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Open Access
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION OF CERTAIN TUMOR MARKERS OF CANINE MAMMARY TUMORS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2020-10) SUDHA RANI CHOWDARY, CH.; RAMA DEVI, V (MAJOR); SATHEESH, K; RAVI KUMAR, P; SUDHAKAR, K
The present study was undertaken to know the occurrence of canine mammary tumors (CMTs), to classify and study their gross and microscopic lesions, evaluate different tumor markers by IHC and to determine the variations of p53 gene in CMTs. In the present study, the animals with mammary tumors ranged from 1.5 to 14 years of age with highest occurrence in 9-10 years age group and noticed only in female dogs. Highest occurrence of canine mammary tumors was recorded in non-descript dogs followed by Spitz and German Shepherd breeds. The occurrence was highest in intact bitches when compared to spayed dogs. Out of 72 cases, 47 cases had a single mammary gland affected whereas 25 cases had tumors in multiple glands. The highest occurrence was recorded in the inguinal (50.49%), followed by caudal abdominal (33.98 %) glands. Majority of the cases showed TNM stage III tumors (59.42%), followed by stage II (21.74%), stage IV (8.7%), stage V (7.25%) and stage I tumors (2.90%). Overall, the cytological diagnosis had 75% correlation to histopathological diagnosis. The cytologic diagnosis correlated with the histologic diagnosis for benign and malignant tumors in 60 and 79.59% of cases respectively. Grossly, the size of the tumors ranged from 2 to 19 cm in greatest diameter with different shapes and consistencies. Sixty three cases (87.5%) had malignant tumors and 9 cases (12.5%) showed benign tumors. Histologically, they were classified into 20 major subtypes and among them, solid carcinoma had the highest frequency (20.6%), followed by complex carcinoma (15.9%), intraductal papillary carcinoma (14.3%). In the present study, metastasis of CMTs to lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and visceral organs was recorded in 13 cases (18.1%). Maximum number of carcinomas were of grade II (46.7%) followed by grade III (40%) and grade I category (13.3%). The mean AgNOR number per cell ranged from 1.1 to 6.7 and was higher (4.58) in malignant tumors than in benign tumors (1.4). Of the 72 CMTs subjected to immunostaining of different tumor markers, 38.9% of tumors showed Ki-67 expression, 37.5% and 25% of CMTs showed ERα and PR expression respectively, whereas 89.1%, 25% and 16.7 % of the cases showed VEGF, survivin and p53 expression respectively. Of the 20 CMTs subjected to molecular studies, three mutations in exon 4 were detected in two tumor tissues which included two missense mutations in a complex carcinoma and a silent mutation in a carcinosarcoma. However, concordance of p53 phenotype and p53 genotype was found only in one case which had a silent mutation. On Kaplan - Meier analysis, early TNM stage, positive expression of ERα and PR, negative expression of p53 and survivin were found to be associated with longer overall survival. However, only TNM stage and PR expression were found to be independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis. In the present study, various factors such as tumor stage, histological grade and features, expression of different tumor markers and p53 gene variations along with epidemiological data were evaluated in CMTs. It was revealed that the factors like TNM stage and PR expression have significant prognostic value and can influence the clinical outcome of canine mammary tumors.
