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ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EFFICACY OF IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND BIOMARKERS IN DIAGNOSIS OF CANINE PROSTATIC AFFECTIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) NAGABHUSHAN, K; RAGHUNATH, M (MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; RAJU, N.K.B.The present study was conducted on 24 clinical cases of geriatric male dogs presented with symptoms related to prostatic affections to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science. The overall incidence of prostatic enlargement was observed as 78.28% cases with more incidence in smaller breeds of dogs (58.33%). Signalment and history was collected, physiological parameters and hematobiochemical parameters were evaluated, digital rectal examination, imaging procedures, USG-FNAC, urinalysis and estimation of biomarkers were done at the time of presentation and after observatory period in all dogs. Based on treatment provided all the dogs were divided into two groups as group I (n=10) provided with medical therapy, Group II (n=14) dogs, in which castration was opted as treatment of choice were included. All the haematological parameters in most of the dogs were normal. Radiological and ultrasonographic measurements revealed that prostate gland was many times enlarged at the time of presentation in dogs of both the groups. Highly elevated BUN, creatinine and ALP along with biomarkers like canine DHT and CPSE were recorded in all the dogs of both the groups. Group I dogs were treated with finasteride @ 0.5 to 1mg/kg/day for a period of 45 days. In group II dogs under general anaesthesia, open open method of castration was done under standard operating procedures. After the follow up period of 45 days all the dogs recovered from the clinical symptoms. All the radiological, ultrasonographic measurements, haematobiochemical and urinary parameters were within the normal range. Values of Prostate specific serum biomarkers also showed significant decrease in both the groups after the follow up period. Even though medical treatment with finasteride and surgical procedure of castration were effective in reducing the symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia, castration was the most effective with no signs of recurrence.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC Vs. SURGICAL APPROACHES FOR ADDRESSING OBESITY IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) MOUNIKA, A; DEVI PRASAD, V (MAJOR); SREENU, M; KISHORE, P.V.S.The present study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the BMI and BCS were recorded for six locally available breeds and various disorders associated with overweight or obesity were noted. In the second phase, the obesity was addressed by diet restriction coupled with physical exercise (group I), medical therapy using orlistat (group II) and vertical sleeve gastrectomy under general anaesthesia (group III). Out of 2,332 dogs, 732 (31.39%) dogs were obese. Prevalence of obesity was higher in neutered, middle aged and prosperous owners. The order of breed vise susceptibility was Spitz, Labrador Retriever, Pug, Mixed breed, German Shepherd and Golden Retriever. Deposition of fat was found concentrated subcutaneously when compared to other places. Out of 732 obese dogs, 141(19.26%) orthopaedic, 171 (23.36%) cardiovascular, 175 (23.90%) respiratory, 16 (2.18%) endocrinological, 62 (8.46%) with ear, 43 (5.87%) reproductive system, 14 (1.94%) neoplastic, 17 (2.32%) spine 55 (7.52%) skin related and 38 (5.19%) miscellaneous problems. In group I, the weight loss was not satisfactory due to poor owner compliance. In group II, a weight loss of 5.88% was which was followed by reinduction of weight after withdrawal of the drug. In group III, a weight loss of 13.49% with improved BCS was observed. Except a non-significant leucocytosis in group III, no significant hematological alterations were recorded. Serum biochemical parameters like, serum creatinine, BUN, glucose, total protein cholesterol, and cortisol were found elevated in obese dogs. In group III, the glucose and cholesterol levels declined indicating the efficacy of the technique. The values of MDA, catalase and nitric oxide were higher than the reference ranges in all the three groups; while the reduced glutathione levels were lesser than the reference ranges in all the dogs. The levels of MDA, catalase and nitric oxide were found to decrease in group-II, while in group-III the decline was observed between two and six months. The GSH values in group-III were found to decline postoperatively up to two months and restored to normal levels thereafter. The reactive oxygen species were estimated to be less in group III further supporting the efficacy of the technique. Based on the results and analysis of above parameters it can be concluded that, the restricted feed intake and exercise can be suggested to those clients who have commitment for reaching the targeted weight loss. The orlistat can be recommended only as an intial adjunct either to restricted feeding and physical exercise as it cannot bring out persistent weight loss on its own. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy can be judged as the best modality in obese dogs with anticipatory results.ThesisItem Open Access CONTRAST ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF ABDOMEN IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) SAIDAIAH, M; SREENU, MAKKENA (MAJOR); DEVI PRASAD, V; KISHORE, P.V.S.