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Open Access
PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HERBAL METHIONINE IN METHIONINE DEFICIENCY AND IRON INDUCED STRESS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-12) SAI GOPAL, T; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; ANAND KUMAR, A
ABSTRACT: A total of 120 sexed male broiler chicks of Vencobb strain of day-old age were randomly divided into 8 groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on methionine deficient diet and groups 3, 5 and 7 were supplemented with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2, and synthetic methionine, respectively. Group 2 was maintained as iron added methionine deficient diet and groups 4, 6 and 8 were supplemented with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2, and synthetic methionine, respectively. All the groups were maintained on iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diet for a period of 6 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, protein profile and lipid profile were carried out at 2"d, 4'h and 6th week. At 5m week phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index and at the end of 6th week histopathological studies were carried out. The methionine deficient and iron added methionine deficient diet groups had a significant (Pe0.05) reduction in body weight, GSH, activity of SOD and catalase, and PHA index, while FCR, and the concentration of TBARS, protein carbonyls and serum creatinine, and the activity of AST were significantly (Pc0.05) increased. Supplementation with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2 respectively in groups 3 and 5 resulted in a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of methionine deficient diet. Supplementation of herbal methionine at level 2 revealed the performance comparable with synthetic methionine supplementation. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, kidney, spleen and bursa in all groups, while the groups, 5 and 7 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups 3, 5 and 7 revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that deficiency of methionine alone, and iron also induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbal methionine in test offered better performance. The beneficial effects of herbal methionine may be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-stress, hepato-protective principles and biological utilization was as good as synthetic methionine.
Open Access
PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HERBAL NEONATAL CHICK CARE IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-11) CHANDRAVATHY, JADA; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; ANAND KUMAR, A
ABSTRACT : A total of 130 sexed male broiler chicks, immediately after hatch, belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into six groups consisting of twenty five chicks each in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, and fifteen each in groups 5 and 6. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet, group 2 on herbal neonatal chick care @ 6g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with basal diet up to 42nd day (6 wks). Group 3 was kept on herbal neonatal chick care @ 8g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with basal diet up to 42nd day (6 wks). Group 4 was given FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed for 42 days (6 wks). Group 5 was given herbal neonatal chick care @ 6g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with the FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed up to 42nd day (6 wks). Group 6 was given herbal neonatal chick care @ 8g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with the FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed up to 42nd day (6 wks). The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile, protein profile and HI titre in serum were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathology and estimation of TBARS, GSH, protein carbonyls, HI and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index were done at the end of 6th wk. The ferrous sulphate treatment in group 4 resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights, protein profile, GSH (6th week), HDL cholesterol, HI titre and PHA index (6th week), while FCR, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, TBARS (6th week), ALT, CPK and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) increased at the end of 4th week and a similar trend was continued at the end of 6th week. Treatment with herbal neonatal chick care in groups 2, 3, 5 and 6 resulted in a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of ferrous sulphate toxic control group 4 at the end of 6th week. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, kidney and other tissues in ferrous sulphate toxic control group 4. Groups 1, 2 and 3 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that ferrous sulphate induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbal neonatal chick care offered protection and proved beneficial in resisting the adverse effects of stressor
Open Access
