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ThesisItem Open Access AN ASSESSMENT OF LIVESTOCK SERVICE DELIVERY AMONG DAIRY FARMERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-10) DEEPTHI, G; SHARMA, G.R.K(MAJOR); HARILAL, R; SURESH, JABSTRACT: Ex-post-facto research design was followed in the present investigation. Andhra Pradesh state was selected for the present study covering purposively selected three districts namely; Visakhapatnam, East Godavari, and Chittoor to cover the geographical distribution. Two mandals from each district and two villages from each mandal were selected randomly amounting a total of twelve villages and from each village ten dairy farmers are selected randomly, thus a total of 120 respondents were selected for the study. The data were collected personally with the help of a well-structured, pretested interview schedule, processed, analyzed and interpreted. Majority of the respondents were middle aged, illiterates and possessed medium family size with nuclear type family system and belonged to Backward Category. Dairy farming was the main occupation, while agriculture was taken up as subsidiary occupation with marginal category of land holding. Most of the respondents had medium experience in dairy farming possessed medium sized herd with medium level income. Majority of dairy farmers have membership in one of the organizations like village panchayat, Self-Help Groups, cooperative milk society, farmer’s organization and bank. Majority of the dairy farmers are approachable to V.Ds with medium distance from service delivery institution followed by Gopalamitra centres, R.L.Us and Veterinary Hospitals. Majority of respondents were in frequent contact with V.A.S and paravets for availing livestock services followed by Private Veterinarians in often access, Educational institutes ,Dairy co-operatives, M.C.Cs and quacks in rare access and never access to NGOs and most of the dairy farmers were satisfied with the services provided by V.A.S followed by paravets. Majority of dairy farmers in the study area were provided with production services followed by curative services, extension services, preventive services and diagnostic services. The respondents were satisfied to the services provided by different service providers mostly in production services followed by extension services, preventive services, curative services and diagnostic services. Majority of the dairy farmers had opinioned that there is medium level of effectiveness in livestock service delivery. Correlation analysis carried out between independent and dependent variables indicated that from among the independent variables education ,herd size ,distance from service delivery institution and mode of livestock service delivery had found to be positively correlated with the effectiveness of livestock service delivery, while age found to be negatively correlated with effectiveness of livestock service delivery. Regression analysis revealed that, the combined effect of independent variables on effectiveness of livestock service delivery explained that independent variables like information seeking behavior, distance from service delivery institution and mode of livestock service delivery contributed to most to the variation in effectiveness of livestock service delivery. Majority of respondents opinioned that inadequate availability of medicines and other infrastructural facilities in hospitals and subsidies provided for purchase of animals were not satisfactory and distant location of veterinary hospital/ veterinary care center is the major constraint with the livestock service delivery. while majority of the dairy farmers had opinioned that more number of veterinarians may be made available to improve animal breeding service delivery, i.e., in critical cases of parturition etc. followed by animal health services may be provided at the time of emergency by the veterinarians. Supply of fodder seeds based on climatic conditions and change of work times of hospital in accordance with farming activities were some of the suggestions opinioned by the dairy farmers towards delivery of livestock services in an effective and efficient way. Ensuring veterinary institutions nearer to the farmers habitat, timely availability of veterinary officials in the institution, improving working skills of paravets and gopalamitras by regular trainings, availability of enough medicines and other infrastructure as well as steps should be taken to reach different schemes to the farmers door steps etc. are some of the strategies recommended for effective livestock service delivery among dairy farmers.ThesisItem Open Access JOB COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN VETERINARIANS AS EXTENSION OFFICERS IN ANDHRAPRADESH - AN ANALYTICAL STUDY(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) DEEPIKA, KOYYANA; SUBRAHMANYESWARI, B(MAJOR); SHARMA, G.R.K; SURESH, JABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken with the main objective of assessing the "JOB COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN VETERINARIANS AS EXTENSION OFFICERS IN ANDHRA PRADESH". Ex-post-facto research design was followed in the present investigation. A total of 120 Women Veterinary Assistant Surgeons (WVAS) working in the four zones of the state were selected through proportionate random sampling method. Thus a total of 15 WVAS from zone I, 23 WVAS from zone II, 24 WVAS from zone III and 58 WVAS from zone IV were selected to form the total sample size. The data were collected personally with the help of a questionnaire and the data were processed, analyzed and interpreted. Majority of the respondents were young aged, had an educational qualification of B.V.Sc & A.H and with a low level of experience in extension work. Most of the respondents had medium level of self reliance, work motivation, work load and accountability to clientele. Majority of the women veterinarians had access to medium level of facilities and resources in their working areas and with medium level of organizational climate and communication. On 14 villages, livestock population of 9500 and three subordinates under the area of jurisdiction and treating 950 cases per month. The WVAS mostly attended gynecological and extension trainings. Majority of the women veterinarians possessed medium level of job competence with medium level of technical knowledge, communicative ability, self development, empathy, supervision, adaptability, creativity and initiative. Majority of the WVAS possess medium level of job performance with medium knowledge of technical services and medium level of extension advisory services. Most of them also had medium levels of educational activities, planning of programmes, implementation of programmes, monitoring of programmes and evaluation of programmes in extension and advisory services (EAS) of the work they performed. Correlation analysis between independent and dependent variables revealed that accountability to clientele, work motivation, organizational climate, organizational communication and facilities & resources showed positive