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the normal and diseased organ perfusion by contrast enhanced ultrasound scanning (CEUS) in different abdominal organs of dogs. Contrast enhanced ultrasonography was conducted to compare the vascular and parenchymal perfusion using materials like SonoVue® and Definity® and compared with features plain, contrast radiography and ultrasonography . The present study was conducted on dogs with different abdominal disorders and signalment. A total of 210 cases of abdominal disorders were presented with different clinical signs and subjected to different diagnostic procedures. Among the diagnostic procedures, the radiography, ultrasonography and contrast radiography were considered as a diagnostic tools to study the abdominal disorders of different breeds and different organs. The cases with obscured lesion, even after using of all diagnostic aids, were randomly selected and subjected to contrast enhanced ultrasonography. Contrast enhanced ultrasonography of the liver, spleen, kidney and prostate gland was performed to characterize the perfusion of normal organs. To validate the quantification method, perfusion parameters (AT, TTPi, TTPa, DT and WOTi) were investigated using CEUS. The biological effects of CEUS on different organs were estimated by measuring and analyzing hematological and serum biochemical parameters to study the toxic effects of ultrasound contrast agents, if any. No changes were noted in the serum biochemistry profile after CEUS, with the exception of a small difference serum biochemistry which had no clinical importance. Finally, the role of contrast enhanced ultrasonography in disease diagnosis of different organs was investigated and confirmed by histopathological studies. In conclusion, the results suggest that CEUS can be used also in veterinary patients as an additional diagnostics aid. The perfusion patterns found in the imaged organs were typical and similar to those seen earlier. Differences in the perfusion between organs corresponded with physiology in normal and disease condition. The results indicate that CEUS can be used safely to analyse organ perfusion in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ISOFLURANE AND SEVOFLURANE IN ATROPINE AND BUPRENORPHINE PREMEDICATED AND PROPOFOL INDUCED BITCHES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-11) NANDA KISHORE, J; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V. (MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; NAGAMALLIESWARI, YThe purpose of this study was to assess the comparative clinical efficacy of isoflurane and sevoflurane inhalant anaesthesia in clinical cases of dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. In both the groups, atropine sulphate and buprenorphine were administered @ 0.04mg/Kg b.wt and 0.03mg/Kg b.wt. before 20 and 15 min. of induction respectively and anaesthesia was induced with propofol @ 4 mg/Kg b.wt. IV. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in group I and in group II with sevoflurane. During anaesthesia, both groups showed significant decrease in rectal temperature and respiratory rate. Heart rate showed no significant change in both the groups. Sevoflurane group showed lower arterial blood pressure than isoflurane group. In both the groups, prolongation of QT interval, elevation in the T wave amplitude was observed. No arrhythmias were observed in both the groups. Haemoglobin, PCV and TEC values showed no significant change and TLC values showed significant decrease in both the groups. In DLC, significant changes were observed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. Serum creatinine and BUN were significantly decreased in both the groups. The ALT and AST values were within normal physiological range. Slight acidosis i. e. decreased PH was observed in both the groups from 20 min. to 50 min. of maintenance anaesthesia. In both the groups, the PaO2 levels were increased by 4-5 times the normal value during entire period of maintenance anaesthesia. There was no significant change in PaCO2 and TCO2 values. No significant change in Na+, K+, Cl-, iCa++ and HCO3 - was observed. No nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity was observed in either of the groups in the present study. In group-I animals, the mean duration of extubation time, sitting time and complete recovery of animal were 8.73 ± 0.34, 16.13 ± 0.23 and 21.97 ± 0.43 min. respectively. In group-II animals, the mean duration of extubation time, sitting time and complete recovery of animal were 5.10 ± 0.24, 9.37 ± 0.23 and 15.47 ± 0.17 min. respectively. Regaining of the reflexes in group-II was faster than group-I. Both isoflurane and sevoflurane provided excellent anaesthesia and recovery characteristics, however, sevoflurane had faster recovery compared to isoflurane.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF EXCISION ARTHROPLASTY, DENERVATION AND TRANS-FEMOROARTICULAR WIRING FOR HIP DYSPLASIA IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-09) NAGARAJU, N; SREENU, MAKKENA(MAJOR); VASANTH, M.S.; SRINIVAS, MANDA; RAJU, N.K.B.The present study was conducted on clinical cases of dogs with hip disorders viz, dysplastic hip, subluxated and luxated hips. Incidence of hip disorders was 13.31% of orthopedic cases and higher incidence of hip disorders was found in male dogs (62.12%) than in female dogs (37.87%) and breed wise higher incidence was noticed in Labrador retriever breed (28.28%) followed by Non-descriptive dogs (17.68%) whereas, the lowest incidence was observed in Chihuahua and Saint Bernard (1.01%) breeds of dogs. Higher incidence of hip disorders was observed in dogs aged above five years (47.47%) followed by dogs of age 0-1 year and between above one year to five years.Hip extended venterodorsal views of radiographs confirmed the