Open Access
EXTRACTION AND UTILIZATION OF PROTEIN FROM SHRIMP HEAD WASTE IN THE PREPARATION OF NOODLES AND WAFERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-08) VENGALA RAYUDU, Y; DHANAPAL, K (MAJOR); SRAVANI, K; MADHAVAN, N
Open Access
Effect of Lemon and Garlic peel extracts on the quality and shelf life of Litopenaeus vannamei during frozen storage
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-02) JAYADEEPTHI, P; DHANAPAL, K (MAJOR); SRAVANI, K; NEERAJA, T
Open Access
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ANTERIOR SEGMENTAL OCULAR AFFECTIONS IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-07) RAJESH BABU, KUNCHE; RAMBABU, K (MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; SADASIVA RAO, K
The present investigation was carried out to study diagnosis and management of anterior segmental ocular affections in dogs. Out of a total of 2042 surgical cases, 4.5 per cent (92) of anterior segmental ocular affections over a period of 13 months from December 2019 to January 2021 were reported in dogs. Methodical physical, clinical and ophthalmological and other investigations were carried out to diagnose extra ocular affections. Anterior segment ocular affections in dogs were examined and classified under i.e. periocular, eyelids, third eyelid, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber and iris affections in dogs were diagnosed by detailed ophthalmic examination i.e Schirmer tear test, Fluorescein dye test, Rose Bengal test, Tonometry, Ophthalmoscopy, Slit lamp bio-microscope and B-mode ocular ultrasound methods. In the study highest incidence was recorded in ND 0.83 per cent followed by Rottweiler 0.69 per cent, Pug 0.63 per cent. Gender wise incidence was higher in males i.e., 63.04 per cent compared to females 36.96 per cent. The anatomical location wise distribution of anterior segmental ocular affections in dogs highest incidence recorded in Eyelids 22.82 per cent. Among the periocular affections, the highest percentages of incidence are proptosis and purulent discharges 28.57 per cent of each respectively. Among various eyelid affections, highest percentage of incidence was Entropion 28.57 percent. In third eyelid affections, highest percentage of incidence was Cherry eye 75.00 per cent. Among various conjunctiva affections, highest percentage of incidence was purulent conjunctivitis 44.44 per cent. Among sclera affections, equal incidence was found in episcleral congestion and limbal melanoma 50.00 percent of each. Among corneal affections highest incidence was corneal ulcer 50.00 per cent. Among various anterior chamber affections, equal incidence was found in Hyphaema and Glaucoma 50.00 percent of each. In Iris affections, equal incidence was found in Iris Bombe, Iris prolapse and anterior uveitis 33.33 per cent of each. The age group of zero to three years had the highest incidence of 67.39 per cent. Among the side wise affections, both eyes (OU) 44.56 per cent showed higher incidence than right eye and left eye. Purulent Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis, Corneal Opacity, Chronic Superficial Keratitis/Pannus, Superficial Corneal Ulcer, Descemetocele, Kerato Conjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and Glaucoma with bilateral corneal opacity cases were recorded and treated by medical management. Proptosis, Eyelid Tumor, Eyelid Laceration, Cherry Eyes, Everted T Cartilage, Penetrating Corneal Wound and Deep Corneal Ulcer cases were recorded and treated by surgical management. To diagnose anterior segmental ocular affections in dogs a routine ocular examination and detailed ophthalmic examination, were carried out and the cases were treated effectively by meticulous preparation of the patient and medical management and good surgical techniques or both appropriately for successful recovery.
Open Access
STUDIES ON CERTAIN HORMONAL AND NUTRITIONAL STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS AND FERTILTIY IN EWES UNDER FARM CONDITIONS DURING NON BREEDING SEASON
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-07) SRISANDHYA, T; Venkata Naidu, G (MAJOR); Srinivas, M; Devi Prasad, V
