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Open Access
PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HERBAL METHIONINE IN METHIONINE DEFICIENCY AND IRON INDUCED STRESS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-12) SAI GOPAL, T; USHA RANI, M(MAJOR); GOPALA REDDY, A; ANAND KUMAR, A
ABSTRACT: A total of 120 sexed male broiler chicks of Vencobb strain of day-old age were randomly divided into 8 groups consisting of fifteen chicks in each group. Group 1 was maintained on methionine deficient diet and groups 3, 5 and 7 were supplemented with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2, and synthetic methionine, respectively. Group 2 was maintained as iron added methionine deficient diet and groups 4, 6 and 8 were supplemented with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2, and synthetic methionine, respectively. All the groups were maintained on iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diet for a period of 6 weeks. The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, protein profile and lipid profile were carried out at 2"d, 4'h and 6th week. At 5m week phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index and at the end of 6th week histopathological studies were carried out. The methionine deficient and iron added methionine deficient diet groups had a significant (Pe0.05) reduction in body weight, GSH, activity of SOD and catalase, and PHA index, while FCR, and the concentration of TBARS, protein carbonyls and serum creatinine, and the activity of AST were significantly (Pc0.05) increased. Supplementation with herbal methionine at level 1 and 2 respectively in groups 3 and 5 resulted in a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of methionine deficient diet. Supplementation of herbal methionine at level 2 revealed the performance comparable with synthetic methionine supplementation. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, kidney, spleen and bursa in all groups, while the groups, 5 and 7 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups 3, 5 and 7 revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that deficiency of methionine alone, and iron also induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbal methionine in test offered better performance. The beneficial effects of herbal methionine may be attributed to its antioxidant, anti-stress, hepato-protective principles and biological utilization was as good as synthetic methionine.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF POLYHERBAL COMPOUNDS AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL OCHRATOXICOSIS IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006) SRIKANTH, M.K; SOMASEKHAR REDDY, K(MAJOR)
ABSTRACT: The antioxidant potential of certain polyherbal compounds namely, nephtone and immuplus were assessed for prophylactic and therapeutic management of an experimental model of oxidative stress induced by ochratoxin, at a toxic level of 2.5 ppm in feed. A total of one hundred and fifty sexed male broiler chicks (Cobb strain) of day old age were procured for the study. The chicks were randomly divided into ten groups, consisting of fifteen in each group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 were maintained as basal diet control, nephtone control and immuplus control, respectively. Group 4 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed throughout 6 wks as toxic control without any treatment. Group 5 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed for the first 4 wks (28 days) of study and thereafter, maintained on basal diet for the next 2 wks (29 -42 days). Group 6 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed along with nephtone (@ 0.8 ml / 10 birds during first 2 wks; 1.6 ml / 10 birds during third and fourth week; 3.2 ml / 10 birds during the last 2 wks) in water, while group 7 was maintained on ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed along with immuplus (@ 50 mg / 10 birds for the first 4 wks and subsequently 100 mg / 10 birds during the last 2 wks). Groups 8, 9 and 10 were fed with ochratoxin @ 2.5 ppm in feed for the first 4 wks (28 days) of study and thereafter, group 8 was given nephtone, group 9 was kept on immuplus and group 10 on a combination of nephtone + immuplus till the termination of the experiment . Performance parameters were evaluated at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile (GSH-Px, GSH-R, catalase, GSH, and TBARS), biomarkers of hepatic damage (ALT), lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol), protein profile (total protein, albumin, globulins and A/G ratio) and immune status (HI titre) were estimated. The activity of TBARS and HI titre were estimated once, at the end of the 6th wk, while the remaining sero-biochemical parameters were evaluated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathological studies on liver, kidney, bursa, thymus and spleen were conducted at the end of the 6th wk. Antioxidant enzyme levels and biochemical parameters were significantly altered and the histopathological studies revealed extensive degeneration, desquamation of tubular epithelium and disrupted tubular architecture with intertubular haemorrhages in the kidney sections of ochratoxin control. Degenerative changes of hepatocytes and marked central vein congestion was also noticed in the liver in the ochratoxin toxic control. These parameters were normal in the controls (groups 1, 2 and 3) and other groups that were given nephtone and immuplus either prophylactically (groups 6 and 7) or therapeutically (groups 8, 9 and 10). Thus, it is concluded that nephtone and immuplus were effective as antioxidants in preventing and countering oxidative stress by facilitating restoration of antioxidant defense mechanism. Hence, their supplementation would reduce the incidence of economic losses due to mycotoxin-induced stress.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CASSIA AURICULATA LINN SEED EXTRACT IN EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES MELLITUS IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-02) VENKATA RAO, K.V.; ADILAXMAMMA, K(MAJOR); VENKATESWARLU, U; ESWARA PRASAD, P