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE PROGENY OF DAMS TREATED WITH METHIMAZOLE, MONOCROTOPHOS AND LEAD ACETATE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-12) VANITHA SREE, K; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT : The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxicological effects in the progeny of dams treated with methimazole, monocrotophos and lead acetate. Albino rats of Wistar Kyoto strain were divided into 5 groups and treated as follows: Group 1 served as sham control, 2 received methimazole, 3 received monocrotophos, 4 received lead acetate and 5 received combination of monocrotophos and lead acetate. Thyroid hormone profile was recorded on 14th day of gestation in dams. Average body weights were recorded at monthly intervals in pups born to test dams. On 21st day and 90th day, TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH of liver and heart, histopathology of liver, heart and kidney were studied. Activity of Na+ K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase of liver and heart, and histopathology of brain and testis were studied on 90th day. T3, T4, RBC, Hb, HDL cholesterol, serum calcium, GSH, Na+ K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in all the test groups, while TSH, TBARS, protein carbonyls, blood glucose, triglycerides, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH, total WBC count and serum troponins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Groups 5 (MCP + lead acetate) and 2 (methimazole) showed marked congestion and degenerative changes in heart, kidney, brain and testis, while thyroid gland showed moderate disruption of follicular epithelium. Groups 3 and 4 revealed mild abnormalities on histopathology. From this study, it is concluded that both monocrotophos and lead acetate might have a possible influence on thyroid gland of dams as the thyroid hormone levels, which play an important role in early peri-natal life in the proper development of foetus, were significantly altered and were comparable among the treatments in dams and the histological sections of thyroid obtained from progeny of MCP + lead acetate treated rats showed lesions comparable to those seen with methimazole.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF N-ACETYL CYSTEINE AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL TOXICITY DUE TO CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-12) JYOTHI, KAJA; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; RAMANA REDDY, Y
ABSTRACT: The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced toxicity. Female albino rats of Wistar Kyoto strain were divided into four groups and treated as follows: Group 1 served as basal diet control, groups 2, 3 and 4 received CYP on 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day. Group 2 served as toxic control. Group 3 was treated with NAC from 1st to14th day while group 4 received NAC from 7th to 14th day. SOD and catalase, biomarkers of cardiac and renal damage were recorded at the end of 1st and 2nd wk. At the end of 2nd wk estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls, GSH of heart and kidney, Na+ K+ ATPase of heart, and histopathology of heart and kidney were done. The levels of CPK, LDH, troponins, BUN, serum creatinine, TBARS and protein carbonyls were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, while the activity of catalase, SOD and Na+-K+ ATPase, and concentration of GSH were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in CYP toxic group. NAC treatment for 14 days produced improvement on heart, while 7 days treatment has no recognizable effect. NAC could not produce any protective effect on kidney damage induced by CYP. Histological abnormalities were observed in CYP control group at the end of 1st and 2nd wk. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities in histopathology. Heart tissue of NAC treated rats showed lesions of mild intensity, while kidney lesions were unaffected. From this study, it is concluded that N-acetyl cysteine is protective against CYP-induced toxic effects in heart but not in kidney.
Open Access
STUDY ON EVALUATION OF SILYMARIN AND TERMINALIA CHEBULA AGAINST ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATO AND NEPHRO TOXICITY IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-12) GOPI, K.S.; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; RAJASEKHAR REDDY, A
ABSTRACT : The therapeutic efficacy and antioxidant potential of silymarin and Terminalia chebula (dried fruit aqueous extract) were studied against acetaminophen (APAP) @500mg/kg BW-induced oxidative stress, hepato and nephrotoxicity. A total of twenty four male Wistar kyoto rats of 3 month old age were procured for the study. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of six in each group. Acetaminophen @500mg/kg BW was administered orally to all the groups from day 1 to 3. Group1 was subsequently administered with distilled water (p/o) from day 4 to 14 and was considered as toxic control. Groups 2 and 3 were administered (p/o) with silymarin @25mg/kg BW and Terminalia chebula @125mg/kg BW, respectively from day 4 to 14. Group 4 was orally administered with silymarin @25mg/kg BW + T.chebula @125mg/kg BW from day 4 to 14. Biomarkers of hepatotoxicity (AST and ALT), nephrotoxicity (BUN and serum creatinine) and lipid profile (total cholesterol and triglycerides) were estimated on day 0, 4 (confirmation of toxicity) and 14 (at the end of treatment). Antioxidant profiles (TBARS, GSH, protein carbonyl, SOD and catalase), and enzymes like ATPases and cytochrome P450 were assessed at the end of experiment. Histopathological studies on liver and kidney were conducted at the end of the experiment. Antioxidant profile, ATPases and serobiochemical parameters were significantly altered and histopathological studies revealed degenerative changes, sinusoidal congestion and infiltration in liver and affected glomeruli and tubular degeneration were noticed in kidney of toxic control group. These changes were reversed in groups administered with silymarin, T.chebula and their combination. In conclusion, the results of the present investigation enunciated that Terminalia chebula has potent hepato and nephroprotective activity and in scavenging free radicals during acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress, replenishment of membrane bound enzymes (ATPases) and restoration oxidant and antioxidant balance. However, silymarin possessed superior antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect over Teminalia chebula also in increasing the cytochrome-P450 activity and restoring glutathione concentration. T.chebula has synergistic effect with silymarin, which was evident from tissue antioxidant profile in liver and kidney.
