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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SALMONELLA SEROVARS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FOOD BORNE SALMONELLA SEROVARS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) SURESH, YASARLA; BINDU KIRANMAYI, Ch.(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, T; Srivani, MSalmonella is a foodborne pathogen having a worldwide public health concern. The present study was undertaken to characterize Salmonella species of animal origin based on cultural isolation, molecular confirmation of serovars, their virulence profile and antibiogram using PCR and genetic diversity studies by employing ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR. A total of 516 samples comprising poultry cloacal swabs (249), raw foods of animal origin (118 chicken samples, 65 mutton and 30 pork), 17 poultry liver swabs) and 37 poultry farm water samples were examined for presence of Salmonella serovars. Overall prevalence of Salmonella isolates was found to be 4.06% (21/516) with highest prevalence in chicken samples (6/118, 5.08%) followed by cloacal swabs of poultry (12/249, 4.81%), mutton (2 /65, 3.07%) and pork (1/30, 3.33%). All the isolates carried all the 7 virulence genes i.e. invA, invH, sopB, sopE & stn (21/21, 100%), while pefA genes was found only in S. Typhimurium isolates and sefC gene was found only in S. Enteritidis isolates (2). Antibiogram of Salmonella isolates revealed 100% susceptibility to co- trimoxazole and polymyxin–B, intermediate resistant against ampicillin (28.57%), cefotaxime (19.04%), gentamycin (14.28%), amikacin (9.52%), ceftriaxone (9.52%), ciprofloxacin (9.52%), tetracycline (4.76%) and streptomycin (4.76%) while higher resistance was observed towards amikacin (61.90%) followed by ampicillin (52.30%), tetracycline (38.09%), ceftriaxone (33.33%), gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole,cefpotaxime and nalidixic acid (28.57% each), ciprofloxacin (23.80%), doxycycline hydrochloride and chloramphenicol (19.04% each) and streptomycin (9.52%). Of the 21 Salmonella isolates, 15 isolates were found resistant to β-lactam antibiotics like ceftriaxone (33.33%), cefotaxime (28.57%), aztreonam (23.80%) and ceftazidime (23.80%) was detected. β- lactamase genes were detected in a total of 11 isolates (11/21, 52.38%), blaTEM being the predominant gene detected (9/11, 81.18%), followed by blaCTX-M group II (2/11, 18.18%), blaOXA (1/11, 9.09%) and blaCTX-M group IX (1/11, 9.09%) and no single isolate showed blaCTX-M group 1 and blaSHV genes. ERIC PCR and REP-PCR analysis revealed a greater degree of heterogeneity among S.Typhimurium and Salmonella group II isolates from different sources. ERIC PCR genotyping distinguished 7 isolates each of S.Typhimurium and Salmonella group II into 6 genotypes each whereas REP-PCR distinguished all the isolates into distinct genotypes. The discriminatory power of ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR for Salmonella isolates was found to be highly significant (>0.9) i.e. 0.952 and 1.0, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access OPTIMIZATION OF ACTIVE EDIBLE FILMS AND COATINGS WITH NANO EMULSIONS OF ESSENTIAL OILS FOR CHICKEN PATTIES PACKAGING(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-10) HARITHA, M; NAGA MALLIKA, E(MAJOR); ESWARA RAO, B; SRINIVASA RAO, TIn the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the physical, mechanical, microbial and antioxidant properties of alginate based edible films incorporated with nanoemulsions of essential oils. Different alginate films i.e., C, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 viz Sodium alginate film (C), Sodium alginate film with 10 µl of GEON (T1), Sodium alginate film with 20 µl of GEON (T2), Sodium alginate film with 50 µl of GEON (T3), Sodium alginate film with 10 µl of CEON (T4), Sodium alginate film with 50 µl of CEON (T5), Sodium alginate film with 100 µl of CEON (T6) were developed. Among all these films one best film was selected along with control to wrap the chicken patties and efficacy of these films to extend the shelf life of chicken patties during 21 days of refrigerated storage period was evaluated. The overall mean values of thickness, grammature, opacity values, tensile strength and percent