Unknown
PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HERBAL NEONATAL CHICK CARE IN BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-11) CHANDRAVATHY, JADA; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; ANAND KUMAR, A
ABSTRACT : A total of 130 sexed male broiler chicks, immediately after hatch, belonging to Vencobb strain were randomly divided into six groups consisting of twenty five chicks each in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, and fifteen each in groups 5 and 6. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet, group 2 on herbal neonatal chick care @ 6g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with basal diet up to 42nd day (6 wks). Group 3 was kept on herbal neonatal chick care @ 8g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with basal diet up to 42nd day (6 wks). Group 4 was given FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed for 42 days (6 wks). Group 5 was given herbal neonatal chick care @ 6g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with the FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed up to 42nd day (6 wks). Group 6 was given herbal neonatal chick care @ 8g/chick/day for 2 days after hatching and later continued with the FeSO4 @ 0.5% of feed up to 42nd day (6 wks). The performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Antioxidant defense profile, biomarkers of hepatic damage, renal damage, lipid profile, protein profile and HI titre in serum were estimated at the end of 4th and 6th wk. Histopathology and estimation of TBARS, GSH, protein carbonyls, HI and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) index were done at the end of 6th wk. The ferrous sulphate treatment in group 4 resulted in significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weights, protein profile, GSH (6th week), HDL cholesterol, HI titre and PHA index (6th week), while FCR, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, TBARS (6th week), ALT, CPK and creatinine were significantly (P<0.05) increased at the end of 4th week and a similar trend was continued at the end of 6th week. Treatment with herbal neonatal chick care in groups 2, 3, 5 and 6 resulted in a marked improvement in all the above parameters as compared to those of ferrous sulphate toxic control group 4 at the end of 6th week. Histological abnormalities were also recorded in the liver, kidney and other tissues in ferrous sulphate toxic control group 4. Groups 1, 2 and 3 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology, while the treated groups revealed lesions of mild intensity or signs of regeneration. Thus, it is concluded that ferrous sulphate induces biological damage by means of oxidative stress and the herbal neonatal chick care offered protection and proved beneficial in resisting the adverse effects of stressor
Open Access
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE PROGENY OF DAMS TREATED WITH METHIMAZOLE, MONOCROTOPHOS AND LEAD ACETATE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-12) VANITHA SREE, K; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT : The present study was aimed to evaluate the toxicological effects in the progeny of dams treated with methimazole, monocrotophos and lead acetate. Albino rats of Wistar Kyoto strain were divided into 5 groups and treated as follows: Group 1 served as sham control, 2 received methimazole, 3 received monocrotophos, 4 received lead acetate and 5 received combination of monocrotophos and lead acetate. Thyroid hormone profile was recorded on 14th day of gestation in dams. Average body weights were recorded at monthly intervals in pups born to test dams. On 21st day and 90th day, TBARS, protein carbonyls and GSH of liver and heart, histopathology of liver, heart and kidney were studied. Activity of Na+ K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase of liver and heart, and histopathology of brain and testis were studied on 90th day. T3, T4, RBC, Hb, HDL cholesterol, serum calcium, GSH, Na+ K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in all the test groups, while TSH, TBARS, protein carbonyls, blood glucose, triglycerides, serum LDH, intra-testicular LDH, total WBC count and serum troponins were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities on histopathology. Groups 5 (MCP + lead acetate) and 2 (methimazole) showed marked congestion and degenerative changes in heart, kidney, brain and testis, while thyroid gland showed moderate disruption of follicular epithelium. Groups 3 and 4 revealed mild abnormalities on histopathology. From this study, it is concluded that both monocrotophos and lead acetate might have a possible influence on thyroid gland of dams as the thyroid hormone levels, which play an important role in early peri-natal life in the proper development of foetus, were significantly altered and were comparable among the treatments in dams and the histological sections of thyroid obtained from progeny of MCP + lead acetate treated rats showed lesions comparable to those seen with methimazole.