and significant relationship with the job competence of women veterinarians as extension officers. Accountability to clientele, self reliance, work motivation, organizational climate, organizational communication and facilities & resources were positively and significantly related with job performance of women veterinarians as extension officers. Whereas, the variable i.e. span of control was negatively and significantly related with job performance of women veterinarians as extension officers.Regression analysis revealed that all the independent variables put together explained about 22 per cent variation in the job competence of women veterinarians as extension officers. Organizational climate and communication, facilities & resources were contributed to most of the variation in the job competence of women veterinarians as extension officers. With regard to another dependent variable i.e. job performance, all the independent variables put together explained about 26 per cent of variation. Age, experience in extension work, organizational climate and communication were positively and significantly contributed to most of the variation in the job performance of women veterinarians as extension officers. Majority of the WVAS expressed constraints such as ‘inadequate knowledge on efficient and appropriate methodologies in extension activities, lack of trained village level extension workers, lack of time for extension services due to increased documentation work, lack of idea on preparation of extension information material, larger jurisdictions under control of WVAS, political interference in implementation of schemes, lack of skill based training on new farm technologies, lack of training on advances in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Sciences, lack of support / faculty in working with other line department, lack of support from neighboring field veterinarians in organizing extension campaign, lack of inputs for preparation of client specific audio-visual aids, lack of availability of scientific literature, inadequate communication by the department with regard to advances in veterinary practices and lack of transport facility to remote areas’.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE CAREER PREFERENCES OF UNDERGRADUATE VETERINARY STUDENTS OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-01) BHARADWAJA KRISHNA, MARELLA; SHARMA, G.R.K(MAJOR); HARILAL, R; SURESH, JABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken with the major objective of ascertaining the career preferences of undergraduate veterinary students of Andhra Pradesh. Ex-post-facto research design was followed in the study. List of students pursuing B.V.Sc &A.H in all the three veterinary colleges under Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University was obtained and a list of boys & girls was prepared year wise. From each year 5 boys and 5 girls were selected through simple random sampling. Thus 50 students were selected from Tirupati, Proddatur and Gannavaram colleges, respectively making a total of 150 students. The data was collected through a pre-tested and pre-structured questionnaire. Care was taken to have equal distribution of boys and girls from all the years as well as different social categories. The collected data were analyzed through latest statistical tools. Majority of the respondent’s hailed from nuclear families, urban background and possessed medium sized family. Majority of the respondents’ fathers were educated up to bachelor degree, settled in government sector with high income while mothers were illiterate and settled themselves as homemakers. Majority of the respondents had possessed medium levels of mass media exposure, achievement motivation with a OGPA of 7.00-7.99, shown less inclination to participate in co-curricular and extracurricular activities and were with an opinion that they are aware of available opportunities in animal husbandry sector with medium level of risk preference. Government veterinary doctor was ranked first by the respondents from among the career preferences followed by positions in research centres attached to veterinary colleges and research institutes, scientists in ICAR and other central research organizations, assistant professors in state veterinary/agriculture universities (SVUs/SAUs), wild life ecologist or conservation scientist, zoo veterinarian of state and central level, central government farms, quarantine units, military service [RVC, ITPB, SSB], research in private and multinational companies, banking sector, administrative services, doctors in milk plants, private practice-small animal clinics, abroad farm consultant, meat inspection officers, private practice-large animal clinics, private sector jobs, consultancy officer in food processing industry, insurance sector, extension officers in NGOs and political career (MLA/MP). It was also clearly evident that majority of the respondents preferred government sector careers followed by semi government and private sector careers respectively. Majority of the respondents had medium favourable attitude towards careers in veterinary profession followed by high and low favourable attitudes, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that gender, year of study, social category, education and occupation of parents, parents’ income, rural urban background, achievement motivation, overall grade point average, participation in co-curricular and extracurricular activities, mass media exposure, available opportunities and risk preference had shown positive and significant relationship where as family type and family size had shown positive and non-significant relationship with career preferences of undergraduate veterinary students. Gender, year of study, social category, education and occupation of parents, parent’s income, rural urban background, achievement motivation, participation in cocurricular and extracurricular activities, mass media exposure and risk preference had shown positive and significant relationship where as family type, family size, overall grade point average and available opportunities had shown positive and non-significant relationship with attitude of undergraduate veterinary students towards careers in veterinary profession.