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ThesisItem Open Access TOXICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF IMIDACLOPRID AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH VITAMIN-C IN MALE RATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-09) SOUJANYA, S; LAKSHMAN, M(MAJOR); ANAND KUMAR, A; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT : The present experiment was aimed to study the toxico-pathological effects of imidacloprid in male rats. Total of 48 male Sprague dawley rats were procured and divided into four groups consisting of 12 in each. The group 1 served as control, group 2 (imidacloprid toxic control at the rate of 80 mg/kg b. wt /day), group 3 was provided with vitamin C at the rate of 10 mg/kg b. wt/day, group 4 was fed with both imidacloprid at the rate of 80 mg/kg b. wt /day and vitamin C at the rate of 10 mg/kg b. wt/day. This experiment was carried out for 4 weeks. Average body weight gains were recorded at weekly intervals. A day before sacrifice the blood and serum samples were collected from six rats in each group. Tissue samples of liver, kidney, testes, brain were collected from six rats in each group on the day of sacrifice i.e. on 14th and 28th day for histological and ultrastructural studies. Liver and kidney tissues were also collected and stored at -200C for estimation of GSH. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in body weight gains was recorded in group 2. Haematological observations revealed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in TEC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC except TLC in group 2. The biochemical assays showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum creatinine, ALT and AST, and decrease in total protein in group 2. The tissue biochemical profile revealed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in GSH concentration in liver and kidney in group 2. A mild to moderate improvement in all the parameters were observed in group 4 in comparison with group 2 throughout experimental period. Grossly group 2 animals revealed atrophied kidney, abscess and congestion of liver whereas group 4 animals revealed only congestion of liver. Histopathologically, group 2 sections of kidney revealed cystic dilatation of tubules, shrunken glomeruli, vacuolation, presence of haemorrhages and cystic spaces in between tubules. Liver sections showed marked dilation, congestion of central vein, portal vein and sinusoidal spaces. A notable observation was made in hepatocytes like vacuolation/ fatty change and degeneration. Testes revealed vacuolation of semniferous tubules, detachment of germinal cells from basement membrane, increased interstitial spaces, disrupted basement membrane, presence of few leydig cells, severe congestion in interstitial spaces and tunica albuginea. Sections of brain tissue revealed degeneration of purkinje cells, shrunken neurons, vacuolation around neurons, chromatolysis, matrix vacuolation and marked congestion. Group 4 kidney sections showed mild peri glomerular congestion, moderate inter tubular haemorrhages and liver revealed moderate congestion, dilatation of central vein and portal vein and degeneration of hepatocytes. Testes revealed only mild degenerative changes in semniferous tubules whereas brain tissues showed mild congestion and degeneration of purkinje cells. Ultrastructurally, group 2 kidney has evidenced degeneration of tubular epithelium with loose inter cellular junctions, disrupted nucleus, margination of chromatin material (apoptosis), varied size and shape of mitochondria and vacuoles in cytoplasm. Liver section showed swollen nuclei, mitochondrial changes (varied size and shape), disrupted chromatin and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ultra thin sections of testes showed swollen nuclei, increased perinuclear space, varied size and shape of mitochondria, complete disintegrated chromatin material and degeneration of spermatids. Brain section revealed disruption, margination of chromatin material (apoptotic nuclei) and vacuolar mitochondria. In group 4 animals kidney section revealed dilated inter tubular area, apoptotic nuclei and varied size and shape of mitochondria. Liver section showed swollen nuclei of hepatocytes. Testes section revealed margination of chromatin material, varied size and shape of mitochondria and degeneration of spermatids. Brain section revealed degeneration of neurons. The present study indicated that imidacloprid is a potential toxic agent that induced toxicity at varied levels and resulted in pathological changes in respective target organs viz., in testes, brain, liver and kidney. These changes were well supported by haemotological, serum and tissue biochemical alterations and ultrastructural changes. Vitamin C supplementation provided protective action and moderate improvement in all the above parameters.