Open Access
HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL : WHETHER BENEFICIAL OR HARMFUL – AN INSIGHT
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-07) ALPHA RAJ, M; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); ADILAXMAMMA, K; RAJASEKHAR REDDY, A; ANJANEYULU, Y
ABSTRACT : An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementation of high energy high hydrogenated vegetable oil diet in various stressor models. A total of 160 White Leg Horn layers of 18 weeks age were randomly divided into eight groups of 20 birds each. Groups 1, 3, 4 and 5 were maintained on basal diet and groups 2, 6, 7 and 8 on 5% vanaspati supplemented basal diet until the age of 42 weeks. At 42 weeks of age, groups 3 and 6 were treated with 1% ferrous sulphate in the diet, groups 4 and 7 were treated with chlorpyrifos @ 100 ppm and groups 5 and 8 were treated with cadmium @ 100 ppm in the basal diet for a period of 12 weeks. The performance parameters like body weights, weight gains, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg production and egg weight were recorded at monthly intervals. The sero-biochemical analysis of cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ration, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase and creatinine was carried out at monthly interval. Oxidant and antioxidant status was determined by estimation of TBARS and GSH in serum, liver and kidney, protein carbonyls in serum and vitamin C levels in liver and kidney. The immunological status of the birds was evaluated by HI titre against RD virus in serum and phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) assay at the end of the experimental period. Histopathological studies were conducted on liver, kidney and brain at the end of the experimental period. The ferrous sulphate toxic control revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher FCR, serum creatinine, liver TBARS and phospholipids, and significantly lower egg production compared to normal group. Histopathology revealed congestion and bile duct hyperplasia in liver, intertubular haemorrhage and focal lymphoid aggregates in kidney and no detectable abnormalities in brain. The supplementation of vanaspati along with ferrous sulphate significantly (p<0.05) increased the egg production and serum ALP activity but decreased egg weight, FCR and HI titre compared to toxic control. The histopathology revealed similar changes of more severity besides tubular rearrangement of hepatic cells and degenerative changes in kidney. The CPS toxic control showed significantly (p<0.05) higher egg production, higher serum ALP activities and a non-significantly higher total lipids of liver and lower serum HDL compared to normal group. The histopathology revealed mild fatty changes, congestion and bile duct hyperplasia in liver, degenerative changes in kidney and congestion in brain. Supplementation of vanaspati along with CPS resulted in decreased egg production, decreased egg weight, HI titre but increased PHA index compared to toxic control. The histopathology showed marked fatty changes in liver, haemorrhages in kidney and vacuolation in brain. The cadmium toxic control revealed a significantly (p<0.05) lower body weight, weight gain, egg production and egg weights, but significantly increased the FCR, serum ALP and ALT acitivities, creatinine and TBARS of liver and kidney. The GSH and vitamin C levels of kidney were reduced. Paradoxically, the HDL and HI titre were significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to normal group. The histopathology revealed congestion, lymphoid aggregates and degenerative changes in liver, haemorrhages and congestion in kidney and brain. The supplementation of vanaspati along with cadmium resulted in a significant decrease of liver GSH and decrease of HI titre compared to toxic control. The histopathology revealed similar pathological changes but of more severity along with fibrosis in liver, kidney and brain. The overall effect of vanaspati supplementation revealed significantly (p<0.05) increased egg production and PHA index, and decreased egg weights, FCR, serum cholesterol, albumin, TBARS of liver and kidney, GSH of liver and HI titre compared to basal diet fed group. Thus, it is concluded that ferrous sulphate, chlorpyrifos and cadmium induce biological damage by means of oxidative stress and organ damage. However, cadmium was more potent followed by ferrous sulpahte and chlorpyrifos. After accounting for increased calorie intake, the supplementation of vanaspati was not effective in reducing the toxicity of different stressors and accentuated the toxicity in certain conditions. Further, vanaspati supplementation resulted in abnormal immunological response. In view of the above findings, it is concluded that hydrogenated vegetable oil is harmful and regular use will lead to adverse consequences.