elongation at break were significantly (P<0.05) higher in cardamom essential oil nanoemulsion incorporated films compared to ginger essential oil nanoemulsion incorporated films and control. The water vapour permeability values were higher in ginger essential oil nanoemulsion (GEON) compared to cardamom essential oil nanoemulsion (CEON). The water sorption kinetic values of control films were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the rest of formulations. The mean antioxidant values of ginger essential oil nanoemulsion and cardamom essential oil nanoemulsion films were 80.37 and 98.06 respectively. The antioxidant activity of cardamom essential oil nanoemulsion films were significantly (P<0.05) higher than ginger essential oil nanoemulsion and control films. The mean log reduction of GEON and CEON incorporated films against both E.coli and S.aureus were 1.66, 2.87 and 1.54, 2.91 respectively. The log reduction was significant for both E.coli and S.aureus but high with S.aureus. Depending on the analysis of quality parameters of above films, T6 formulation i.e. Sodium alginate film with 100 µl of CEON (T6) was selected as best film and used to evaluate the efficacy and to extend the shelf life of chicken patties. The pH values of chicken patties wrapped in T6 ranged from 6.19 to 6.84 during 21 days of refrigeration storage period. The pH values of chicken patties wrapped in T6 films were significantly lower than control. TBARS values of chicken patties wrapped in T6 films were significantly lower than control and they ranged from 0.91 to 1.28 during 21 days of refrigerated period. Percent cooking loss values of chicken patties wrapped in T6 incorporated films were significantly (P<0.05) lower than the control and the mean values of both control and treatment were in the range of 8.17 to 32.61 and 12.17 to 50.43 which were well within the limits during storage period. The microbial counts (Total plate count, yeast and moulds, psychrophilic)were observed to be significantly (P<0.05) lower in chicken patties wrapped in T6 films than control films. Colour, flavour, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability values of chicken patties wrapped in T6 films were significantly (P<0.05) higher than control films. The results indicated that cardamom essential oil nanoemulsion can be incorporated in nanoemulsions into sodium alginate films and can effectively be used as a food wrap and as an edible packaging for meat and meat products.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF Escherichia coli ISOLATES FROM LAMB DIARRHOEA CASES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) SUJATHA, T; Srivani, M(MAJOR); Subramanyam, K.V.; Srinivasa Rao, TA study was carried out on the isolation, molecular characterization, and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolates from 1-7, 8-30, 31-60 and 61-90 day-old diarrhoeic lambs from Vizianagaram, West Godavari and Krishna districts of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 212 samples were collected, from which 170(80.18%) E. coli were isolated. Highest prevalence of E. coli was observed in West Godavari (86.41%) and Vizianagaram (82%) districts, while lowest prevalence was found in Krishna district (72.83%). Among different age groups, highest prevalence of E. coli was observed in 1-7 day-old diarrhoeic lambs (84%) while lowest prevalence was detected in 61-90 day-old diarrhoeic lambs (72.72%). Among the E. coli isolates, 87.05% were shiga toxigenic (STEC) and none of the isolates belonged to enterotoxigenic (ETEC). Among the virulence genes of STEC, eaeA &hlyA genes were highest (35.13%) followed by 12.83, 11.48, 10.13, 8.10, 5.4, 4.72 and 2.70% isolates carried stx1; hlyA; stx2;stx2&eaeA; stx1&eaeA; stx2&hlyAand stx1&hlyA and all STEC gens (stx1, stx2, eaeA&hlyA),respectively. Out of 96 hlyA carrying E. coli isolates, only seven isolates did not show any haemolysis on sheep blood agar. Highest antibiotic resistance was observed for the E.coli isolates against colistin (98.82%) and sulphamethizole (89.41%) while enrofloxacin (5.88%), gentamicin (5.33%), and chloramphenicol (1.17%) were effective. Among the STEC isolates, highest antimicrobial resistance (100%) was observed to colistin followed by sulphamethizole (95.94%), while chloramphenicol (1.35%) was