dysplastic, osteoarthritic, subluxated and luxated hips. Dogs with hip disorders under the study were grouped into three groupsgroup I,group II and group III. Excision arthroplasty was done in group I dogs where femoral head and neck was excised and joint capsule was sutured to prevent bone contact between femur and acetabulum. Denervation done in group II dogs wherein craniodorsal gluteal nerves on acetabular rim were destroyed using bone curette. Trans-femoroarticular wiring was done in group III dogs for subluxated and luxated hips using nylon wiring. The dogs were followed up to 60 days. Hematobiochemical changes during the study period in all the three groups were non significant. Physiological parameters were non significant in all the three groups. All the dogs in group I were evidenced by grade I lameness by end of 60 days of study period, five dogs showed grade I lameness in group II and two dogs showed grade I lameness in group III dogs. Radiological evaluation in group I revealed clear gap between acetabulum and excised femoral part. In group II dogs, apparently no change in radiographs were observed during study period. In group III, dogs four dogs showed good apposition of acetabulum and head of femur and reluxation in two dogs. Operation procedures were very simple and less time consuming in group II followed by group I and group III dogs. Functional assessment of dogs by getting the owners feed back over period of six months revealed better results in group I and group II dog than group III dog owners.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON STRING OF PEARLS PLATING AND POSITIVE PROFILE END THREADED INTRAMEDULLARY PINNING FOR LONG BONE DISTAL THIRD DIAPHYSEAL FRACTURES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-09) SWATHI, B; RAGHUNATH, M(MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; SRINIVAS, MANDAThe present study was conducted on eighteen clinical cases with long bone distal third diaphyseal fractures in dogs to study the use of two internal fixation techniques namely String of Pearls plating and Positive Profile, End Threaded, Self tapping, Intramedullary pinning including postoperative fracture healing and implant related complications pertaining to these techniques. History, signalment, clinical evaluation, haematological, biochemical and radiographic evaluation and clinical outcome were recorded in all the cases. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups. In Group I (n=8), the fractures were stabilized by String of Pearls plating and in Group II (n=10), the fractures were stabilized by Positive, Profile, End Threaded, Self-tapping, intramedullary pinning. In group I, the toe and paw touching on the ground was observed as early as 2nd to 5th postoperative day in majority of the dogs and normal limb usage by 10th postoperative day. In group II, the toe and paw touching on the ground was observed as early as 2nd to 5th postoperative day in majority of the dogs and normal limb usage by 15th postoperative day. In group I, there were no implant related complications but dogs 3, 6 and 8 showed non union of fractures where as in Group II, the only implant related complication was of dog 7, which showed proximal migration of implant observed on 90th post operative day radiograph but with satisfactory clinical outcome. In Group I, 90th post operative radiographs of dogs 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 showed completion of fracture healing with minimal callus at fracture site and with no evidence of fracture line. In Group II, the 90th postoperative day radiographs of all the dogs revealed evidence of bridging callus formation, absence of fracture line, cortical and medullary continuity of the fracture site. Based on weight bearing patterns and radiographic evaluation of fracture healing the clinical outcome was excellent in five cases, satisfactory in one case and poor in two cases of group I and in group II, the clinical outcome was excellent in seven cases, good in one case and satisfactory in two cases. String of Pearls plating has no implant related complications and PPETST intramedullary pinning had less implant related complications with no adverse effects on fracture healing.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL STUDIES ON URINARY OBSTRUCTION AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN BULL CALVES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-05) CHINTAIAH, J; RAGHUNATH, M(MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; SRINIVAS, MANDAThe present study was conducted on 24 clinical cases of male calves presented with urinary retention to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology. The overall incidence of urinary retention in young calves during the study period was 5.74% with cattle calves having higher incidence (62.5%) than buffalo calves (37.5%). Signalment and history was collected, physiological parameters and haematobiochemical parameters were evaluated, imaging procedures and urinalysis were done preoperatively in all the calves. Based on the clinical manifestation, the calves were divided into three groups as group I (n=6) calves with intact bladder were included, Group II (n=12) calves with ruptured bladder were included and group III (n=6) calves with urethral rupture were included. Preoperatively, neutrophilic leucocytosis, highly elevated BUN and creatinine and hyperphosphatemia along with high alkalinity of urine was observed in all the cases All calves were operated under light sedation of Midazolam and Ketamine in addition to local infilteration anaesthesia. Tube cystotomy was done in calves of all the three groups along with cystorrhaphy in calves of group II. Calves