity were significant (P<0.05) on majority of the litter traits. Effect of level of inbreeding on all litter traits was also found to be significant. Inbreeding co-efficient (Fx) values in the population varied from 0 to 25.5 percent with an overall mean of 0.36 percent. The direct heritability estimates (h2) obtained through the best model for body weights at birth (BW0), BW1, BW2, BW3, BW4, BW5, BW6, BW7, BW8, BW12, BW16, BW20 and BW24 weeks of age were 0.54, 0.91, 0.87, 0.86, 0.93, 0.94, 0.81, 0.82, 0.18, 0.16, 0.16, 0.20 and 0.87, respectively. Maternal heritability (m2) values were 0.05, 0.07, 0.12, 0.05, 0.02, 0.04, 0.17, 0.16, 0.16, 0.20 and 0.007 at BW1, BW2, BW3, BW4, BW5, BW6, BW8, BW12, BW16, BW20 and BW24 weeks of age in 75% Crossbred LWY (SVVU-T17) pigs. Heritability estimates from REML for age at first farrowing (AFF), litter size at birth (LSAB), litter weight at birth (LWAB), litter size at weaning (LSAW), litter weight at weaning (LWAW) and farrowing interval (FI) were 0.70, 0.96, 0.95, 0.87, 0.93 and 0.70, respectively. The repeatability estimates for LSAB, LWAB, LSAW, LWAW and FI were 0.97, 0.96, 0.88, 0.94 and 0.80, respectively. The highest heritability (0.96) and repeatability (0.97) estimates were recorded for LSAB. All the estimates of genetic correlations among body weight traits were positive. Estimates of genetic correlations for birth weight with weight at later ages were medium to high (0.40 to 0.98). All the estimates for phenotypic correlations among body weight traits were positive. Birth weight had the highest phenotypic correlation with the other traits (0.03 to 0.98). Phenotypic correlations among litter traits were positive and ranged from 0.11 ± 0.10 to 0.91± 0.01. Phenotypic correlations between AFF and FI was low and positive (0.05±0.01) in direction. The estimated overall average breeding values of sires for BW0, BW1, BW2, BW3, BW4, BW5, BW6, BW7, BW8, BW12, BW16, BW20 and BW24 weeks of age were 1.09, 1.53, 2.77, 4.08, 5.39, 6.27, 7.22, 8.26, 9.53, 13.21, 14.40, 20.92 and 24.48 kg, respectively by BLUP method. Highest range of EBV was observed for 24 weeks body weight. The top ranking sires had higher genetic superiority of 51.63% and 64.48% over the average breeding values at BW1 and BW20 weeks of age, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON ENTERITIS IN SLAUGHTERED SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-07) MONIKA, K; SUDHA RANI CHOWDARY, CH(MAJOR); RAMA DEVI, V; SREEDEVI, CIn the present study, a total of 395 sheep from slaughter houses in and around Vijayawada and field mortalities were screened for enteritis. Of these, enteritis was recorded in 110 sheep with an occurrence of 27.84%. Based on gross and histopathological examination, enteritis was classified into catarrhal (20.9%), haemorrhagic (7.3%,), necrotic (9.1%) and parasitic enteritis (62.7%). The etiological agents identified were parasites viz. immature amphistomes, Schistosoma spp., Moniezia expansa, Moniezia benedeni, Stilesia globipunctata, Trichuris ovis, Oesophagostomum spp. and Eimeria spp., bacteria viz. E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Clostridium perfringens and a virus, PPRV. Catarrhal enteritis was of acute and chronic types characterized by presence of catarrhal contents in the lumen of intestines, goblet cell hyperplasia and infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the lamina propria in acute type, and mononuclear cells in chronic type. Haemorrhagic enteritis was characterized by presence of blood mixed contents, severe mucosal congestion and haemorrhage, coagulative necrosis, villus atrophy and fusion, infiltration of lamina propria with a large number of mononuclear cells and neutrophils, and presence of Gram positive bacteria. Necrotic enteritis was characterized by severe coagulative necrosis of the intestinal mucosa, fusion and atrophy of villi, lacteal dilation, severely hyperplastic to necrotic and cystic crypts, infiltration of the lamina propria with a large number of mononuclear cells and presence of Gram positive bacteria. Majority of the cases of necrotic enteritis were associated with PPR virus infection which showed severe congestion to