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICOPATHOLOGY OF λ-CYHALOTHRIN AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH N-ACETYL CYSTEINE IN RATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-12) PALLAVI, G; ANAND KUMAR, A(MAJOR); MADHURI, D; REDDY, M.RABSTRACT : The present experimental study was undertaken to study the pathology of experimentally induced λ-cyhalothrin toxicity in rats. A total of 32 healthy female Sprague dawley rats were procured for the present experimental study and the experiment was carried out according to the guidelines and prior approval of Animal Ethics Committee. Animals were divided into four groups consisting of 8 in each group. The experimental study was designed as follows: Group 1-Control, Group 2-λ-cyhalothrin – toxic control @ 2mg / kg body wt. orally every alternative day for 4 weeks. Group 3- N-acetyl cysteine control @ 300 mg/kg.b.wt per day orally for 4 weeks, Group 4- λ-cyhalothrin @ 2 mg/kg body weight every alternative day for 4 weeks + N-acetyl cysteine control @ 300 mg/kg.b.wt per day orally for 4 weeks. At the end of 2nd week, 2 rats from each group and at the end of 4th week remaining rats were sacrificed; blood and serum were collected for haematological and biochemical studies, tissue samples of liver, kidney, brain, heart and muscle were collected for histopathopathological studies in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Tissues of brain liver, heart and kidney were collected and stored at -200 C for further estimation of oxidative parameters. The effects of λ-cyhalothrin were assessed by studying the various parameters viz., clinical signs, haemato-biochemical, pathomorphological alterations and oxidative stress. During the experiment, rats in group 2 showed reduced feed and water intake, hyperesthesia, mild salivation, incordination of movements. No significant clinical signs were observed in group 3. Haematological studies revealed that overall means of TEC, Hb and PCV were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in group 2 in comparison to other groups. The biochemical assays showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in CPK, LDH, ALT, Serum creatinine and decrease in total protein in group 2. The tissue enzymes assays revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in TBARS, Protein Carbonyles and significant (P<0.05) decrease of GSH, GST, Na+ K+ ATP ase activities in group 2.The ameliorative group showed mild to moderate improvement in all parameters in comparison to group 2. The gross pathological changes in the group 2 animals included atrophy and necrotic foci on liver, atrophy and medullary congestion of kidney. In group 2, histopathologically liver revealed marked central vein congestion, bile duct hyperplasia, centrilobular necrosis, marked nuclear changes. Kidney revealed marked congestion, disrupted tubular and glomerular architecture, shrunken / atrophied glomeruli marked degenerative changes in tubules with marked intertubular hemorrhages and casts. Brain revealed vacuolation, congestion, neuronal degeneration and chromatolysis. Heart revealed severe disruption, separation, degeneration, necrosis of muscle fibres. Muscle revealed marked disruption, loss of striations and mild hemorrhages. In group 4 animals, liver revealed mild to moderate central vein congestion, dilatation of sinusoidal spaces, degenerative changes in the hepatocytes, kidney showed mild to moderate degenerativ e changes, heart revealed moderate range of degeneration and disruption of muscle bundles. The study indicated that exposure to λ-cyhalothrin result in neurotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Further NAC supplementation provided protective action and improvement in histological, haematological, biochemical and oxidative parameters.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICOPATHOLOGY OF CISPLATIN AND ITS AMELIORATION BY TURMERIC IN RATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-10) RAMYA, B; ANJANEYULU, Y(MAJOR); MADHURI, D; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: Cancer is one of the most dreadful diseases and currently taking the heaviest toll of human lives, with distant hope of finding an effective and complete cure unless detected and treated in early stages. Unfortunately till today no drug has been found as the master in treating cancer since most of the drugs are having little or lot of side affects. Cisplatin is one of the most remarkable successes in the war on cancer. The present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effect