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON EFFECTIVENESS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY TRAINING PROGRAMMES AMONG WOMEN SELF HELP GROUPS OF CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-01) REKHA, S; SHARMA, G.R.K(MAJOR); HARILAL, R; GANGARAJU, GABSTRACT: Livestock farming is one of the important activities undertaken by Women Self Help Groups (WSHGs). The present study was undertaken in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh to find out the effectiveness of Animal Husbandry training programmes among WSHGs. An ex-post facto research design was followed in the present study Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh was purposively selected for carrying out the study. Since animal husbandry is a major subsidiary occupation in the district and Sri Venkateswara veterinary university had organized many training programmes among the members of women self help group to improve the knowledge as well as skills in various aspects of animal husbandry practices in turn improve their livelihoods. Two mandals under trained category and two mandals under untrained category were selected purposively, while three villages from each mandal from both trained and untrained category were selected through random sampling method and from each village 10 respondents were selected randomly, thus to from a sample size of 120 comprising 60 respondents each from trained group and untrained group. The finding depicted that, in both trained and untrained groups, majority 48.34% and 46.66% were middle aged, while most of the respondents (30% and 33.34%) were illiterates under trained and untrained groups respectively. Majority (70.01% and 25.00%) of the respondents were positive high level of socio-economic status in trained and untrained group, respectively. Majority (23.33% and 66.67%) respondents were medium level of mass media exposure in trained and untrained groups respectively. Majority (55% and 43.33% ) of the respondents had medium extension contact under trained and untrained group respectively. Majority (68.33% and 51.67%) of the respondents were medium level of achievement motivation in trained and untrained group, respectively. Majority (53.33% and 51.67%) of the respondents had medium level of knowledge under trained and untrained group respectively. Majority (60% and 48.34%) of the respondents had medium level of adoption under trained and untrained groups respectively. Respondents from trained group possessed significantly higher levels of knowledge and adoption than the respondents from untrained group. The independent variables viz., education, socio-economic status, mass media exposure, extension contact and achievement motivation had positive and significant correlation with dependent variables viz., knowledge and adoption in both the groups. Age was positive and non-significantly correlated with knowledge in trained group and negative and non-significantly correlated with knowledge in untrained group whereas negative and non significantly correlated with adoption in trained and untrained groups. About 95% of the respondents had suggested that the place of training programme would be convenient for you attend is within your village 88.34% of the respondents had suggested in increasing the duration of training programme. About 86.67% of the respondents had seeked follow up activity followed by providing transport facility to attend the training programmes by 53.34% of the respondents and 41.66% has suggested that provision boarding & lodging facilities.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON UTILIZATION PATTERN OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICTs) AMONG DAIRY FARMERS IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRAPRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-12) NARENDRANATH REDDY, J; HARILAL, R(MAJOR); SHARMA, G.R.K; GANGARAJU, GABSTRACT: An ex-post-facto research design followed in the present investigation for which 120 dairy farmers (who were rearing cattle and buffaloes) of Chittoor district were selected randomly to study the utilization pattern of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) among dairy farmers. The data pertaining to dependent variables viz. ICT utilization pattern and knowledge on ICT tools and independent variables collected with the help of a pre-tested interview schedule developed for the purpose. After collection of data, farmers were divided into three groups based on type of flock i.e. large farmers, medium farmers and small farmers for better analysis and presentation of results. Personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of dairy farmers revealed that majority of dairy farmers (70.00%) were in the middle age category. Majority of dairy farmers were had medium level of education. About 64.20 per cent dairy farmers were in low category of herd size. Majority of the dairy farmers (55.00%) were in medium category of income. About 55.90 per cent of dairy farmers were in medium level of farming experience. It was evident that 45.00 per cent of farmers were in the medium category of information seeking behaviour. The results regarding achievement motivation revealed that 45.00 per cent of dairy farmers were in medium category. About 50.00 per cent of dairy farmers were in medium category of economic orientation. Majority of the dairy farmers were in low category of management orientation and scientific orientation. The distribution of respondents according to ICT utilization pattern was mostly low level among all three categories up to the extent of 41.70 per cent in dairy farmers. About 49.20 per cent of dairy farmers in study area had medium level knowledge on ICT tools. The relational analysis revealed that education, information seeking behaviour, economic orientation, achievement motivation, had positive and significant relation with utilization pattern of ICT tools among dairy farmers. Whereas age was negatively significant. As for as knowledge on ICT tools concerned correlation analysis revealed that variables viz. education, income, information seeking behaviour, achievement motivation, economic orientation, management orientation and scientific orientation had significant and positive relationship with farmers knowledge on ICT tools, whereas age was negatively significantly related to knowledge on ICT tools. Multiple regression analysis revealed that all the independent variables put together explained about 31.60 per cent of variation in utilization of ICT of the respondents and about 70.07 per cent of variation in ICT knowledge of respondents. Problems perceived by dairy farmers in utilization of ICT were Lack of knowledge in using ICT tools, ‘Weak network connectivity’, ‘High cost and maintenance of ICT tools’, ‘Not aware of benefits of Internet’, ‘Lack of continuous power supply’, ‘Lack of training in use of ICT tools’, ‘Frequent advancements in technology’, ‘Lack of training in use of ICT tools’, ‘Lack of time for personal acquirement of knowledge on ICT tools’, ‘Limited access to ICT tools’. Suggestions perceived by farmers were ‘Provision of proper training on use and applications of ICT tools’, ‘Governments should provide useful ICT tools on subsidiary basis’, ‘Strengthening of contemporary ICT tools rather than conventional ICT tools’, ‘Governments should focus on uninterrupted power supply’, ‘Village Panchayat should be equipped with A.V. Aids like LCD projectors, Televisions, etc., to farmers.’, ‘Extension agents should intensify their efforts in teaching farmers how to utilize complex ICT tools’. Strategies for improving the utilization of ICT tools by dairy farmers were 1) Capacity building should start at grass root level 2) Young farmers should assign to retrieve information from internet 3) Regular trainings and workshops to the farmers especially young farmers on the advancements in information and communication technologies (ICTs) 4) Regular and