The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of hormonal and nutritional strategies in postpartum anestrous Vizianagaram ewes during the non-breeding season. A total of 48 healthy postpartum anestrous ewes aged about 2 to 4 years were selected and randomly divided into four groups Selectsynch (Group 1), Progesterone+Ovsynch (Group 2) nutritional supplement (Group 3) and conventional feeding control (Group 4) with each group consisting of twelve ewes. In Selectsynch group, each ewe was administered with GnRH analogue (4.0 μg) on day 0 and PGF2α analogue (125 μg) on day 7 intramuscularly. In Progesterone+Ovsynch group, progestrone sponge was inserted intra-vaginal and GnRH analogue @ 4.0 μg was administered along with sponge insertion on day 0. On day 7 PGF2α analogue cloprostenol (125μg) was administered intramuscularly and the sponge was removed and second injection of 4.0 μg GnRH analogue was administered on day 9. In feed supplement group, each ewe was given 200 gm of additional concentrate feed along with 20 gm of mineral and vitamin mixture for 9 days along with regular concentrate feed. The control group ewes were maintained on conventional feeding and grazing. The estrus response rate was 66.66, 100.00, 50.00 and 33.33 per cent in group 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Significantly (P˂0.05) shorter time interval to onset of estrus (hrs) was observed in Progesterone+Ovsynch (38.00±4.63) group followed by Selectsynch (45.00±7.08), nutritional supplement (56.00±8.00) and control group (90.00±18.00) groups. The mean duration of estrus was 24.00±4.82, 26.00±2.88, 24.00±1.64 and 24.00±2.01 hrs in Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively without significant difference (P>0.05) among treatment groups but with significantly intense estrus (P<0.05) in Progesterone+Ovsynch (8.60±0.47) group than in Selectsynch (7.50±0.65), nutritional supplements (6.10±0.24) and control (5.00±0.22) groups. Significantly (P˂0.05) higher conception rate was recorded in Progesterone+Ovsynch group (66.66%) when compared to Selectsynch (50.00%), nutritional supplement (33.33%) and control (25.00%) groups. The overall percentage of conception rate by using ultrasonography was 39.58% (19/48) Vs 43.75% (21/48) non-return basis among all treatment groups. In the present study it was observed that Progesterone sponge plus Ovsynch treatment achieved higher estrus response rate with higher conception rate when compared to other treatments during non-breeding season in Vizianagaram anestrous ewes.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ACETONE EXTRACT OF Anacardium occidentale NUT SHELL AND ITS SYNERGY WITH OTHER SELECTED PHYTOCHEMICALS AGAINST MASTITIS CAUSING ORGANISMS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-07) Kavya, Y; HARAVI, K (MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; ASWANI KUMAR, K
Mastitis in dairy cattle is a highly prevalent infectious disease, causing considerable economic loss worldwide which alter milk quality, reduce milk yield, and increase cost of production resulting in great economic losses to the dairy industry. The conventional antimicrobial agents have been the mainstay of mastitis therapy over the decades and these drugs have potential high cure rate, when the treatment is well‑targeted. However, use of antibiotics is associated with cost, the possibility of development of acquired drug resistance, residues in the milk. Steadily increasing bacterial resistance to existing drugs is a serious problem, and therefore there is a dire need to search for new classes of antibacterial substances, especially from natural sources. Unlike synthetic drugs, the antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with side effects and have a great therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. As an alternative to antimicrobial agents, phytochemicals offer effective and economical alternatives not only to treat infection but also to counter bacterial resistance. Use of medicinal plant drugs does not carry the disadvantage of resistance and has the additional property of immunomodulation. In the present study evaluated the constituent preliminary phytochemicals, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity of acetone extract of cashew nut shell and also evaluated, its synergy and biofilm inhibition along with antibiotics enrofloxacin and amoxycillin, phytochemicals such as xylitol, betaine, xanthone and alpha lipoic acid were evaluated against mastitis causing organisms Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxidant activity was assessed by Phosphomolybdenum assay. Antibacterial activity and synergy was assessed by minimum inhibitory concentration and checkerboard and biofilm inhibition was assessed by crystal violet assay. The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, triterpenes, phenols, flavonoids, proteins and amino acids. Antioxidant activity of 0.1mg/ml of cashew nut shell extract, alpha lipoic acid, enrofloxacin and 10mg/ml of xanthone was equivalent to 63.6±0.64, 134.53±0.96, 33.605±0.31 and 162±1.81 μg/ml of ascorbic acid respectively. Xylitol and betaine does not exhibit any antioxidant activity at the concentration of 10mg/ml. antibacterial activity assessed by microdilution assay and minimum inhibitory concentration values of enrofloxacin, cashew nut shell extract, alpha lipoic acid, xanthone against Escherichia