of group I and II showed normal urination through urethra by 4 – 45th post operative day with normal physiological and hematobiochemical values and urinary pH within the normal range. Calves of Group III showed extensive discolouration, necrosis and gangrene at the site of urine infiltration and majority were culled by the owners. Tube cystotomy along with urinary acidifier in the form of Ammonium chloride proved to be an effective surgical procedure which is less time consuming, cost effective, adaptable to field conditions with few postoperative complications. Factors like high BUN and creatinine values, high alkalinity of urine and urethral rupture are considered as poor prognostic factors in urinary retention cases.ThesisItem Open Access INCIDENCE OF HOOF DISORDERS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN BUFFALOES (Bubalus bubalis)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-04) GIRISH, M; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V.(MAJOR); DEVI PRASAD, V; SADASIVA RAO, KThe present work entitled “Incidence of hoof disorders and their management in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)” was undertaken on clinical cases presented to the Large Animal Ward, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, N.T.R College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram and Veterinary Dispensaries, organised and back yard dairy farms in different villages of Krishna and West Godavari districts of costal Andhra Pradesh. In the present study, 3574 buffaloes were screened of which 128 animals (3.58%) were found to have hoof disorders. Out of 2347 animals from organised dairy farms 89 animals (3.79%) had hoof affections whereas out of 1227 buffaloes from back yard dairy farms 39 buffaloes (3.17%) had hoof disorders. Out of the 128 animals canvassed, 125 animals were females (97.66%) and 17 were males (2.34%). In the present study, highest incidence was observed in animals aged more than 6 years both in organised (37/864, 4.28%) and back yard (17/441, 3.85%) dairy farms. Highest incidence was observed in animals higher than third lactation In both types of farming systems, animals reared on pakka floor had more incidence of hoof problems (73.03% and 58.97% respectively). Among the 128 buffaloes with hoof affections, hind limbs were affected more (71.09%) than fore limbs (28.91%). In the rear feet, lateral claw was affected more (63.74%) whereas medial claw was involved more in forefeet (62.16%). Among the 128 lame buffaloes, 43 had a BCS of <3.5 (33.59%), 13 had a BCS of 3.5 to 3.99 (10.16%) and 72 had a BCS of > 4.0 (56.25%). Animals with foreign body in hoof had showed highest average lameness score of 4.33. In organised dairy farms, over grown hoof (36/89; 40.45%), white line disease (17/89; 19.10%) and laminitis (9/89; 10.11%) were common whereas scissor claw (8/39; 17.95%), over grown hoof (7/39; 17.95%) and heel horn erosion (5/39; 12.82%) were frequent in back yard dairy farms. Decreased serum zinc and copper levels were observed in lame buffaloes. Corrective hoof trimming was performed to correct growth abnormalities and to bring back normal weight bearing on hoof. Magnesium was deficit in hoof shavings. To conclude, incidence of hoof affections was less in buffaloes compared to cattle and appropriate feeding and managemental practices helped in improving the claw health and reducing the incidence of claw diseases in buffaloes and thus prevent huge economic loss to dairy farmers caused by decreased milk yield, treatment cost and culling of lame animals.ThesisItem Open Access PLATE OSTEOSYNTHESIS OF LONG BONE FRACTURES USING VETERINARY CUTTABLE PLATES IN YOUNG DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-01) SAI BHAVANI, D; HARI KRISHNA, N.V.V.(MAJOR); SREENU, MAKKENA; VENKATA NAIDU, GThe present study was conducted on clinical cases with radius and tibia fractures in young dogs presented to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram. In the present study, among long bones highest incidence was observed in femur (40.24%) followed by radius and ulna (26.83%), tibia and fibula (25.61%) and humerus (7.32%). Medio-lateral and cranio-caudal radiographs of the fractured bone were taken for confirmatory diagnosis and implant selection. Craniolateral and medial approach were used to expose the fracture fragments of radius and tibia respectively for fracture reduction under ketamine-midazolam induction and isoflurane anaesthesia. The implants were selected according to body weight and bone size. Post-operatively, the dogs were evaluated by clinical, radiographical, lameness grading and serum biochemistry on immediate, 15th, 30th and 60th post-operative days. Primary healing was observed in three cases and secondary healing was observed in three cases. Fracture healing was observed by 30th post-operative day in most of the cases. The dogs regained full limb functionality by 15-30 days postsurgery. All the animals regained normal return to weight bearing early (within one month) with excellent to good limb usage. Elevation in serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels was observed upto 15th post-operative day reaching a peak with gradual decline thereafter, whereas no significant variations in serum phosphorous levels were observed. Plate removal was done in all cases on 5-8 weeks post-surgery. No major postoperative complications were observed. To conclude, the VCP used was inexpensive and the EPO technique using VCP was useful for long bone fractures of young dogs making it suitable for use in Veterinary practice and the technique resulted in early weight bearing and good functional limb out come without any complications.