of turmeric in cisplatin induced toxicity in rats. A total of 48 rats which were divided into 4 groups and treated as follows: Group 1: control, 2: cisplatin control @ 2 mg/kg b.wt, 3: turmeric control @ 0.05 mg/kg b.wt and 4: cisplatin + turmeric each with the above mentioned doses. Body weights were recorded at weekly intervals and organ weights were recorded at the time of sacrifice on day 28. Whole blood was collected for estimation of haematological parameters like RBC, Hb, WBC and PCV. Serum was separated for estimation of biochemical parameters like total protein, BUN, AST, GGT, CPK and creatinine. Studies on whole blood and serum were conducted at fortnightly interval. Visceral organs such as kidney, liver, brain, heart, stomach and intestines were collected for estimation of TBARS, GSH and protein carbonyls in tissue homogenates. Activity of SOD, catalase, G6PD, GPX, GSTNa+-K+ ATPase, Mg2+ATPase and CYP450 was estimated in liver. At the time of sacrifice gross pathological lesions were noted, tissue pieces from kidney, liver, brain, heart, stomach and intestine were collected and preserved in neutral buffered formalin for histo-pahology. Tissue pieces of kidney were also preserved in glutaraldehyde for transmission electron microscopy. Body weight gain, relative organ weight, RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV, serum protein, GSH, SOD, catalase, GST, GPX, G6PD, Na+/K+ ATPase and Mg2+ATPase were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in cisplatin administered group, while CYP450, TBARS, protein carbonyls, serum BUN, AST, GGT, CPK and creatinine were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in group 2. Group 1 and 3 did not reveal any significant abnormalities. The ameliorative group 4 showed mild to moderate improvement in all parameters in comparison to group 2. Gross pathology of group 2 rats revealed reduction in size of kidney, shrunken liver with small abscess and moderate hemorrhages on lungs. Histopathological sections from kidney of group 2 rats showed marked intertubular hemorrhages, congestion, marked dilation of tubules, shrunken glomeruli and few with disappeared capillary network. Some sections showed hyaline casts, appreciable degenerative changes in tubular epithelium and mild fibrosis. Sections from liver showed marked central vein and sinusoidal congestion, bile duct hyperplasia, few hepatocytes with hydropic degeneration and other degenerative changes. Sections from brain revealed marked congestion of cerebral vessels, mild subcapsular hemorrh-ages, liquefactive necrosis, gliosis and perivascular cuffing. Sections from heart revealed marked interfibrillar congestion, hemorrhages in purkinjee fibres, disrupted cardiac muscle fibres and round cell infiltration. Sections of stomach showed marked congestion and hemorrhages between the villi and also at the base of villi, swollen villi with loss of epithelium at the tips and edematous fluid between villi. Sections from intestine showed marked disruption of villi epithelium. The gross and histopathological lesions in group 4 were mild compared to group 2. Groups 1 and 3 did not reveal any lesions of pathological significance. Ultrastrucural changes in rats of group 2 showed moderate dilation of tubules, varied shapes and sizes of mitochondria, disruption of nuclear chromatin material, perinuclear clumping of mitochondria, marked cytoplasmic vacuolation, margination of chromatin material, disrupted and condensed endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear changes like pyknosis, dilation of nuclear pores and condensation. Rats of group 4 showed nucleus with uniform size, well differentiated nuclear membrane and nucleolus, intact inner and outer nuclear membranes, regenerating mitochondria with prominent inter tubular and inter cellular junctions. From this study, it was concluded that the adverse effects of cisplatin can be reverted by administration of turmeric in a dose-dependent manner.ThesisItem Open Access HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF GUAR MEAL (Cyamopsis tetragonolobn) TOXICITY IN BROILER CHICKEN AND ITS AMELIORATION(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-12) DEEPTHI, P; ANJANEYULU, Y(MAJOR); ANAND KUMAR, A; DHANALAKSHMI, KABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to study the ameliorating effect of DLmethionine (DLM) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the guar meal induced toxicity in broiler chicken. During the experimental period six groups of birds (15 in each) were fed with guar meal, PEG, guar meal + DLM, guar meal + PEG, guar meal + DLM + PEG, added to the control diet. Feed and water were offered ad libitium for six