effective. An ESBL phenotype was confirmed in a total of 72 STEC isolates. β lactamase genes were detected in 91.21% of STEC isolates with blaTEM being the predominant gene detected (91.21%) followed by blaCTX-M group 1 (77.70%,), blaCTX-M group 2 (10.13%) blaOXA (4.72%,), blaSHV, blaTEM+OXA, and blaCTX-9 (3.37%,), CTX-1+CTX-9 (2.02%) and SHV+OXA (1.35%), respectively. Clove oil was able to inhibit 70% and 50% of multidrug resistant E. coli by well and disc diffusion methods while cinnamic acid did not show any antibacterial activity by both the methods. The present study provides an insight on prevalence of multidrug resistant E. coli against which herbal extracts like clove oil may be effective in treating lamb diarrhoea cases.ThesisItem Open Access DETECTION OF PROTEUS MIRABILIS IN FOODS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN, ANIMAL AND HUMAN CLINICAL SAMPLES AND WATER WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON β-LACTAMASES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) PRASASTHA RAM, V; VENKATESWARA RAO, L(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, T; SUBRAMANYAM, K.V.P. mirabilis is an emerging foodborne pathogen having worldwide public health concern. The present study was undertaken to characterize P. mirabilis species of animal and human origin based on cultural isolation, PCR detection, antibiogram, virulence profiles and genetic diversity. A total of 507 samples comprising foods of animal origin (215), faecal swab samples (188), human urine samples (65), human diarrhoeic stool samples (12) as well as water samples (27) were examined. Overall prevalence of P. mirabilis was found to be 34.51% (175/507) by species-specific PCR. Among foods of animal origin, the highest rate of P. mirabilis isolates were recovered from chicken samples (38.7%), followed by pork (37.5%) and mutton samples (28.9%). Among faecal swabs of livestock, the highest rate of P. mirabilis isolates were recovered from poultry (49%), followed by pigs (37.8%). Human urine samples showed a prevalence rate of 10.7%. Water samples showed 7.4% prevalence. All the human diarrhoeic stool samples were negative for P. mirabilis. All the P. mirabilis isolates carried a combination of putative virulence genes. The genes ureC, ureA, flaA, hpmA and zapA were detected in 80.5%, 72.5%, 28.5%, 60.5% and 50.28% of P. mirabilis isolates, respectively. Antibiogram of P. mirabilis isolates revealed sensitivity towards gentamicin (76.57%), followed by ampicillin (64.57%), kanamycin (61.14%), amikacin (60.57%) and streptomycin (43.42%). Higher resistance was observed for erythromycin (71.42%), nalidixic acid (62.85%), ciprofloxacin (62.85%), tetracycline (60%), polymyxin-B (60%), cefoxitin (49.14%) and amikacin (36%). Notable percentages of isolates were intermediately resistant against streptomycin (33.14%), erythromycin (20.57%) and cefoxitin (18.28%). β-lactamase genes were detected in a total of 23 isolates (13.14%). Prevalence rates of β-lactamase genes among different samples was 23.6%, 11.1%, 10.8% and 42.8% from chicken, pork, poultry cloacal swabs and human urine samples, respectively with blaTEM being the predominant gene detected (69.56%) followed by blaOXA (26.08%), blaAmpC gene FOX (13.04%), blaCTX-M group I (4.34%), blaSHV (4.34%) and blaAmpC gene CIT (4.34%) among all the tested P. mirabilis isolates. Of the twenty-three P. mirabilis isolates analyzed, twenty-three ERIC-PCR patterns and twenty-two REP-PCR patterns were obtained. A pair of P. mirabilis isolates (13 and 14) that had identical REP-PCR pattern (R13) were distinguished by ERIC-PCR into two different genotypes (E13 and E14). The two P. mirabilis isolates sharing identical REP-PCR pattern (R13) but differential ERIC-PCR pattern (E13 and E14) were recovered from poultry cloacal swabs (PC 4 and PC 5) collected from LFC, Gannavaram. The discriminatory power ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR for P. mirabilis isolates was found to be 1 and 0.996, respectively. Close clustering between P. mirabilis of animal and human origin are indicative of probable zoonotic significance.