coli. were 0.039μg/ml, 2.5mg/ml, 6.25mg/ml, 12.5mg/ml respectively. MIC values of amoxycillin, cashew nut extract, alpha lipoic acid, xanthone against Staphylococcus aureus were 0.3μg/ml, 0.078mg/ml, 3.25mg/ml, 25mg/ml respectively. Xylitol and betaine did not exhibit antibacterial property even at the concentration of 100mg/ml against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Cashew nut shell extract in combination with enrofloxacin exhibited additive effect, alpha lipoic acid in combination with enrofloxacin and xanthone in combination with enrofloxacin exhibited indifference and additive effect respectively. Cashew nut shell extract in combination with alpha lipoic acid and cashew nut shell extract in combination with xanthone exhibited indifference and synergism respectively against Escherichia coli. Cashew nut shell extract in combination with amoxycillin exhibited additive effect, alpha lipoic acid in combination with amoxycillin and xanthone in combination with amoxycillin exhibited additive effect. Cashew nut shell extract in combination with alpha lipoic acid and cashew nut shell extract in combination with xanthone exhibited indifference and additive effect respectively against Staphylococcus aureus. Enrofloxacin and cashew nut shell extract alone and in combinations with phytochemicals such as xylitol, betaine, alpha lipoic acid and xanthone exhibited biofilm inhibition with difference in percentage inhibition against Escherichia coli. Amoxycillin and cashew nut shell extract alone and in combinations with phytochemicals such as xylitol, betaine, alpha lipoic acid and xanthone exhibited biofilm inhibition with difference in percentage inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion cashew nut shell extract was effective against gram positive organism Staphylococcus aureus which lower MIC and biofilm inhibition compared to gram negative organisms Escherichia coli because of difference in the cell wall structure. Cashew nut shell extract showed additive effect and indifference in combination with antibiotics and phytochemicals and has no antagonist activity. Cashew nut shell in combination with xanthone showed synergy against Escherichia coli with maximum percent of biofilm inhibition.
Open Access
RADIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF PERI AND ENDODONTAL DISEASES IN DOGS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-07) ANJALI, K; RAGHUNATH, M (MAJOR); DEVI PRASAD, V; SRINIVAS, M
The present study was conducted on 24 clinical cases of dogs of either sex above one year of age, that were presented to clinics with various symptoms related to different dental affections. The overall incidence of dental diseases (periodontal and endodontal) was 29.91% with high incidence of 45.83% in smaller breed of dogs. Signalment and history was collected, physiological parameters and hematobiochemical parameters were evaluated. Complete oral cavity examination and diagnostic procedures like dental radiography, microbiological evaluation and antibiotic sensitivity testing were done in all the dogs. Staging of the periodontal indices like gingival index, calculus index and furcation index were done. Radiological examination helped in diagnosis of peri and endodontal diseases in dogs and also in staging of periodontal diseases. Staphylococcus species and Escherichia coli were the most commonly isolated organisms from the oral cavity in dental affections. Antibiogram of the dental swabs revealed high sensitivity towards Ciprofloxacin followed by Doxycycline. All the haematological and biochemical parameters were normal in most of the dogs with high significant difference in lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils after the treatment. Serum creatinine, ALT and AST were significantly decreased after treatment. Early stages of stage 1 and 2 gingival index and stage 1 and 2 periodontal diseases were managed by chlorhexidine lavage, home care practices like tooth brushing, addition of dental treats, chews and prophylactic antibiotic therapy. Dogs with calculus index 2 and 3 and dogs with stage 3 periodontal disease were treated by procedures like calculus removal, supra and sub gingival dental scaling along with home dental care. Dogs with stage 4 periodontal disease and furcation stage 4 were treated by extraction of the affected teeth under general anesthesia. Dental radiography, antimicrobial evaluation and antibiotic sensitivity testing played a major role in the diagnosis and treatment of the periodontal and endodontal affections in dogs with good clinical outcome. Recurrence of dental plaque in few cases where the home dental care was discontinued indicated that professional dental treatment was of little value unless followed by home oral health care.