Open Access
ADDITION OF A HERB TO A STATIN: A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE INTERACTION? EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON DYSLIPIDAEMIAS IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-03) DILIP REDDY, GUNTURU; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, G; ANAND KUMAR, A; RAJASEKHAR REDDY, A
ABSTRACT : A total of 56 male Sprague dawley rats of uniform weight and age were randomly divided into seven groups consisting of eight rats in each group after an acclimatization period of 3 weeks to evaluate the interaction of atorvastatin with garlic in induced dyslipidaemia. Group 1 served as plain control, while groups 2 and 3 were fed with high fat and high cholesterol diet throughout the experimental period. Groups 4,5,6 and 7 received 1% (100% dose), 0.5% (50% dose), 0.25% (25% dose) and 0.75% (75% dose) fresh garlic w/w in feed, respectively in addition to the high fat and high cholesterol diet and administered with 10 (100% dose), 5 (100% dose), 7.5 (100% dose) and 2.5 (25% dose) mg/kg atorvastatin respectively, while group 3 served as atorvastatin control, which received 10 mg/kg atorvastatin per day orally for 12 weeks. Blood collection was carried out at every two weeks interval for plasma biochemical analysis of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and creatinine and aspartate transaminase (AST). Single dose and multiple dose pharmacokinetic studies were performed at the beginning of the first dose and at the end of last dose of atorvastatin, respectively in groups 3 to 7. At the end of the experiment, liver and kidneys were collected for assay of TBARS, glutathione and SOD. Histological, histochemistry and electron microscopy studies were conducted on different organs at the end. All the treatment groups exhibited significant improvement in dyslipidaemic condition when compared with group 2 from 2nd week of treatment by reducing the TC, TG and LDL-C levels with subsequent increase in HDL-C levels. Group 4 was highly effective in correcting dyslipidaemia due to the synergistic pharmacodynamic actions of herb and drug. Plasma atorvastatin concentrations during multiple dose PK studies were significantly higher than single dose counterparts. PK parameters showed a significant increase in the garlic treated groups with high values of Cmax, AUC, AUMC, MRT and half-life which could be attributed to the inhibitory activity of garlic on drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes. High concentration of the drug in plasma in group 4, 5 and 3 resulted in toxicological manifestations in liver and kidney, which was evident from the increased plasma creatinine concentration, AST activity and oxidative stress. Histopathological studies on liver, kidney revealed moderate to severe damage in groups 4 and 5, which also exhibited mitochondrial damage on transmission electron microscopy. From this study, it can be concluded that garlic and atorvastatin exhibited positive pharmacodynamic interaction in reducing dyslipidaemias. The pharmacokinetic studies revealed that garlic increased the pharmacokinetic parameters and the toxicological studies indicated that high dose of atorvastatin + garlic has negative safety profile. Further studies are warranted to address the pharmacokinetic interactions of statin and garlic in detail.