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN MATERNAL AND FETAL DYSTOCIA OF GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) THANGAMANI, A; SRINIVAS, M(MAJOR); SADASIVA RAO, K; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V.Detailed obstetrical examination was performed in referral dystocia cases of Graded Murrah buffaloes (n=122) and the incidence of maternal and fetal dystocia was recorded and anlayzed. Out of the 122 dystocia affected buffaloes a total of 43 buffaloes of different parities were utilized in the study and were divided into three groups, (1) Maternal dystocia (comprising uterine torsion) (n=25), (2) Fetal dystocia (n=10) and (3) Eutocia (normal parturition) (n=8) as healthy controls. Further, haemato-biochemical and oxidative parameters were recorded and compared between groups and also at presentation (0 hrs) and after treatment (24 hrs). The incidence of maternal and fetal dystocia in the present study was 77.86% and 22.14%, respectively among the cases presented between September 2017 and August 2018. The incidence of uterine torsion more frequent cause of maternal dystocia. Uterine torsion occurred more frequently in pluriparous buffaloes at full term. Post cervical right sided uterine torsion was common with higher incidence for severe degree (>270->360°) of uterine torsion in buffaloes. The condition was observed since >24-36 hours in 53.40 percent of the buffaloes before they were presented for treatment. The most fetuses delivered were in anterior longitudinal presentation and male fetus outnumbered the female fetuses. Fetal dystocia also occurred more frequently in pluriparous buffaloes at term and higher per cent of fetuses were delivered in anterior longitudinal presentation with limb flexions and most them are delivered dead. Neutrophilia with lymphopenia was recorded in dystocia affected buffaloes when compared to eutocia group, while other parameters like haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocyte count (TEC) and total leucocyte count (TLC) did not exhibit significant variations among the three groups of buffaloes. The mean serum glucose was slightly elevated in dystocia affected buffaloes compared to normal calved group. The dystocia affected buffaloes showed significantly lowered mean serum calcium and phosphorus levels compared to eutocia group. Non-significant variations were recorded in plasma total protein concentrations between the groups at different instances. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was markedly elevated in maternal dystocia group compared to fetal dystocia and eutocia group of buffaloes. Creatinine levels were significantly higher in fetal dystocia group compared to maternal dystocia and eutocia group of buffaloes at presentation while no significant difference was recorded at 24 hrs after treatment. Significantly higher Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were observed in dystocia affected buffaloes in comparison with eutocia group at 0 hrs and 24 hrs. Significant variation was observed in between the groups for malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) activity at both 0 hrs and 24 hrs. The plasma MDA concentration was elevated in dystocia affected, while decreased SOD and GSH antioxidant enzymes activity in dystocia affected buffaloes, when compared to normally calved buffaloes. It was concluded that estimation of calcium, BUN, creatinine and oxidative parameters (MDA, SOD and GSH) with haematological parameters like TLC, neutrophil and lymphocyte count could be used as an indicator for severity of the condition and prognosis of both maternal and fetal dystocia affected buffaloes. Thus, it was suggested that monitoring oxidative and antioxidant parameters are necessary as a matter of emergency care to attempt early treatment of dystocia and to overcome the oxidative damage, oxidative stress for prompt recovery.