Open Access
HEMATOBIOCHEMICAL PROFILE AND ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERN OF SERUM PROTEINS IN PUNGANUR CATTLE DURING DIFFERENT SEASONS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-07) BUJJI, BANDARU; ASWANI KUMAR, K (MAJOR); Prasada Rao, T; Srinivasa Prasad, CH
A total of sixty apparently healthy Punganur cattle aged two years and above grouped as: Females (n=30) and Males (n=30) maintained at Livestock Research Station, SVVU, Palamaner, Chittor district were selected to study hemato-biochemical profiles and to compare the electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins over different seasons.THI findings during the study period suggests that the summer season was having moderate heat stress (79.03±1.22) on Punganur cattle. Hematological parameters such as Hb, TEC, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Monocytes, Granulocytes, Lymphocytes and Platelets did not show any significant change among all groups between seasons. WBC values were high during summer in males and herd while there was no change in females. Total Protein and globulins were high during summer while albumins and A/G ratio showed higher values during winter in all the groups. BUN and Creatinine concentration were high in summer compared to other seasons, but the values were within normal range. Blood glucose concentration was low in summer in all the groups while there was no change in Total Bilirubin. Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides and HDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly high in all the groups during summer than in winter and monsoon. No significant difference could be observed in the values of LDL cholesterol. High Sodium values with lower Mg was observed in winter among all the groups of animals. There was no significant difference in Serum Calcium and Phosphorus levels. High AST, ALT and ALP enzyme concentrations during summer with no alterations in GGT was observed in all the groups. SDS PAGE pattern of all the animals during all the seasons showed same pattern with six prominent bands at 22, 27, 40, 53, 66 and 130 kDa. 2D-PAGE analysis of serum protein samples of the Punganur cattle showed More than 415 spots. The present study revealed presence of 12, 23 and 21 differentially expressed protein spots in males; 18, 39 and 37spots in females between summer vs monsoon, summer vs winter and monsoon vs winter respectively.
Open Access
GENETIC DIVERSITY OF Y CHROMOSOME IN PUNGANUR CATTLE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2021-06) REHMAN, SHAIK.; GURU VISHNU, P (MAJOR); MURALIDHAR, M; ANITHA, A
Punganur is a miniature cattle originated from Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. Studies so far aimed at characterization of the breed at phenotypic level and molecular level using autosomal microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA. In addition to autosomal microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA, the Ychromosomal variation also plays a key role in understanding population admixture to trace paternal lineage. Differentiation of paternal lineages via analysis of Ychromosomal variation adds significantly to what can be inferred from mtDNA and autosomal variation in cattle. So far, the Y-chromosomal markers of Punganur cattle is not explored. Hence, the present study is proposed with the following objectives. Objectives of investigation: 1. To characterize Y- chromosome of Punganur cattle using Y chromosome specific markers 2. To determine Y chromosome haplogroups in Punganur cattle A total of 60 Punganur bulls covering different geographical regions in and around Andhra Pradesh and Telangana were screened to identify four Y chromosome specific SNPs (ZFY9:120>C/T; USP9Y: 76426>C/T, SRY: 1748>G/T and UTY19:423>G/T). To detect these SNPs, a PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) strategy was designed for screening three SNPs (USP9Y: 76426>C/T, SRY: 1748>G/T and UTY19: 423>G/T) and Allele specific PCR method was adopted for screening SNPs in ZFY9 (120>C/T) in the present study. The resulting restriction profiles and Allele specific genotype were combined to yield haplotype (TCTT) specific for Punganur cattle representing Y3 haplogroup of cattle. These results indicated that all the animals in the present study belong to Y3 haplogroup which underpin the purity of paternal lineage of Punganur cattle. The Y chromosome specific haplotype combination (TCTT) deciphered in our study can be exploited as a marker in Punganur breed conservation and improvement studies for detecting the purity/indigenous origin of paternal lineages

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