weeks of the experimental period. Clinical symptoms and mortality were recorded daily. Data on body weight gains, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at weekly intervals. Birds were sacrificed at 2nd, 4th and 6th week of age, to study haematological (PCV, Hb and TEC), biochemical (serum GGT, total proteins and creatinine) parameters and also to study the gross and histopathological changes. In comparison to control (Gr I), body weight gains, feed intake and feed efficiency were significantly (P<0.05), lower in all experimental diets except on PEG diet (Gr Ill), in which the performance parameters were comparable to control(Gr I). Body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency were significantly (Pc0.05) improved in ameliorated diets (Gr IV, V and VI) compared to guar meal diet (Gr 11). Inclusion of guar meal (15%) has significantly (P<0.05) decreased the PCV, Hb and TEC compared to control. The toxic effect of guar meal on haematology was significantly (Pc0.05) reduced by DLM supplementation (Gr IV) where as guar meal +PEG (Gr V) did not show much ameliorating effect. The haematological parameters were much more improved in group ameliorated with both DLM and PEG (Gr VI). Significant (Pe0.05) increase in serum GGT levels, creatinine levels and decrease in total proteins were observed in guar meal diet (Gr I!). The group of guar meal with methionine supplementation (Gr IV) had shown a significant ( Pc0.05) decrease in serum GGT levels and significant improvement in serum proteins, but no significant difference was observed in the serum creatinine, compared to the guar meal fed group (Gr 11). The group with PEG supplementation (Gr V) had shown a significant (Pc0.05) decrease in serum GGT and creatinine levels but a significant (Pc0.05) increase in serum total protein levels but no significant difference in serum creatinine levels. The group of guar meal supplementation of both methionine and PEG( Gr VI) had shown a significant decrease in serum GGT and increase in total proteins compared to guar meal fed group (Gr 11) and treatment groups (Gr IV and V), but no significant difference in serum creatinine levels as compared to the guar meal diet (Gr 11). Birds fed with guar meal diet showed moderate gross changes and only mild lesions were observed in the treatment groups. In the guar meal fed group, the lesions include enlarged, pale liver, hypertrophy of pancreas, congested intestine, heart and spleen. Histopathology of liver revealed sinusoidal dilation, bile duct hyperplasia and focal lymphoid aggregates. The intestines revealed much marked disruption of the villi and submucosal congestion. The pancreas revealed moderate congestion in between the acinar cells, kidney showing intertubular congestion and degenerative changes in the tubular epithelium. The heart revealed moderate interfibdllar hemorrhages. The birds belonging to ameliorative groups revealed lesions of only mild significance. Therefore, it can be concluded that DLM and PEG had some amelioration effect and the combination of both DLM and PEG is more effective in ameliorating the guar meal induced toxicity, as evidenced from the results of haematological, biochemical, gross and histopathological changes.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF GUAR MEAL AND ITS AMELIORATION BY DETOXIFICATION METHODS AND ACTIVATED CHARCOAL IN BROILER CHICKEN.(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-10) RAMU, M; MADHURI, D(MAJOR); ANJANEYULU, Y; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: The present programme was designed to study the guar meal toxicity and its amelioration in broiler chicken. A total of ninety day-old broiler chicks belonging to vencobb strain were randomly divided into five groups consisting of 18 in each group. Group I was maintained on basal diet, group II on raw guar meal at the rate of 15% in basal diet, group III on raw guar meal + activated charcoal (0.1%) group IV given activated charcoal (0.1%) in basal diet and group V was given alkali treated guar meal at the rate of 15% in basal diet for six weeks respectively. Body weight gain, feed consumption and FCR were recorded in each group at weekly intervals. Five birds from each group were sacrificed at fortnightly intervals and samples for haematological, serobiochemical and histopathological studies were collected. Clinically all the birds were healthy except for a few birds in group II and III which had loose and sticky droppings and pasting of the event. Mortality was not recorded in any of the groups. The group II birds showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in body weight gain and feed consumption and increases in FRC. While group III and V (amelioration