petechial haemorrhages along the mucosal folds of ileo-caecal junction and rectum giving a zebra striped appearance, syncytial cells in the intestinal mucosa and lymphocytolysis in the Peyer’s patches. In the present study, parasitic enteritis included immature amphistomiasis, schistosomosis, monieziosis, stilesiosis, trichuriosis, oesophagostomosis and coccidiosis. Grossly, in cases of immature amphistomiasis, monieziosis, stilesiosis, and trichuriosis, the parasites were observed in the lumen of intestines, while, schistosomosis, oesophagostomosis and coccidiosis were diagnosed on microscopic examination of the intestines. Nodular lesions in the intestines were observed grossly in schistosomosis, stilesiosis and oesophagostomosis which on histopathology were found to be egg granulomas, hyperplastic villi and pseudotubercular granulomas respectively. In cases of coccidiosis, small greyish white nodules were observed in the intestines which microscopically were found to be hyperplastic crypts and villi harbouring different stages of Eimeria spp. In the present study, 73 samples of intestines were subjected to bacteriological studies. E. coli was the major bacteria isolated from cases of catarrhal enteritis, immature amphistomiasis, monieziosis, stilesiosis, trichuriosis and coccidiosis. Clostridium perfringens was isolated from cases of haemorrhagic enteritis, necrotic enteritis, immature amphistomiasis, monieziosis and coccidiosis, while, Salmonella spp. was isolated only from cases of necrotic enteritis. In the present study, intestines and mesenteric lymph node samples of PPR suspected animals were subjected to one step RT-PCR using a set of primers targeting the N gene of PPRV and yielded a product of 350 bp fragment of N gene in seven samples confirming the presence of PPR virus. In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed occurrence of different types of enteritis, their pathomorphologies and associated etiological agents.ThesisItem Open Access HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL VARIATIONS IN DYSTOCIA AFFECTED EWES (0vis aries)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2022-07) ANUSHA, D; CHANDRA PRASAD, B(MAJOR); SRINIVAS, MANDA; DEVI PRASADThe present study entitled “Haemato-biochemical variations in dystocia affected ewes (Ovis aries)” was conducted by analyzing data of cases presented to the Obstetrical unit, Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh during the period from February 2020 to November 2021. The percentage of incidence of maternal and fetal dystocia in the present study was 64.28 and 35.72, respectively. The maternal causes of dystocia included uterine torsion (70.38%), incomplete cervical dilation (25.92%) and hydrallantois (3.70%). The fetal causes of dystocia included deviation of head (33.37%), fetal monster (6.66%), fetal emphysema (6.66%), carpal flexion (20%), shoulder flexion (13.33%), hip flexion (6.66%), hock flexion (6.66%) and simultaneous presentation (6.66%). In the present study, out of 84 dystocia affected ewes, 12 ewes of distinct parities were utilized in the study and divided into two groups, (1) maternal dystocia (n=6), (2) fetal dystocia (n=6) and compared with eutocia (normal parturition) (n=6) ewes reared at Livestock Farm Complex, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram. Further, haemato-biochemical variations were recorded and compared between the groups and within the groups at presentation (0 hrs) and after treatment (24 hrs). No significant (P<0.05) difference was observed between the groups for haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count, while leucocytosis with neutrophilia and lymphopenia were recorded in dystocic ewes when compared to eutocic ewes. A significantly (P<0.05) higher glucose levels were observed in dystocic ewes compared to eutocic ewes. The dystocic ewes showed significantly (P<0.05) lower mean serum calcium and phosphorus than those in levels compared to eutocic group. A significantly (P<0.05) higher BUN levels were observed in dystocic ewes compared to eutocic ewes. No significant (P<0.05) difference was observed in mean serum creatinine concentrations among three groups of animals.