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CANINE PYOMETRA(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) SOLMON SINGH, B; ANNAPURNA, P(MAJOR); RAMA DEVI, V; RAVI KUMAR, PThe present study was undertaken at NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram to know the incidence, to carry out hematological, biochemical and bacteriological studies and to describe the lesions in canine pyometra. During the period of study, out of 140 bitches presented to Department of Surgery and Radiology at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) for various ailments, 20 bitches (14.3%) were diagnosed with pyometra by clinical examination, radiography and ultrasonography and various samples collected from these were used for further studies carried out in the present study. Highest incidence of pyometra (70%) was found in the age group of 6-10 years and the mean age of occurrence was 8.05 ± 0.61 years. Among the breeds, Pomeranian (35%) was mostly affected followed by Labrador (30%), Spitz (15%), German Shepherd (10%) and Boxer and Pug breeds (5% each). Nulliparous bitches (65%) were mostly affected followed by primiparous (25%) and pleuriparous (10%) animals. Open (85%) and closed (15%) types of pyometra were noticed and all the bitches were in diestrus. Anorexia, lethargy, vomition and normal temperature were observed in most of the cases. Mucopurulent to hemorrhagic vaginal discharges with fetid odour were seen in all open pyometra cases. In the present study, a significant decrease was noticed in the mean values of PCV, Hb and TRBC in pyometric bitches compared to control animals whereas no significant change was seen in MCV, MCH and MCHC that indicated a normocytic, normochromic anemia. Significant leucocytosis with regenerative shift to left was noticed. Significant increase was noted in the mean values of BUN, creatinine and AST and ALT in pyometric bitches compared to control dogs that indicated an altered renal and hepatic function respectively. The lesions noticed in the hysterectomised uteri from 20 pyometric bitches were grouped into types II, III and IV. Type II lesions (75%) consisted of open and closed pyometra. Grossly, horns were uniformly distended and revealed whitish cysts on the surface that exuded creamy pus on incision. Histopathologically, marked infiltration of plasma cells along with cystic glandular hyperplasia was characteristic. Myometrium revealed necrosis, plasma cell infiltration and showed adenomyosis in one case. Type III lesions (20%) consisted of open pyometra cases that showed marked sacculations of uterine horns grossly. Annular constrictions, whitish cysts, focal hemorrhages and ulceration were seen on cut section. Histopathologically, marked infiltration of polymorphs in the endometrial stroma and within glandular lumen was the consistent finding. Endometrial glands showed necrotic debris with bacterial colonies in the lumen and prominent periglandular fibrosis. Myometrium showed fibrosis and atrophy. A single open pyometra case (5%) with type IV lesion was noticed that showed highly distended uterine horns especially at the ovarian end. On cut section, granular endometrial surface and creamy white fluidy contents were noticed. Histopathologically, very thin endometrial layer with few cystic glands, stromal infiltration with mononuclears and atrophy and fibrosis of myometrium were observed. In the present study, a total of 6 isolates viz. E.coli (30%), Klebsiella sp. (20%), Pseudomonas sp. (15%), Shigella sp. (10%), S.aureus (10%), and Proteus sp. (5%) were obtained in pure cultures from 18 uterine samples whereas a mixed culture of E.coli with Shigella was obtained from two samples (10%) and E.coli was found to be the most common bacteria isolated from pyometra cases. The clinico-pathological studies on canine pyometra were carried out in the present study. The hematological and biochemical changes and the lesions noticed in pyometric bitches were characteristic and E.coli was the most predominant organism isolated from cases of pyometra.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DEVELOPMENT OF EDIBLE ACTIVE PACKAGING FILMS INCORPORATED WITH NATURAL POLYPHENOL NANOEMULSIONS FOR PORK PATTIES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) GIRIDHARA RAO, VANA; NAGA MALLIKA, E(MAJOR); ESWARA RAO, B; SRINIVASA RAO, TIn the present study an attempt was made to develop and evaluate alginate based active edible films with nanoemulsions of polyphenols. Different films i.e. sodium alginate film without polyphenol nanosolutions (C), sodium alginate film with 50 µl of QUEN (T1), sodium alginate film with 75 µl of QUEN (T2), sodium alginate film with 150 µl of QUEN (T3), sodium alginate film with 5 µl of TAN (T4), sodium alginate film with 10 µl of TAN (T5) and sodium alginate film with 15 µl of TAN (T6) were developed. Among all these films, one best film was selected along with control