groups) showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in weight gain, feed consumption and FCR. Haemtological. Findings revealed that mean values of Hb PCV and TEC significantly (P<0.05) were reduced in group II comparison to all other groups. This might be attributed to disturbances in metabolism that lead to deficiency of clotting factors. The serobiochemical studies showed a significant (P<0.05) reduction in total protein, albumin and globulin levels while significant (P<0.05) increase in the creatinine and AST levels in group II birds. The gross pathological findings observed in guar meal fed group (GII) Heart was apparently normal in all the groups, except for mild congestion and hemorrhages noted in group II birds. Spleen was enlarged and moderately congested while bursa of fabricius was atrophied in group II birds. Moderate to severe congestion and haemorrhages were observed in the intestine of group II birds. The ameliorative groups revealed similar lesions but were mild in nature. The histopathological changes in liver revealed sinusoidal dilatation, congestion of central vein, mononuclear cell infiltration and vacuolar changes in the hepatocytes kidney sections showed congestion, intertubular haemorrhages with degenerative changes in a few tubules. An increase in the interfollicular space and moderate depletion in the follicles were observed in sections of bursa of Fabricius. Spleen sections revealed marked congestion of trabecular arteries. Heart sections revealed marked interfibrillar haemorrhages and heterophilic infiltration. The ameliorative groups (GII and V) showed mild to no pathological lesions in various organs. Among ameliorative groups, lesions were comparatively mild in alkali treated group than activated charcoal treated group. It can be concluded from the present study that guar meal incorporation at the rate of 15% level in feed adversely affected the growth and haematobiochemical parameters of birds. The gross and histopathological studies of various organs also suggested moderate damage to liver, kidney, bursa of Fabricius and intestine. Addition of activated charcoal and detoxification of guar meal by alkali treatment had considerable ameliorating effects on growth, haematobiochemical parameters and microscopic lesions in various organs.ThesisItem Open Access INCIDENCE OF TUMOURS IN POULTRY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MAREK'S DISEASE AND LYMPHOID LEUCOSlS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-10) SWATHI, BORA; ANAND KUMAR, A(MAJOR); MADHURI, D; UDAYA KUMAR, M; REDDY, M.RABSTRACT: The aim of the prescnt study was to investigate thc incidence of' tumours in poultry and diagnose the type of tumor by histopathological and molecular methods. For this purpose, a total of IS9 samples fro111 72 cases were collected and were subjectcd to various diagnostic methods including cytological, rnolccular, histopathological and itn~nu~~ohistochetnicstnuld ies. The incidence of tumours was rccoru .d as highest (46.93'10) in birds ranging from 8 to 18 weeks of age and it was least (4%) in birds of age group less than S weeks. The highest incidence of tumours was recorded in Rajasree breed (46?/0) followed by Rajasree crossbreeds (1 8%), White Leghorns (1 2%). Aseel ( 10Y h), White Leghorn crossbreeds (6%), Vanaraja (6%) and least in Kadaknath brecd (2%). The incidence of tumours was high in female birds (87.5%) when compared with males (12.5%). On the basis of type of tumours, the highest incidence was recorded for Marek's disease (43.05%) followed by lymphoid leucosis (27.77%), other leukotic tumours (8.33%), hepatoma (4.16%), adenoma (4.16%), fibroma (2.77%), haemangioma (2.77%) and least for granulosa cell tumour, nephroblastoma, osteofibroma, endothelioma and chondroma (1.38%). Ninty impression smears of various organs or tissues collected from 46 birds was stained with Leishman's / Giemsa stain. Cytological studies revealed that 67.78% of the smears were diagnosed as Marek's disease, and 23.33% of the smears as l ylnphoid leucosis. Fifty nine tissue samples suspected for MD and LL were subjcctcd for PCR and 50.85% of the samples were positive for MD, produced an amplicon size of 302bp with primers MI and M2. 42.37'/0 of the samples were positive for ALV by using pair of primers (AD1 and H5) and produced an arnplicon of size 326bp. DNA of 6.78% samples were neither amplified for MDV nor for ALV with any of the rcspcctive primers. Grossly, 25%of 72 cases wcre suspected for Marek's disease, 63.SU4 for Lymphoid lcucosis, 9.7Zoh for fibromas and 2.77% for hae~nangiomas. A total of 189 tissue samples frorn 72 cases were subjected to histopathological studies and 120 (63.49%) sainples were confinned as Marck's disease, 55 (39.10%) as LL and 14 (7.4%) as other neoplastic conditions which included cases of adenoma, hepatorna, haenlangioma, fibroma. nephroblastoma. chondroma, granulosa cell tumour, endothelioma and osteofibroma. A total of 29 samples were subjected to immunohistochelllical staining technique for PCNA and observed PCNA labelling in the tumour tissue and demonstrated different levels of staining intensity and indicated the activity of the cells.