need based trainings and refresher trainings should be conducted by the Animal husbandry department 5) Extension agents should be encouraged and oriented to intensify their efforts in teaching farmers on utilization of ICT tools 6) Each and every Panchayat should be equipped with useful ICTs like computer, LCD projector, Television, etc., 7) Uninterrupted internet connectivity should be provided with broad band connection at free of cost 8) Uninterrupted power supply should be provided 9) Installation of all ICTs with total equipment and arrangements 10) Regular monitoring of ICT tools by qualified technician at free of cost 11) Provision of instant solution facility for ICT tools usage related problems by providing the customer care toll free number to all farmers.ThesisItem Open Access PARTICIPATION OF PARTNERS IN RESEARCH-INDUSTRY LINKAGES WITH REFERENCE TO DAIRY AND POULTRY SECTORS IN ANDIIRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2015-12) MAHESH, P; SUBRAHMANYESWARI, B(MAJOR); SHARMA, G.R.K; GANGARAJU, GABSTRACT: An ex-post-facto research design was adopted for the present study conducted in the state of Andhra Pradesh. Keeping in view of the importance of linkage between the research and industries in livestock sector, the present study was undertaken in AP by selecting the Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University and Livestock Industries i.e., dairy, poultry and pharmaceutical industries as research and industry units respectively. Availability sampling procedure was followed to select 60 researchers from the university (academic institutions and research stations) and I I units from industry (dairy, poultry and pharmaceutical industrial units), whereas, purposive sampling procedure was followed to select 40 industry personnel from the respective industrial units. The data from both the researchers and industry personnel were collected personally with the help of two interview schedules and the findings were processed, analyzed and interpreted. The salient findings of the research work were as follows.. Majority of (76.70%) researchers of the study area were male and 11early half of the researchers from the university belonged to Professor/Principal Scientist category. Majority (48.33%) of researchers were in middle age group. About one thirds (33.33%) of the scientists had 13-22 years of job ex:.erience and 3 1.67 per cent of the researchers had 3-12 years of job experience. More than three fourths (80%)) of the researchers handled projects four or less than hat and majority (63.33%) of the researchers received trainings in between 1-4. Nearly three fourths of the researchers had medium level of job satisfaction and job motivation. More than half of the researchers were with medium role clarity. Nearly two thirds (68.33%) of the researchers felt that they were working under medium level of organisational climate and they were with medium knowledge in communication methods.Almost all researchers had medium achievement motivation. Most of (90%) of the ~ndustryp ersorule1 of the \tudy area were ~nalea nd more than half (57.50%) of the respondent\ were po\t-graduate\. Major~ty (60%) of ~ndu\try persa~ewl ere in the age group of 29-44 yeam. Nearly half of industry personnel had leas them 15 years of job experience, whereas, 60 per cent of respondents received trainings in the range of 1-5 in number. Majority (60%) of industry personnel had medium job satisfaction and more than threc fourths (85%) were with medium level of job motivation. Nearly two thirds of the industry personnel had medium role clarity and they felt that they wem working under medium organisationd climate. Majority (60%) of industry personnel had medium level of achievement. Nearly two thirds of the researchers and industry personnel had medium level of perception. Whe-zxw, the extent of participation in R-I linkage activities among both the majority researchers and industry personnel was found low. Among the researchers, designation, age, total job experience, trainings received, role clarity and organizational climate were found significantly related with perception of researchers about University Research-Industry (UR-I) linkages at 0.01 level of probability. whereas, experience in research was found significant at 0.05 level of probability. All chuacteristics of researchers put together could explain variation in perception of researchers towards University Research-industry (UR-I)li nkages to the extent of 40.70 per cent. Designation, age. job experience in research, total job experience. total projects handled, trainings received and role clarity were found significantly related with extent of participation at 0.01 level of probability, whereas, gender was found significant at 5 per cent level of significance. Among the characteristics studied, age, trainings received and total job experience of researchers were found each character individually contributing, significantly and positively to the extent of participation at 0.05 level of probability. Among the industry personnel age, total job experience and trainings received were found significantly related with perception of industry personnel about UR-I linkages at 0.01 level of probability. whereas. achievement motivation was found significant at 0.05 level of probability. All characteristics of industry personnel put together could explain variation in perception about UR-I linkages to the extent of 48.10 per cent. Age and total job experience were found significantly related with extent of participation at 0.01 level of probability. whereas, trainings received was found significant at 0.05 level of probability. The mean scores for motivation and organisational climate were high among industry personnel compared to the researchers. Major constraints faced by researchers while participating in communication linkages were lack of funds in department for conducting linkage activities, lack of time due to other responsibilities delegated and non-conducive organizational climate in the university. Whereas, major constraints faced while participating in working linkages with the industries were less access to know about the industry needs, lack of demand from industry, guidelines and regulations of university in conducting rescarch, lack of good laboratory practices (GLPs) and good clinical practices (GCPs), less access to external funding/sponsorships, focused attc -tion on small scale farmers and lack of - - enough man power in university research and extension. Suggestions from the university researchers to strengthen the CJR-I linkages were: data of technologies generated should be made available and popularized by the university, scientists need to focus on corrlrnercialization of the generated technologies, industries should approach university periodically for the timely technical solutions and they should providk-funding for the research projects to be carried out by the university scientists, separate funding must be allotted by the university for research and conducting linkage activities, there is a need of MOU between UR and Industry to