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Open Access
PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HERBAL METHIONINE IN METHIONINE DEFICIENCY AND IRON INDUCED STRESS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-12) SAI GOPAL, T; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; ANAND KUMAR, A
ABSTRACT: A total of 120 sexed male broiler chicks of Vencobb strain of day-old age were randomly divided into 8 groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on methionine deficient diet and groups 3, 5 and 7 were supplemented with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2, and synthetic methionine, respectively. Group 2 was maintained as iron added methionine deficient diet and groups 4, 6 and 8 were supplemented with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2, and synthetic methionine, respectively. All the groups were maintained on iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diet for a period of 6 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, protein profile and lipid profile were carried out at 2"d, 4'h and 6th week. At 5m week phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index and at the end of 6th week histopathological studies were carried out. The methionine deficient and iron added methionine deficient diet groups had a significant (Pe0.05) reduction in body weight, GSH, activity of SOD and catalase, and PHA index, while FCR, and the concentration of TBARS, protein carbonyls and serum creatinine, and the activity of AST were significantly (Pc0.05) increased. Supplementation with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2 respectively in groups 3 and 5 resulted in a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of methionine deficient diet. Supplementation of herbal methionine at level 2 revealed the performance comparable with synthetic methionine supplementation. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, kidney, spleen and bursa in all groups, while the groups, 5 and 7 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups 3, 5 and 7 revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that deficiency of methionine alone, and iron also induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbal methionine in test offered better performance. The beneficial effects of herbal methionine may be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-stress, hepato-protective principles and biological utilization was as good as synthetic methionine.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF POLYHERBAL COMPOUNDS AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL OCHRATOXICOSIS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006) SRIKANTH, M.K; SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K(MAJOR)
ABSTRACT: The antioxidant potential of certain polyherbal compounds namely, nephtone and immuplus were assessed for prophylactic and therapeutic management of an experimental model of oxidative stress induced by ochratoxin, at a toxic level of 2.5 ppm in feed. A total of one hundred and fifty sexed male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of day old age were procured for the study. The chicks were randomly divided into ten groups, consisting of fifteen in each group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were maintained as basal diet control, nephtone control and immuplus control, respectively. Group 4 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed throughout 6 wks as toxic control without any treatment. Group 5 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed for the first 4 wks (28 days) of study and thereafter, maintained on basal diet for the next 2 wks (29 -42 days). Group 6 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed along with nephtone (@ 0.8 ml / 10 birds during first 2 wks; 1.6 ml / 10 birds during third and fourth week; 3.2 ml / 10 birds during the last 2 wks) in water, while group 7 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed along with immuplus (@ 50 mg / 10 birds for the first 4 wks and subsequently 100 mg / 10 birds during the last 2 wks). Groups 8, 9 and 10 were fed with ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed for the first 4 wks (28 days) of study and thereafter, group 8 was given nephtone, group 9 was kept on immuplus and group 10 on a combination of nephtone + immuplus till the termination of the experiment . Performance parameters were evaluated at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile (GSH-Px, GSH-R, catalase, GSH, and TBARS), biomarkers of hepatic damage (ALT), lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol), protein profile (total protein, albumin, globulins and A/G ratio) and immune status (HI titre) were estimated. The activity of TBARS and HI titre were estimated once, at the end of the 6th wk, while the remaining sero-biochemical parameters were evaluated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies on liver, kidney, bursa, thymus and spleen were conducted at the end of the 6th wk. Antioxidant enzyme levels and biochemical parameters were significantly altered and the histopathological studies revealed extensive degeneration, desquamation of tubular epithelium and disrupted tubular architecture with intertubular haemorrhages in the kidney sections of ochratoxin control. Degenerative changes of hepatocytes and marked central vein congestion was also noticed in the liver in the ochratoxin toxic control. These parameters were normal in the controls (groups 1, 2 and 3) and other groups that were given nephtone and immuplus either prophylactically (groups 6 and 7) or therapeutically (groups 8, 9 and 10). Thus, it is concluded that nephtone and immuplus were effective as antioxidants in preventing and countering oxidative stress by facilitating restoration of antioxidant defense mechanism. Hence, their supplementation would reduce the incidence of economic losses due to mycotoxin-induced stress.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CASSIA AURICULATA LINN SEED EXTRACT IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-02) VENKATA RAO, K.V.; ADILAXMAMMA, K(MAJOR); VENKATESWARLU, U; ESWARA PRASAD, P