to wrap the pork patties and efficacy of these films in quality and shelf-life extension of pork patties during 11 days of refrigerated (4 ± 1℃) storage period was evaluated. The film characteristics like film thickness, grammature, tensile strength, per cent elongation at break, water vapour permeability, water sorption kinetics, light transmission and film opacity, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity and total phenol content were evaluated. The overall mean values for thickness and grammature were significantly (P<0.05) higher in Quercetin nanoemulsion incorporated films compared to Tannic acid nanosolution incorporated films and control films. The per cent elongation at break, tensile strength, opacity mean values were significantly (P<0.05) higher in Tannic acid nanosolution incorporated films compared to Quercetin nanoemulsion incorporated films and control films. The water vapour permeability and water sorption values were observed to be higher in control film compared to rest of the formulations. Within the treatment groups, these values were found to be lower in Tannic acid nanosolution incorporated films than Quercetin nanoemulsion incorporated films. The mean antioxidant activity values of Quercetin and Tannic acid nanosolution incorporated films were 69.55 ± 0.88 and 76.10 ± 1.19 respectively. The antioxidant activity of Tannic acid nanosolution incorporated films was higher than Quercetin nanoemulsion incorporated films. The total phenol content and antimicrobial activity of Tannic acid nanosolution incorporated films were significantly (P<0.05) higher in Quercetin nanoemulsion incorporated films compared to Tannic acid nanosolution incorporated films. The total phenol content of the films ranged from 1.67 (T1) to 1.76 (T6) mg of gallic acid equivalent and the antimicrobial activity of the films ranged from 8.66 (T1) to 22.33 (T6). Depending on the analysis of quality parameters of above films, T6 formulation was selected as best film and used to evaluate the efficacy in quality and shelf-life extension of pork patties at refrigerated (4 ± 1℃) storage. pH values of pork patties wrapped in T6 film ranged from 5.90 to 6.41 during 11 days of refrigerated (4 ± 1℃) storage period. The pH values of pork patties wrapped in Tannic acid nanosolution incorporated films were significantly (P<0.05) lower than patties wrapped in control films. 2-TBARS values of pork patties wrapped in Tannic acid nanosolution incorporated films were significantly (P<0.05) lower than patties wrapped in control films and ranged from 0.15 to 1.34 mg of malonaldehyde per kg of the sample during refrigerated (4 ± 1℃) storage period. Per cent cooking loss values of pork patties wrapped in Tannic acid nanosolution incorporated films were significantly (P<0.05) lower than patties wrapped in control films and the mean values for both control and treatment groups were in the range of 6.16 to 20.13 per cent which were well within the limits during storage period. Microbial counts (total plate count, yeast and mould count and psychrophilic count) were observed to be significantly (P<0.05) lower in pork patties wrapped in Tannic acid nanosolution incorporated films than control films. Colour, flavour, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability values of pork patties wrapped in Tannic acid nanosolution incorporated films were significantly (P<0.05) higher than patties wrapped in control films.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT & EVALUATION OF CANINE FOOD FROM VARIETY MEATS (HEART, LIVER & KIDNEY) OF PORCINE ORIGIN(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) MAHESH, BANDELA; ESWARA RAO, B(MAJOR); NAGA MALLIKA, E; NARENDRA NATH, DPresent study was undertaken for effective utilization of porcine variety meats in pet food production. For pet food production, selected variety meats were processed hygienically in sterile containers by autoclaving liver and heart. Autoclaved variety meats were then minced. Four types of dry pet foods were prepared by mixing different levels of variety meats with rice flour, wheat flour, rendered pork fat and other ingredients with (40% w/w) warm water in a food processor for 10 minutes followed by baking at 70ºC for 16 hours. Sensory evaluation of dry pet foods revealed that treatment 3 containing 