conduct research projects, exposure visits at regular intervals to livestock industry sectors, introduction of Public Private Partnaship (PW) in livestock research, establishment of more regional and separate livestock research wings, establishment of University Research-Industry-Advisory-CounciI (URIAC) and Research-Extension- Industry Council (REIC), there is a need to strengthen research institutes in terms of technical, financial and human resources, and university need to provide timely incentives for development and standardization of GLPs, GCPs in the university. Many of the industry personnel expressed their constraints while participating in communication linkages with university namely lack of extension wing in industry, lack of time to participate in communication linkage with research, lack of interest and desire to participate in communication linkages with research. Whereas, major constraints while participating in working linkages with the universities were lack of information about the expertise and capabilities within the university, lack of good laboratory practices (GLPs) and good clinical practices (GCPs) in university. instructions/guidelines to consider their own research fmdings. conflicts of interest and commitment betwoen the partners. maintenance of confidentiality in technological issues by industry, besides. poor BOC~SS to research other than the research of industry and lack of reliability on research generated by other public agencies. Suggestions from the industry pemtnnel to strengthen the UR-I linkago wcre: there is a need of separate extension wing in industry, Livestock Technology Information Centre (LTIC) at university. interactive sessions with university scientific staff at regular intervals i-e., conducting of workshops, conferences, official meetings etc., authenticated research findings from UR, timely need based solutions from university for industry problems, establishment of Research Incubation Centers (RICs) by both the partners, besides, there is a need to encourage Participatory Technology Development (PTD) by the partners and university research need to focus on practical solutions rather than theoretical approach.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON TELEVIEWING BEHAVIOUR OF LIVESTOCK FARMERS ON VARIOUS ANIMAL HUSBANDRY PROGRAMMES IN CHITTOOR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2014-10) VIJAYA KUMAR, C; Sharma, G.R.K(MAJOR); Subrahmanyeswari, B; Gangaraju, GABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken with the main objective of assessing the attitude and viewing behaviour of the farm televiewers on various animal husbandry programmes. Ex-post-facto research design was followed in the present investigation. Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh was purposively selected for carrying out the study. Three mandals were selected randomly and two villages from each mandal were selected randomly, thus making a total of six villages. Twenty respondents from each village were selected randomly making a total of 120 respondents. The data was collected by personal interview method through structured interview schedule. Majority of the respondents were middle aged, had medium level of education, medium farming experience, medium land holding, medium level of extension contact, mass media exposure, economic orientation, scientific orientation, achievement motivation, and innovativeness. Majority of the respondents had favourable attitude, medium level of viewing behaviour. Majority of the respondents felt, telecast time was not convenient, duration of telecast was not sufficient, preferred demonstration by scientists as a method of presentation. Correlation analysis carried out to reveal the relationship between independent and dependent variables indicated that, out of all the selected independent variables gender, socio-economic status, extension contact, mass media exposure, innovativeness, economic orientation, scientific orientation and achievement motivation had positive and significant influence on attitude, while age was negatively and non significantly related with attitude. As far as viewing behaviour is concerned, Socio-economic status, extension contact, mass media exposure, scientific orientation and achievement motivation were positively and significantly related whereas gender, economic orientation are positively and non significantly related while age was negatively non significantly related with viewing behaviour of the respondents. Regression analysis revealed that all the independent variables put together explained about 51.7 and 51.8 per cent variation in the attitude and viewing behaviour of the respondents, respectively. “Time duration is not sufficient”, “Telecast time is not convenient”, “Telecast programmes are useful to the farming community” and “Telecast programmes are drawing attention of the farmers to bring awareness on new technology” were the major reactions of the respondents. Telecast time need to be changed from 5.30 am-6.30 am and 7.00 pm-9.00 pm, all programmes should be telecasted daily, Information on the schedule of the topics to be telecasted in the consecutive week should be advertised at the starting of the week, Separate television channel is required to telecast livestock and related activities and “Repetition of important programmes should be done in weekends”, were the major suggestions given by the respondents for improving the programme. Though the programmes have drawn the attention of the farmers, the above said reactions and suggestions of the respondents should be kept in view for bringing improvements in the telecast programmes by the concerned authorities.ThesisItem Open Access NUTRITIONAL AND LIVELYHOOD SECURITY OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS THROUGH BACKYARD POULTRY REARING IN ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-02) SIVA PRASAD, V; THAMMI RAJU, D(MAJOR); SRINIVASA REDDY, M; RAGHUNANDAN, TABSTRACT : 1. In India poultry farming under backyard system is as old as its civilization. Randhawa (1946) reported that number of terracotta have been discovered from Mohenzo-daro and Harappa, which indicated that, the people domesticated number of birds and the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) originated in India and its ancestor's, the red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) is still found in Northern India from Kashmir to Assam and in Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Orissa, Visakhapatnam and parts of Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. He also reported that the Indus valley people kept the fowl only for sports, and that its breeding for flesh occurred later. 2.Poultry farming became popular because of it is possible in widely different agro-climatic environment (National Commission on Agriculture 1976), as the Rural fowl possesses marked physiological adaptability, requirement of small space, low capital investment, quick return from outlay and well distributed turn over throughout the year make poultry farming remunerative in both rural and urban areas. The rearing of poultry provides an excellent opportunity for gainful employment to idle or unemployed members of rural communities. Additionally, chicken meat consumption is a significant protein source which helps to cover the nutritional needs of the rural population. 