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE TOXICITY OF BT COTTON PLANTS INCORPORATED IN THE FEED OF SHEEP
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) ANIL KUMAR, B; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT: A total 32 Sheep of one-year age belonging to Deccani breed were randomly divided into four groups consisting of eight sheep in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet and 2 on non-Bt and Green fodder @ 1.5Kg each/Sheep, 3 on 50% Bt cotton+50% green fodder and 4 was maintained on Bt cotton plant material ad libitum and concentrate feed @300g/sheep/ day. All the groups of sheep were maintained for 90 days The introduction by recombinant DNA technology of new gene into cotton crop by animals has raised important questions about the safety of novel feeds. Studies have been therefore conducted to assess the safety of novel protein in the feed of sheep The performance parameters were recorded at monthly intervals, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile, protein profile, levels of Cry1Ac toxins in serum and haematolgical profile were also assessed. Screening for pesticide residues, concentration of gossypol and levels of heavy metals in cotton plants were estimated at the middle age of crop. Histopathological studies and estimation of TBARS, GSH, SOD and Catalase were done at the end of 90 days (3 months). Following 90 days of feeding, no adverse effects or mortality were observed during the conduct of experimental observation.There was no significant change in the growth parameters, serobiochemical profile, anti-oxidant defense profile and haematological parameters in Bt cotton plant material fed groups as compared to basal diet control and non-bt cotton fed group. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that feeding of sheep with Bt cotton plant material at different growth stages of plant did not produce any untoward effects on health.
Open Access
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL STRESS AND ITS AMELIORATING EFFECT BY CERTAIN HERBS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-07) RAJASEKHAR RAO, Ch; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; AMEER HAMZA, A
ABSTRACT : A total of 225 sexed male broiler chicks of day old age belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into fifteen groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet and group 2 on physical stress through over crowding, handling, abnormal climatic conditions etc. Groups 3 to 11 were given induced physical stress for the first 4 wks (28 days) and subsequently treated respectively with Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Asparagus racemosus, Andrographis paniculata, Murraya koenigii, Shilajit, Gymnema sylvestre, Allium sativum and Spirulina each at 0.1% level in feed till the end of 6th wk, while groups 12 to 15 were given the combination of W.somnifera + A.racemosus + A.paniculata, W.somnifera + M.koenigii + A.sativum, Spirulina + Shilajit + G.sylvestre and A.paniculata + O.sanctum + A.racemosus, respectively. In combinations, each herb was added at 0.05% level in feed for the remaining 2 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile and protein profile in serum, and PHA index were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies and estimation of TBARS, GSH and HI titre was done at the end of 6th wk. Physical stress resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights, weekly weight gain, albumin, HDL cholesterol, HI titre (6th week), PHA index and GSH (6th week), while total protein, globulin, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, TBARS (6th week), SOD, catalase, ALT, BUN and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) increased at the end of 4th week in groups 2 to 15 and all these parameters exhibited similar trend at the end of 6th week in physical stress control group 2 that was maintained with out any treatment. Following the administration of herbs in test groups 3 to 15, there was a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of physical stress control group 2 at the end of 6th week. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver and other tissues in physical stress control group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that physical stress induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbs/herbal combinations in test offered better amelioration. The combination of W. somnifera + A. racemosus +A. paniculata was found superior as compared to the remaining herbs/combinations.