Open Access
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES ON UNPROCESSED AND PROCESSED PONGAMIA PINNATA SEED CAKE IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-02) SIRISHA, K; KALA KUMAR, B.D.P(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; MADHAVA RAO, T; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT : The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxic and protective effects of unprocessed and processed Pongamia pinnata seed cake in rats, which were divided into 3 groups as follows: Group 1: sham control, group 2: unprocessed Pongamia pinnata seed cake included at the level of 9% in the feed (toxic control) and group 3: processed (solvent extracted-isopropyl alcohol) Pongamia pinnata seed cake (detoxified cake) included at the level of 9% in the feed. Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals and on 28th day, organs were collected for estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH in kidney, liver and testes homogenates and estimation of epididymal sperm count from testes collected. Sero-biochemical parameters like ALT, total proteins & globulins, total cholesterol, HDL & LDL cholesterol, creatinine and LDH were estimated at fortnight intervals. Haemotological parameters (RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV) were also estimated at fortnight intervals. Serum troponins, PHA assay and testicular LDH were estimated at the end of the experiment. Histopathology of heart, liver, kidney, spleen and testis was also studied at the end. Mean body weight gain, GSH, total proteins and globulins, PHA assay and sperm count were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in toxic control group (group 2), while TBARS, protein carbonyls, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH, serum ALT, creatinine, total cholesterol and serum troponins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2. There was no significant difference in TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, mean body weight gain (in the 1st week) in group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Group 2 showed interfibrillar haemorrhages, congestion and edema with disruption of cardiac myofibres in heart, marked degenerative changes in tubular epithelial cells and marked dilatation of tubules in kidney, marked central vein congestion and marked bile duct hyperplasia in liver, congestion and thickening of trabecular arteries in spleen and finally marked congestion and edema with disrupted cell wall in seminiferous tubules of testes. Group 3 showed mild lesions in heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testis. From this study, it is concluded that unprocessed Pongamia pinnata seed cake induces toxicity to heart, kidney, liver, spleen and testes, and group 3 showed restoration in all the parameters studied, suggesting reduced toxic potential of processed seed cake.
Open Access
A STUDY ON THE TERATOGENIC EFFECTS AND ORGAN TOXICITY OF NIMESULIDE AT DIFFERENT DOSE LEVELS IN PREGNANT AND PROGENY RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-10) SWAPNIL VIJAYKUMAR JINTPURE; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT: The present study was aimed to evaluate the teratogenic effects and organ toxicity in the dams and their progeny treated with nimesulide in gestation period at different dose levels. Seventy two female albino rats of Sprague dawley strain were divided into 3 groups and treated as follows. Group 1 served as control, group 2 received nimesulide @ 20 mg/kg body weight and group 3 received nimesulide @ 60 mg/kg body weight via intramuscular route from day 7th to 17th day of gestation. In each group, half of the pregnant rats were subjected to caessarian section on 19th day of gestation (caessarian group namely “A”) and the remaining half of the pregnant rats were allowed for normal parturition (normal parturition group namely “B”). Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals in dams of caessarian, normal parturition group and in progeny of normal parturition group up to weaning day. On 19th day, half of pregnant dams in each groups were subjected to caessarian for uterine weights with progeny, resorption sites, inborn progeny body weight, litter size, live and dead numbers, male: female progeny numbers, skeletal staining of progeny with Alizarin-Red S, Alcian blue-Alizarin Red S stains and soft tissue developmental anomalies. The remaining half, allowed for normal parturition and recorded inborn progeny body weights, litter size, live-dead numbers, male: female progeny numbers and other abnormalities, if any. Serum biochemical profiles (Albumin, ALP, ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, GGT and total protein) were recorded on 19th day of gestation in dams of caessarian group and the same serum biochemical profiles and haematology (RBC, WBC and haemoglobin) was recorded on post natal day 21 in progeny of normal parturition group. TBARS and GSH were estimated on 19th day in liver and kidney homogenates. Histopathology of kidney, liver, stomach and ovary were studied in dams of caessarian group on 19th day and liver, kidney and heart in progeny of normal parturition group on weaning day. The study showed no evidence of teratogenicity by skeletal staining, uterine weights with progeny, resorption sites, litter size, inborn progeny body weights, male: female progeny numbers, live and dead numbers, and weekly body weights in progeny upto weaning. There was a significant difference in serum biochemical profiles of dams and was more evident in nimesulide treated at 60 mg/kg body weight. Further, there was no significant difference in the haematological parameters and serum biochemical profiles of progeny except an increase in BUN and creatinine, which was more evident in group 3 as compared to groups 2 and 1. Treatment with nimesulide at higher dose induced oxidative stress and tissue damage of liver and kidney as evident from increased levels of MDA and decreased levels of GSH, histopathology of liver, kidney and stomach of dams and kidney of progeny of normal parturition group. It is concluded that nimesulide at 60 mg/kg body weight in pregnant dams showed more significant damage to liver and kidney as from light microscopic findings of liver, kidney, stomach and ovary as compared to the dose of 20 mg/kg body weight and control.
Open Access
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF VITAMIN E IN DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED TOXICITY IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-08) SHIVAKUMAR, P; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT: The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of vitamin E in doxorubicin-induced toxicity in rats, which were divided into 4 groups and treated as follows: Group 1: sham control, 2: doxorubicin control, 3: doxorubicin + vit-E @150 mg/kg b. wt and 4: doxorubicin + vit-E @ 500 mg/kg b. wt Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals and organ weights were recorded at the time of sacrifice. On 28th day, organs were collected for estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH in tissue homogenates. Activity of Na+-K+ ATPase , Mg2+ATPase and CYP450 of liver, intra-testicular LDH, serum troponins, creatinine, LDH and AST were also estimated, besides haematology at the end of experiment on 28th day. Histopathology of heart, liver, kidney and testes was also studied at the end. Body weight gain, relative organ weight, RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV, GSH, CYP450, Na+/K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in doxorubicin group, while TBARS, protein carbonyls, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH, serum AST, creatinine and serum troponins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Group 2 (doxorubicin) showed marked congestion and degenerative changes in heart, kidney, liver and testis. Vitamin E-treated groups (3 and 4) showed improvement in all the parameters studied, though it was marked with vitamin E @ 500 mg/Kg. From this study, it is concluded that doxorubicin induces toxicity to heart, kidney, liver and testes, and these effects can be reverted by vitamin –E administration in a dose-dependent manner.
Open Access
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF N-ACETYL CYSTEINE AGAINST ARSENIC-INDUCED TOXICITY IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-06) HEMALATHA, P; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; ANAND KUMAR, A; RAMANA REDDY, Y
ABSTRACT: N-acetyl cysteine was evaluated against arsenic-induced toxicity in rats. The Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups and treated as follows: Group 1: sham control, 2: arsenic control, 3: N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC) pre-treatment for two weeks followed by arsenic + NAC and 4: arsenic + NAC. Average body weights were recorded at weekly intervals and testes weights were recorded at the time of sacrifice. On 29th day, organs were collected for estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH in tissue homogenates. Activity of Na+-K+ ATPase , Mg2+ATPase and CYP450 of liver, intra-testicular LDH, serum creatinine, and serum LDH were also estimated. Histopathology of heart, liver, kidney, testis, lung, intestine and stomach was also studied at the end. Body weight gain, relative testis weight, GSH, CYP450, Na+/K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased, while TBARS, protein carbonyls, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH and serum creatinine were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2 as compared to other groups. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Group 2 (arsenic control) showed marked degenerative changes in heart, kidney, liver, testis, lung, intestine and stomach. NAC-treated groups (3 and 4) showed improvement in all the parameters studied, though it was marked with NAC pre-treatment. From this study, it is concluded that arsenic induces toxicity to heart, kidney, liver, testis, lung, intestine and stomach, and these effects can be reverted by NAC administration.