3.Backyard poultry farming (BYPF) by and large is a low input or no input venture and is characterized by indigenous night shelter (Berte 1987, Aklobessi 1990, Nkodia 1990, Singh and Johari 1990, Upindi 1990, Zoungrana and Slenders 1992, Dana 1998, Saha 2003), scavenging system (Kabatange and Katule 1989, Kassambara 1989, Musharaf 1989, Andrews 1990, Houadfi 1990, Lul 1990, Mbugua 1990, Okot 1990, Raveloson 1990), with little supplementary feeding (Singh and Johari 1990, Dipeolu et al 1996, Rangnekar and Rangnekar 1996, Dana 1998, Saha 2003), natural hatching of chicks (Singh and Pani 1986, Van Veluw 1987, Saha 2003), poor productivity of birds (AACMC 1984, Rao and Thomas 1984, Balaraman and Kaul 1985, Singh and Pani 1986, Berte 1987, Okada et al 1987, Musharaf 1989, Smith 1990, Abebe 1992, Agbede et al 1995, Rashid et al 1995), local marketing (Rehman 1995, Dana 1998, Saha 2003) and no health care practice (Dana 1998, Saha 2003). 4.Recently, the traditional poultry farming in villages, which was the primary source of animal protein, and supplementary income for more than 50 percent of the population of this country, has suffered in the wake of commercialization Singh(2000). One must remember that the cheapest egg and poultry is one which is produced in the backyard or semi-scavenging system. Consequently, due to the changing rural scenario BYPF has taken a back seat and unless we lay down a sound strategy, it would be impossible to revive this age old practice which is an important tool for nutritional security. Therefore, an appropriate strategy is necessary in BYPF for hitting two birds with one stone. Firstly, this would help alleviate the nutritional status of the rural people and secondly, we could have our stress-free, harmful residue free birds. 5.Every country is unique in itself, and so is the case of India. Extension principle has always highlighted the fact that every region and community is different from others. Lack of understanding of village chicken production system makes it difficult to design and implement poultry based development programme that benefit rural people (Gueye 1997, Pedersen 2002). Therefore, the strategy for rural Indian has to be worked out critically which can be modified and improved to fit the different regions of our country. 6.The other factor for decline in the interst of the backyard poultry rearing inrural areas because of commercial poultry in meat and egg production.So commercial poultry gain upper hand over rural poultry.beacuase of this commercial poultry gained momentum is one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural sector in India today. While the production of agricultural crops has been rising at a rate of 1.5–2% per annum that of eggs and broilers has been rising at a rate of 6–10% per annum. National annual production is 45 billion eggs and 1.6 billion broilers. The percentage of native birds in the total poultry population has dropped from 50% about 30 years ago to about 10% now (Rangnekar and Rangnekar, 1999). Nevertheless, the meat and eggs of backyard chickens is highly valued than that of commercially produced meat or eggs. with prices being 50–100% higher, because their taste and texture are considered superior. They are equivalent of ‘organic’ egg or chicken in western and developed countries, and have a lower fat content than commercially produced eggs and birds. Further, backyard poultry production forms the basis for transforming the rural poultry sector from subsistence to a more economically productive base. Estimates of income elasticity for meat and eggs strongly suggest that consumption of these products can be expected to continue to grow strongly. However, per capita consumption of eggs in rural areas is less than half that in urban areas (Mehta et al., 2003). Trends in the poultry sector provide a striking example of how sector growth does not necessarily go hand-in-hand with rural sector and poverty reduction. Backyard poultry, which is based almost entirely on native birds, has been by-passed by the poultry revolution, with virtually all the growth occurring in the large-scale intensive sub-sector. Also, increased backyard poultry production would result in a positive impact on household food security both in increased dietary intake and in income generation. Hence, increasing meat and egg production from backyard poultry has been a major concern of Government of India (GOI) for many years. The GOI has supported various programmes to improve backyard poultry production. This has resulted in release of some important backyard poultry varieties viz., Vanaraja, Gramapriya, Giriraja, Krishna-J, etc., for the benefit of rural farmers’ economic upliftment, food security and gender empowerment. In the present study an effort was made to study the Nutritional and livelihood security of rural households through backyard poultry rearing in Andhra Pradesh. 1.1. NON DESCRIPTIVE BIRDS 1.Poultry farming is possible in widely different agro-climatic environment (National Commission on Agriculture 1976), as the fowl possesses marked physiological adaptability. Requirement of small space, low capital investment, quick return from outlay and well distributed turn over throughout the year make poultry farming remunerative in both rural and urban areas. The rearing of poultry provides an excellent opportunity for gainful employment to idle or unemployed members of rural communities. Additionally, chicken meat consumption is a significant protein source which helps to cover the nutritional needs of the rural population. 2. Backyard poultry farming (BYPF) by and large is a low input or no input venture and is characterized by indigenous night shelter (Berte 1987, Aklobessi 1990, Nkodia 1990, Singh and Johari 1990, Upindi 1990, Zoungrana and Slenders 1992, Dana 1998, Saha 2003), scavenging system (Kabatange and Katule 1989, Kassambara 1989, Musharaf 1989, Andrews 1990, Houadfi 1990, Lul 1990, Mbugua 1990, Okot 1990, Raveloson 1990), with little supplementary feeding (Singh and Johari 1990, Dipeolu et al 1996, Rangnekar and Rangnekar 1996, Dana 1998, Saha 2003), natural hatching of chicks (Singh and Pani 1986, Van Veluw 1987, Saha 2003), poor productivity of birds (AACMC 1984, Rao and Thomas 1984, Balaraman and Kaul 1985, Singh and Pani 1986, Berte 1987, Okada et al 1987, Musharaf 1989, Smith 1990, Abebe 1992, Agbede et al 1995, Rashid et al 1995), local marketing (Rehman 1995, Dana 1998, Saha 2003) and no health care practice (Dana 1998, Saha 2003). 