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON LINDANE TOXICITY IN MALE WISTAR ALBINO RATS AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2014-08) VEERA HARIN, R; SAILAJA, N(MAJOR); Srilatha, Ch; Vinod kumar, NABSTRACT : Lindane is a synthetic organochlorine pesticide widely used as pesticide, as a therapeutic pediculocide shampoo in medical field and as an acaricide in veterinary practice in sheep dips. Indiscriminate use of lindane leads to contamination of water resources and food and feed materials, which is the common source of toxicity and thereby it enters into food chain. In animals, it tends to accumulate mainly in adipose tissue due to their lipophillic nature and due to long half life and leads to health hazards. Lindane induces increased oxidative stress by enhancing reactive oxygen species production depleting both enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants and thereby increase lipid peroxidation and cause tissue damage. Utilization of easily and cheaply available herbal or herbal combination to combat the effects of various environmental pollutants is the major task now-a-days. Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari), a herb that shows antioxidant activity through scavenging of free radicals, superoxide anion radical, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide and inhibiting the lipid peroxidation by reducing metal chelation is used presently to study the ameliorative effects of lindane. The present study was carried out with 72 male Wistar albino rats randomly divided into four groups, consisting of 18 rats in each. Lindane was gavaged orally using olive oil as vehicle @ 20 mg lindane / kg. b.wt. to groups II and IV and Asparagus racemosus @ 100 mg /kg. b.wt. in distilled water was given orally along with lindane to group IV up to 45 days to study ameliorative effects. Group I and III were treated with distilled water and Asparagus racemosus respectively. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at fortnight interval. Clinical signs like convulsions, seizures, hyperirritablity and scratching at face within 15-30 min after lindane treatment and inappetence, reduced growth rate, anxiety, ruffled hair coat and diarrhoea by the end of experiment were observed. Less severe intensity of clinical signs are exhibited by asparagus ameliorated group of rats. Lindane treatment significantly (p<0.05) lowered the body weight from 30th to 45th day whereas asparagus amelioration significantly (p<0.05) improved the body weights from 38 days onwards till 45th day. Significant reduction was noticed in the TEC and PCV in lindane fed group. Lindane caused significant increase in SGOT, alkaline phosphatase and total cholesterol levels in rats. Oxidative damage indicators like SOD, catalase and GPx levels were significantly decreased in liver of all the lindane treated rats. Asparagus amelioration showed significant improvement in TEC and PCV and significant decrease in SGOT and ALP levels over lindane treatment. Grossly, congestion and enlargement in liver, congestion in kidney, atrophy of testes and slight enlargement of spleen were noticed in lindane treated rats. Histopathologically, the liver of lindane treated rats revealed degenerative changes with micro vesiculation in cytoplasm and necrotic changes in nucleus . Congestion, focal areas of necrosis, perivascular MNC infiltration and bile duct proliferation in majority of the lindane treated rats. In asparagus ameliorated rats, these changes were less intense and by the end of 45th day, liver revealed to near normal appearance. Microscopically, glomerular congestion and atrophy, mild to moderate intertubular hemorrhages, extensive degenerative changes with vacuolated cytoplasm in tubular epithelial cells, cystic dilatation of tubules and microgranuloma formation in interstitium were seen in lindane intoxication. Sections of testis revealed a decrease interstitial edema,distorted seminiferous tubules, disorganized spermatogonial cells and spermatocytes, sparce Leydig cells and oligospermia. Lindane treatment resulted in cerebral vessel congestion, sub meningeal haemorrhages, gliosis, neuranophagia and demyelinating changes in cortex and perineuronal vacuolation and demyelinating