Open Access
EVALUATION OF N-ACETYL CYSTEINE AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL TOXICITY DUE TO CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-12) JYOTHI, KAJA; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; RAMANA REDDY, Y
ABSTRACT: The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced toxicity. Female albino rats of Wistar Kyoto strain were divided into four groups and treated as follows: Group 1 served as basal diet control, groups 2, 3 and 4 received CYP on 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day. Group 2 served as toxic control. Group 3 was treated with NAC from 1st to14th day while group 4 received NAC from 7th to 14th day. SOD and catalase, biomarkers of cardiac and renal damage were recorded at the end of 1st and 2nd wk. At the end of 2nd wk estimation of TBARS, protein carbonyls, GSH of heart and kidney, Na+ K+ ATPase of heart, and histopathology of heart and kidney were done. The levels of CPK, LDH, troponins, BUN, serum creatinine, TBARS and protein carbonyls were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, while the activity of catalase, SOD and Na+-K+ ATPase, and concentration of GSH were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in CYP toxic group. NAC treatment for 14 days produced improvement on heart, while 7 days treatment has no recognizable effect. NAC could not produce any protective effect on kidney damage induced by CYP. Histological abnormalities were observed in CYP control group at the end of 1st and 2nd wk. Group 1 did not reveal any abnormalities in histopathology. Heart tissue of NAC treated rats showed lesions of mild intensity, while kidney lesions were unaffected. From this study, it is concluded that N-acetyl cysteine is protective against CYP-induced toxic effects in heart but not in kidney.
Open Access
STUDY ON EVALUATION OF SILYMARIN AND TERMINALIA CHEBULA AGAINST ACETAMINOPHEN-INDUCED HEPATO AND NEPHRO TOXICITY IN RATS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-12) GOPI, K.S.; GOPALA REDDY, A(MAJOR); USHA RANI, M; RAJASEKHAR REDDY, A
ABSTRACT : The therapeutic efficacy and antioxidant potential of silymarin and Terminalia chebula (dried fruit aqueous extract) were studied against acetaminophen (APAP) @500mg/kg BW-induced oxidative stress, hepato and nephrotoxicity. A total of twenty four male Wistar kyoto rats of 3 month old age were procured for the study. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of six in each group. Acetaminophen @500mg/kg BW was administered orally to all the groups from day 1 to 3. Group1 was subsequently administered with distilled water (p/o) from day 4 to 14 and was considered as toxic control. Groups 2 and 3 were administered (p/o) with silymarin @25mg/kg BW and Terminalia chebula @125mg/kg BW, respectively from day 4 to 14. Group 4 was orally administered with silymarin @25mg/kg BW + T.chebula @125mg/kg BW from day 4 to 14. Biomarkers of hepatotoxicity (AST and ALT), nephrotoxicity (BUN and serum creatinine) and lipid profile (total cholesterol and triglycerides) were estimated on day 0, 4 (confirmation of toxicity) and 14 (at the end of treatment). Antioxidant profiles (TBARS, GSH, protein carbonyl, SOD and catalase), and enzymes like ATPases and cytochrome P450 were assessed at the end of experiment. Histopathological studies on liver and kidney were conducted at the end of the experiment. Antioxidant profile, ATPases and serobiochemical parameters were significantly altered and histopathological studies revealed degenerative changes, sinusoidal congestion and infiltration in liver and affected glomeruli and tubular degeneration were noticed in kidney of toxic control group. These changes were reversed in groups administered with silymarin, T.chebula and their combination. In conclusion, the results of the present investigation enunciated that Terminalia chebula has potent hepato and nephroprotective activity and in scavenging free radicals during acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress, replenishment of membrane bound enzymes (ATPases) and restoration oxidant and antioxidant balance. However, silymarin possessed superior antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect over Teminalia chebula also in increasing the cytochrome-P450 activity and restoring glutathione concentration. T.chebula has synergistic effect with silymarin, which was evident from tissue antioxidant profile in liver and kidney.

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