3. Recently, the traditional poultry farming in villages, which was the primary source of animal protein, and supplementary income for more than 50 percent of the population of this country, has suffered in the wake of commercialization Singh(2000). One must remember that the cheapest egg and poultry is one which is produced in the backyard or semi-scavenging system. Consequently, due to the changing rural scenario BYPF has taken a back seat and unless we lay down a sound strategy, it would be impossible to revive this age old practice which is an important tool for nutritional security. Therefore, an appropriate strategy is necessary in BYPF for hitting two birds with one stone. Firstly, this would help alleviate the nutritional status of the rural people and secondly, we could have our stress-free, harmful residue free birds. 4. Every country is unique in itself, and so is the case of India. Extension principle has always highlighted the fact that every region and community is different from others. Lack of understanding of village chicken production system makes it difficult to design and implement poultry based development programme that benefit rural people (Gueye 1997, Pedersen 2002). Therefore, the strategy for rural Indian has to be worked out critically which can be modified and improved to fit the different regions of our country. Mostly in the rural areas the There does not appear to be any problem in marketing of local poultry. Most of the households dispose off their produce like eggs or chickens in nearby markets, whereas, those away from the towns sell at their door steps. Although it may vary from family to family, half of the chicken raised are consumed by the owners at the time of festivals or during the visit of their guests. Poultry birds are also given as gifts in marriages and other functions and used in religious ceremony. The chickens are usually sold either for table purpose or as game birds for fighting. The fighting cocks fetch a premium rice usually 2 to 3 times higher than those which are sold for table purpose. The requirement of fighting cocks ,however, is limited and that too at festive occasions. People of costal districts have passion for rearing gaming birds which are having huge demand during the festive periods where people will make lot of money through rearing this game birds.,. Same situation more or less is encountered in other districts. Almost all the eggs produced are used for hatching and not a single one is consumed in except in summer months where hatching eggs become quickly spoiled due to early embryonic death resulting in poor hatchability.. but in some parts which are adjacent to city markets more than 50 percent of the eggs are sold. Great variation is observed among the villages for scavenging area and those with higher scavenging areas realize more money from the sale of their birds which are healthy. Predation by wild cats and other wild animals is a problem in most of the villages situated either near or within the forest area. Although no definite evidence is available about the origin of different populations/local breeds, ethnic tribal groups seem to have played a significant role for development and maintaining the uniqueness of the breeds nurtured by them for years without any introgression from outside. In some parts where the backyard poultry rears in nearer to forests and in hilly areas naturally the livestock especially backyard poultry is having high disease resistance and the outbreaks of ranikhet and fowlpox are very rare. For ethnic tribal groups and communities indigenous poultry are of special interest because of their socio-religious use. Plumage colour and sex of the bird differ from one purpose to another .Raising of local poultry breeds in backyard is an important source of livelihood for the rural people. 63% of the owners of the backyard poultry in the agency area are Scheduled Tribes, 17%Scheduled Castes and rest 20% owned by OBCs and other communities. Small holdings containing1-3 hens per unit were found to be more efficient producer of eggs compared to those with 4 or more hens per unit. Main interest of the poultry farmers having backyard poultry is not production of eggs as returns are very low from sale of eggs. They hatch all their eggs and sale them as birds.. The major problem of the backyard poultry sector is high mortality. Average annual income from backyard poultry is Rs.2200 per house hold although the variation across.households is very large. When mortality is reduced, income per household increases.Poultry keeping in backyard gives very high return as the investment is very low. The local breeds of poultry / indigenous poultry genetic resources are held in high esteem even after 50 years of industrial poultry production because of the following reasons. 5) Local poultry breeds exhibit superior adaptability in their habitat and possess the ability to survive, produce and reproduce on low plane of nutrition and sub-optimal management. b) The inputs required are very small as they scavenge their feed requirements and are raised with little veterinary care. 6 ) They possess the ability to protect themselves from predators. 7) All the local breeds show broodiness and hatch their own chicks making the system auto generating. 8) People have a preference for eggs and meat of indigenous poultry compared to those realized from farm-bred chickens consequently eggs and meat from local breeds are sold at a premium price. 10) Cock fighting is a popular sport for the ethnic tribes and the local breeds are superior to exotic breeds in fighting. 11) Use of coloured bird for socio-religious use. Livestock output at present accounts for more than half of agricultural production in developed countries and one-third in developing countries. The growing number of urban and more affluent population in the developing world including India, most likely will demand a richer, more diverse diet with more of meat and milk products. As a result, global demand will increase from 209 million tones in 1997 to 327 million tones in 2020 for meat to a strong livestock revolution. Industrial poultry production could be fastest growing sector with an expected increase in output of about 80 per cent until 2020 due to its high rate of reproduction, superior FCR and universal production technology. The other Livestock commodities are expected to grow @ 50 percent per year during the same period. Other factors which will contribute to growth of poultry industry in India subcontinent include; increase in growth of human population. 