changes and rounding of purkinje cells in cerebellum but the asparagus amelioration resulted in shrinkage of neurons, mild neuronophagia, mild spongiosis of brain and mild glial cell proliferation and minimal rounded purkinje cells in cerebellum. In lindane treates group rats, microscopically the heart revealed mild to moderate haemorrhages, sarcolytic changes and degenerative changes with loss of striations. Spleen showed mild to moderate depletion of lymphoid follicle and hyperplasia of reticulendothelial cells. Lungs reveled alveolar emphysema, capillary congestion, interstitial and peribronchiolar MNC infiltration. Goblet cells proliferation, mucosal and sub mucosal MNCs and desquamation of mucosal epithelial cells and hyperplasia of glandular structures in intestine were noticed.In ameliorated group mild changes were noticed in heart, spleen, lung and intestine. In the present study the lindane induced oxidative stress and caused damage of liver, kidney and testis. Liver and spleen regained its near to normal architecture. In Asparagus ameliorated group amliorative changes were noticed in liver and testis.ThesisItem Open Access TOXICOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ACEPHATE AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH VITAMIN E IN BROILERS.(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-10) PRADIP RAJENDRA, KALE; Anand Kumar, A(MAJOR); Lakshman, M; Kalakumar, BABSTRACT : Indiscriminate use of pesticides in agricultural practices results in ecological imbalance due to entry of pesticide into the body through food chain. Excessive application of Organophosphate Pesticides leads to the common occurrence of OP residues in food crops, natural water systems, soil and atmosphere, which will be the major sources of exposure. OP compounds like Acephate are able to induce oxidative stress by changing the status of oxidant-antioxidant balance in body. The study was conducted on 90 broiler chicks divided into six groups each containing 15 birds to assess the toxic effect of Acephate and its amelioration with vitamin E for a period of 42 days and birds were slaughtered at 2nd, 4th and 6th week. Apparent LD50 of Acephate (852 mg/kg) was taken into consideration for calculation of different dose groups (Willcox H. 1977). The commercial product of Acephate was incorporated @ 85.2 mg/kg and 170.4 mg/kg of feed and vitamin E was incorporated into diet @ 300 mg/kg feed. Five birds from each group were randomly sacrificed at fortnightly intervals. Blood and serum samples were collected from each bird separately for haematobiochemical estimations. A detailed necropsy was conducted on all the birds and tissue samples of liver and kidney were collected for studies on oxidative stress. Tissue samples of heart, liver, kidney, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, brain and sciatic nerve were collected in10% neutral buffered formal saline for histological studies. Acephate treated groups resulted significant (P < 0.05) decrease in mean body weights. Haematological parameters like TEC, MCV, MCH and MCHC were found did not altered but TLC was decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in toxic groups. Serum biochemical parameters including total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, AST, ALT, Creatinine, BUN were found increased and recorded decreased in level of serum cholinesterase and globulin but did not alter serum cholesterol levels. Studies on oxidative stress revealed significant (P < 0.05) decrease in reduced GSH and increased in TBARS levels in liver and kidneys in toxic groups II and III. Immunological assay in groups II and III revealed significant decreased in NDV titre suggested suppression of humoral immunity but did not alter cell mediated immunity checked with DNCB. Ameliorating groups showed significant (P < 0.05) improvement in above parameters as compared to toxic groups. Clinically the birds in all the groups were normal up to the end of 2nd week, but from 3rd week group III and from 5th week group II birds showed dullness, diarrhoea and tremor with increased in severity as age advanced. Ameliorative groups revealed improvement in clinical signs. Gross pathological changes in groups II and III showed moderate enlargement of liver, pale discoloration and friable consistency, heart showed petechiae on pericardium, kidneys were swollen and haemorrhagic, congestion and reduction in size of spleen, mild congestion of brain in both the toxic groups. Ameliorative groups did not reveal any gross lesions. Histological changes revealed myocardial degeneration, infiltration of MNC in muscle fibres, fatty changes in liver and kidney, degeneration and necrosis of hepatic lobules, haemorrhages and degeneration of tubules in kidneys, depletion of lymphocytes and thickened spleenic artery, cystic spaces in bursal follicles were noted in groups II and III with increased in severity in high toxic group and age advancement. Ameliorative groups revealed mild to moderate improvement in histological lesions. From the present study it was concluded that Acephate at both the dose rates resulted multiple organ toxicity might be due to cell damage lead to oxidative stress. Immunosupression resulted by damaging the lymphoid organs due to toxic effect of Acephate. Administration of vitamin E alleviated the toxic effect produced by Acephate due to its antioxidant property.