Open Access
DERMAL TOXICITY EVALUATION OF Jatropha curcas IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) VANITHA, KAMMILI; VENKATESWARLU, U(MAJOR); RAVI KUMAR, P; SRILATHA, Ch
ABSTRACT: Jutropha curcas is a multipurpose tree of significant economic importance because of its several potential industrial and medicinal uses. The seed oil of J. curcas can be used as a diesel substitute. All parts of J. curcas are widely used in traditional medicine. However, seeds were reported to be toxic when given orally or applied externally. Most of its preparations have to be applied topically on the skin to achieve therapeutic benefits. Hence the present study was carried out with the aim of evaluating dermal toxicity and systemic toxicity of J, curcas leaves following topical application in rats. Aqueous leaf extract of J curcas was applied topically over the shaved area on the back @ 200, 400 and 800 mgkg b.W. for a period of 18 days to three groups of rats each consisting of 12 rats of either sex in equal proportion. Control group rats were applied with distilled water. Local toxicity of J. curcas leaves was assessed through gross and histopathological changes in the skin. Systemic toxicity resulting from dermal absorption of the extract was evaluated by monitoring the serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP, .BUN, creatinine, glucose, total protein and albumin and haematological parameters like PCV, Hb, TEC and TLC on day 14 and day 28. All the animals were observed daily to detect signs of toxicity if any. Histopathological examination of vital organs was carried out at the end of 28 days study period. Results indicated that leaf extract exhibited local toxicity as well as systemic toxicity in liver, kidney, heart and brain. However, at the tested doses, the extract produced only mild toxicity without much sex difference in systemic toxicity. Local toxicity on the skin was slightly more severe in female rats.
Open Access
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF TOXICITY DUE TO IRON-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ITS COUNTERACTION BY CERTAIN HERBAL ANTIOXIDANTS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-09) RAMAKRISHNAN, V; SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; NARASIMHA REDDY, Y
ABSTRACT: A total of 225 sexed male broiler chicks of day old age belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into fifteen groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet and group 2 on FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed for 42 days (6 wks). Groups 3 to 11 were given FeSO4 containing diet for the first 4 wks (28 days) and subsequently treated respectively with Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Asparagus racemosus, Andrographis paniculata, Murraya kienigii, shilajit, Gymnema sylvestra, Allium sativum and Spirulina each at 0.1% level in feed till the end of 6th wk, while groups 12 to 15 were given the combination of W.somnifera + A.racemosus + A.panicualta, W.somnifera + M.koenigii + A.sativum, Spirulina + Shilajit + G.sylvestre and A.paniculata + O.sanctum + A.racemosus, respectively. In combinations, each herb was added at 0.05% level in feed for the remaining 2 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile and protein profile in serum, and PHA index were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies and estimation of TBARS, GSH and HI titre was done at the end of 6th wk. Iron treatment resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights, weekly weight gain, albumin, HDL cholesterol, HI titre (6th week), PHA index and GSH (6th week), while total protein, globulin, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, TBARS (6th week), SOD, catalase, ALT, BUN and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) increased at the end of 4th week in groups 2 to 15 and all these parameters exhibited similar trend at the end of 6th week in iron toxic control group 2 that was maintained with out any treatment. Following the administration of herbs in test in groups 3 to 15, there was a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of iron toxic control group 2 at the end of 6th week. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver and other tissues in iron toxic control group 2. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that iron induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbs/herbal combinations in test offered better amelioration. The combination of W. somnifera + A. racemosus +A. paniculata was found superior as compared to the remaining herbs/combinations in test.

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