50 geographical shifting of production centers to developing countries like China, India, Brazil and Mexico due to stringent animal welfare measures adopted in the industrial west; improvement in poultry production technologies; policies and initiatives recently undertaken by the Government of India to promote rural backyard poultry production through venture capital fund etc. The demand for organic egg and meat is increasing over the years especially in the industrially developed Western countries even though they cost more and cut through the wallet. Small holder backyard poultry production utilizing local breeds therefore is expected to increase the profitability of this system of production, but the super markets will benefit.Smallholder backyard poultry production utilizing local breeds sooner or later is expected to come under serious competition with the commercial poultry sector and if not well planned the genetic resources of local poultry shall be lost, as it has already happened in most of the developed countries. Conservation of local poultry breeds along with improvement for traits like meat and eggs will increase competitiveness to survive in the market. The socio-religious use of local poultry breeds, superior adaptability in their habitat, ability to perform in tow input production system and the production system which is similar to organic production will he the competitive advantages of backyard system over commercial poultry production. The government, however, should extend all support to this system of production since this is a means of livelihood of poorer sections of the society and will help in food production, food security, gender equity and providing employment to women. Improvement of local breeds and their conservation for future use also should be the joint responsibility of the Government and farming community.ThesisItem Unknown A STUDY ON TRAINING NEEDS OF PARAVETERINARIANS IN NALGONDA DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-12) SURESH NAIK, A; SRINIVASA REDDY, A(MAJOR); THAMMI RAJU, D; RAGHUNANDHAN, TABSTRACT: An ex post facto research design was followed to study the soc~o psychological profile and training needs in A.H knowledge. skills and attitude of Paraveterinarians. A total sample of 105 respondents comprising of 75 Paraveterinarians and 30 VASs were selected based on proportionate random sampling method from four divisions of Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh. The data was collected by pre structured interview schedule and questionnaire by personal interview method and analyzed by using appropriate statistical techniques. Categorization of Paraveterinarians by their dependant variables indicated that majority belonged to medium category with respect to training needs in Animal Husbandry knowledge (50.67%), skill (49.33%) and attitude (48.00%) towards training. Majority of the respondents were in the medium categories of age. education, experience, training received, guidance and supervision, mass media exposure, innovativeness. risk preference, rational decision making ability. achievement motivation, job satisfaction and scientific orientation. Out of 12 independent variables age and experience were negatively and significantly related with the knowledge training needs of Paraveterinarians where as innovativeness, risk preference. rational decision making ability. achievement motivation and scientific orientation showed a positive and significant relationship and the rest of the variables were found to be non significant with the knowledge training needs of Paraveterinarians. It was found that the variables age, experience and training received were negatively and significantly related with the skill training needs of Paraveterinarians where as innovativeness, risk preference, rational decision making ability, achievement motivation and scientific orientation showed a positive and significant relationship and the rest of the variables were found to be non significant with the skill training needs of Paraveterinarians. The variables age and experience were negatively and significantly related with the attitude of Paraveterinarians towards training where as innovativeness, risk preference, rational decision malung ability and achievement motivation showed a positive and significant relationship with the attitude and the rest of the variables were found to be non significant with the attitude of Paraveterinarians towards training. The immediate five training needs of Paraveterinarians in A.H knowledge were in the rank order of knowledge on new or emerging livestock diseases and their preventive measures, latest trends in therapeutic use of drugs in veterinary practice, latest trends in animal breeding/feeding/reproductive managelnent, knowledge on the new technologies in A.H evolved by research stations and diagnosis of different disease of animals. The training needs in A.H skills wcre in the rank order of skill in diagnosis of different disease of animals, skill on the new technologies in A.H evolve by research institutions, skill in A.I. skill in pregnancy diagnosis and skill in identification and treatment of reproductive problems. Chi square test revealed that there is a significant association between the rankings of training needs of Paraveterinarians in A.H knowledge and A.H skills ' given by the two categories of respondents i.e Paraveterinarians and their superior officers. A large number of Paraveterinarians suggested that training should be given on new or emerging livestock diseases and their preventive measures followed by latest trends in therapeutic use of drugs. advance intimation of training programmes and sufficient accommodation at training centers. Majority of the superior officers suggested that special training should be imparted to Paraveterinarians in new or emerging livestock diseases followed by exposure visits to research stations, organisatio~a of special trainers training programmes. Another valid suggestion made by the superior officers that special and suff~cient budget must be provided for TA and DA to the participants. Based on the identified needs and suggestions, a strategy was framed which highlights that training programmes should be based on expressed needs and immediate requirements of Paraveterinarians. Course content and curriculum of training should be developed with more emphasis on latest trends in animal breeding, feeding, reproductive management and technique of artificial insemination. Paraveterinarians should be taken on study tours to various livestock research stations and other institutes engaged in Veterinary and Animal Husbandry research. Such tours should be conducted for 3-5 days in a calendar year. One day skill training programmes should be organised on preparation of ointments, lotions and stock solutions required for the institution by concerned Veterinary Assistant Surgeons to cover entire Paraveterinarians of the state. Special training should be given on collection and preservation procedures of samples and specimens, first aid procedures at divisional level with periodical intervals and special programmes should be organised on maintenance of technical and non technical registers, census work, house hold survey procedures at divisional level to cover all the Paraveterinarians of the state with in a specific period. Training should be imparted at district level to cater to the needs of the Paraveterinarians of the district and another at divisional level based on the local needs of the trainees. A state level training policy should be formulated so that each Paraveterinarian gets an opportunity to undergo need based training at regular intervals. Physical facilities at training institutes can be strengthened and sufticient budget provision can be made for TA/DA of the trainees well in advance. Pru and post evaluation of training programme can be obtained from all thc trainees so as to plan the future programmes more effectively