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON BOVINE TUMORS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2014-11) SHRUTHI, P.J; SUJATHA, K(MAJOR); SRILATHA, Ch; CHENGALVA RAYULU, VABSTRACT : Livestock farming is making a significant contribution to the national economy and socio-economic development in the country. India has the world’s largest livestock population and ranks first in bovine population and milk production. In the recent years, the incidence of tumors in bovines is relatively increasing which undermine the productivity of animals. Cattle occupied the second place after dogs for incidence of tumors. So far a little comprehensive work was conducted on bovine neoplasms in India. Hence the present study has been undertaken to study the pathomorphological changes in bovine tumors so that early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment can be made. A total of 59 neoplasia suspected samples were collected in cattle and buffaloes, out of which neoplasia was diagnosed in 57 samples. These tumors were categorized as tumors of epithelial origin, tumors of mesenchymal origin, mixed tumors and miscellaneous tumors, which constituted 54.38%, 42.09%, 1.75% and 1.75%, respectively. The benign and malignant tumors constituted 56.14% and 43.86%, respectively. The incidence was almost equal in male and female animals with 50.88% and 49.12%, respectively. The incidence of tumors was higher in cattle (78.95%) than in buffaloes (21.05%). The tumors affecting skin and soft tissues constituted more than 50% of the total bovine tumors examined. The highest number of cases were that of papilloma (21.05%) followed by squamous cell carcinoma (17.54%), fibroma (17.54%), lymphosarcoma (14.04%) and adenoma (7.02%). Adenocarcinoma, melanoma and myxosarcoma constituted a percentage of 3.51% each whereas basal cell carcinoma, hemangioma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, mast cell tumor, fibroleiomyoma and adamantinoma constituted 1.75% each. Cytological examination of squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), pulmonary adenocarcinoma, ethmoturbinate adenocarcinoma, melanoma, myxoma, hemangioma, lymphosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma and mast cell tumors revealed characteristic cellular features. AgNORs in different bovine tumors appeared as round to irregular, dark brown to black dots of varying sizes in the nuclei. Malignant tumors had numerous, smaller AgNORs in the nucleus when compared to benign tumors which had a few large, round and sharply defined AgNORs confined to the nucleoli. The mean AgNOR count of the individual tumors varied from 3.1 to 5.97 and there was a significant correlation between increased AgNOR counts and histological grade. Benign tumors (3.75) had lower mean count than that of malignant tumors (4.18). Highest and lowest mean counts were observed in myxosarcoma (5.97) and fibroma (3.1), respectively. Immunohistochemically, the expression of PCNA and Ki-67 was confined to nucleus and observed predominantly in the basal and parabasal cells of epithelium in papillomas and SqCC; in the acini and tubular structures of adenoma. In pulmonary adenocarcinoma, there was a mild expression of PCNA only. Moderate expression of PCNA and Ki-67 was seen in lymphosarcoma in the lymphnodes, lung, liver and kidney. The immunoexpression of PCNA was greater (90%) than that of Ki-67 (50%) in the bovine tumors. The immunopositivity for vimentin was observed in all the mesenchymal tumors examined in the fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and myxomatous tissue. In the present research, the findings revealed that the incidence of tumors affecting skin and soft tissues was highest in bovines when compared to other types of tumors. The cytopathological studies can be employed for the early diagnosis and prognosis of malignant tumors. AgNOR, PCNA and Ki-67 can be used as reliable markers of cell proliferation and malignancy and vimentin can be employed as a diagnostic marker for mesenchymal tumors.