30% porcine variety meats were found superior over other treatments. The proximate composition of the pet food containing 30% porcine variety meats as on feed basis for moisture, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, total ash, nitrogen free extract and Metabolisable energy were 7.75%, 25.79%, 22.60%, 2.26%, 9.82%, 44.47% and 451.71 kcal /100g respectively. All the treatments were similar in supporting maintenance of body weight. The pH, TBA value, free amino acid content and total plate count in pet food containing 30 per cent variety meats was lower than other treatments and control. Psychrophiles, yeast and mould were not encountered in any of the sample. General appearance, colour, Meat odour intensity and overall acceptability scores of all the treatments were significantly higher (P<0.01) than control but crispiness of pet food incorporated with porcine variety meats was poor than the control. Scores for all the sensory attributes decreased with progress of storage but decrease was gradual. Thus porcine variety meats like heart and liver can be effectively incorporated in dry pet food.ThesisItem Open Access IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTHELMINTIC PROPERTIES OF THE HYDRO-ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS ON Haemonchus contortus(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) TULASI, DAVULURI; SREEDEVI, C(MAJOR); MALAKONDAIAH, P; SRINIVASA RAO, GIn recent years, there has been growing interest in alternative therapies and the therapeutic use of natural products especially of medicinal plants for control of parasites. In the present study in vitro assays such as egg hatch assay (EHA), larval paralysis assay (LPA) and adult worm motility inhibition assay (WMIA) were conducted to determine the anthelmintic efficiency of hydro-alcoholic extracts of Anacardium occidentale shell, Illicium verum fruit and Artocarpus heterophyllus seed on eggs, infective larvae (L3) and adult worms of Haemonchu contortus, in comparison to albendazole. Among three extracts, A. occidentale shell showed significant (P<0.01) inhibitory effect on egg hatching and larval motility followed by A. heterophyllus seed and I. verum fruit extracts. Extracts of A. occidentale shell induced 50% inhibition at lower concentration (0.0255 mg/mL) compared to I. verum fruit extract (0.0612 mg/mL) and A. heterophyllus seed (0.0372 mg/mL) extracts. The LD50 value of reference drug albendazole (positive control) was 0.237 µg/mL. Extracts of A. occidentale shell required maximum of 0.5 mg/mL, whereas extracts of I. verum fruit and A. heterophyllus seed required maximum concentration of 4 and 2 mg/mL respectively, to induce 100 per cent egg hatch inhibition. Similarly A. occidentale shell showed maximum activity on motility of L3 larvae (LD50 = 0.196 mg/mL) with 100 per cent paralysis while A. heterophyllus seed (LD50 = 0.666 mg/mL) and I. verum fruit (LD50 = 1.418 mg/mL) exhibited 84.67±1.76 and 72.66±1.76 per cent paralysis respectively, at higher tested concentration of 6 mg/mL. In WMIA, three extracts induced significant (P<0.001) mortality of adult worms; however the activity of A. occidentale shell was higher (100%) than I. verum fruit (36.6±3.3%) and A. heterophyllus seed (70.00±5.7%) at a concentration of 6 mg/mL within 1 h post exposure. Anacardium occidentale extract revealed better LD50 (1.0365 mg/mL) values in comparison with I. verum fruit (LD50 = 3.848 mg/mL) and A. heterophyllus seed (LD50 = 2.398 mg/mL) in the WMIA. Three plant extracts exhibited significant (P<0.001) dose dependant anthelmintic responses by inhibiting egg hatching and causing paralysis of larvae and mortality of worms. In vitro effect of these extracts on lactate dehydrogenase activity of H. contortus was also studied. All extracts significantly (P<0.01) inhibited the activity of LDH catalysing the oxidation of lactate. Maximum level of inhibition of LDH activity was noticed in A. occidentale shell extract treated worms. Thin Layer Chromatography analysis and qualitative phytochemical screening of three extracts revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates and proteins which might be responsible for the anthelmintic effects noticed. Overall, this in vitro study suggests that these three plants have promising anthelmintic effects.