Open Access
PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HERBAL NEONATAL CHICK CARE IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-11) CHANDRAVATHY, JADA; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; ANAND KUMAR, A
ABSTRACT : A total of 130 sexed male broiler chicks, immediately after hatch, belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into six groups consisting of twenty five chicks each in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, and fifteen each in groups 5 and 6. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet, group 2 on herbal neonatal chick care @ 6g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with basal diet up to 42nd day (6 wks). Group 3 was kept on herbal neonatal chick care @ 8g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with basal diet up to 42nd day (6 wks). Group 4 was given FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed for 42 days (6 wks). Group 5 was given herbal neonatal chick care @ 6g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with the FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed up to 42nd day (6 wks). Group 6 was given herbal neonatal chick care @ 8g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with the FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed up to 42nd day (6 wks). The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile, protein profile and HI titre in serum were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathology and estimation of TBARS, GSH, protein carbonyls, HI and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index were done at the end of 6th wk. The ferrous sulphate treatment in group 4 resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights, protein profile, GSH (6th week), HDL cholesterol, HI titre and PHA index (6th week), while FCR, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, TBARS (6th week), ALT, CPK and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) increased at the end of 4th week and a similar trend was continued at the end of 6th week. Treatment with herbal neonatal chick care in groups 2, 3, 5 and 6 resulted in a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of ferrous sulphate toxic control group 4 at the end of 6th week. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, kidney and other tissues in ferrous sulphate toxic control group 4. Groups 1, 2 and 3 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that ferrous sulphate induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbal neonatal chick care offered protection and proved beneficial in resisting the adverse effects of stressor
Open Access
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE PROGENY OF DAMS TREATED WITH METHIMAZOLE, MONOCROTOPHOS AND LEAD ACETATE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-12) VANITHA SREE, K; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT : The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxicological effects in the progeny of dams treated with methimazole, monocrotophos and lead acetate. Albino rats of Wistar Kyoto strain were divided into 5 groups and treated as follows: Group 1 served as sham control, 2 received methimazole, 3 received monocrotophos, 4 received lead acetate and 5 received combination of monocrotophos and lead acetate. Thyroid hormone profile was recorded on 14th day of gestation in dams. Average body weights were recorded at monthly intervals in pups born to test dams. On 21st day and 90th day, TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH of liver and heart, histopathology of liver, heart and kidney were studied. Activity of Na+ K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase of liver and heart, and histopathology of brain and testis were studied on 90th day. T3, T4, RBC, Hb, HDL cholesterol, serum calcium, GSH, Na+ K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in all the test groups, while TSH, TBARS, protein carbonyls, blood glucose, triglycerides, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH, total WBC count and serum troponins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Groups 5 (MCP + lead acetate) and 2 (methimazole) showed marked congestion and degenerative changes in heart, kidney, brain and testis, while thyroid gland showed moderate disruption of follicular epithelium. Groups 3 and 4 revealed mild abnormalities on histopathology. From this study, it is concluded that both monocrotophos and lead acetate might have a possible influence on thyroid gland of dams as the thyroid hormone levels, which play an important role in early peri-natal life in the proper development of foetus, were significantly altered and were comparable among the treatments in dams and the histological sections of thyroid obtained from progeny of MCP + lead acetate treated rats showed lesions comparable to those seen with methimazole.

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