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Open Access
DETECTION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS OF ZOONOTIC SIGNIFICANCE IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) GNANI CHARITHA, V; CHENGALVA RAYULU, V (MAJOR); MALA KONDAIAH, P; ASWANI KUMAR, K; JAGADEESH BABU, A
The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of soil transmitted helminths of zoonotic significance among canine faecal and soil samples of Andhra Pradesh (A.P) along with molecular characterization of Toxocara and Ancylostoma spp. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites was 83.5 percent (n=745) out of 892 canine faecal samples screened by conventional microscopy. Significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher prevalence of GI parasites was recorded in Costal Andhra (87.1%) than Rayalseema (75.2%) region of A.P. Eleven parasitic species including five nematodes, four cestodes and two protozoans were isolated from the faecal samples. The most ubiquitous parasites were Ancylostoma spp. (33.5%) and Toxocara canis (20.7%) followed by Strogyloides stercoralis (5.04%), Cystoisospora spp. (3.69%), Toxascaris leonina (3.2%), Trichuris vulpis (2.9%), Taenia spp. (2.5%), Dipylidium caninum (2.1%), Entamoeba spp. (1.23%), Diphyllobothrium latum (0.45%) and Spirometra spp. (0.34%). Concurrent mixed infection was recorded in 7.7% of dogs. Dog associated risk factors such as sex, age, breed and domestication along with effect of urbanization and seasonal influences on the prevalence of parasites were analyzed. The overall prevalence of soil transmitted parasites was 43.5 percent out of 390 soil samples screened. High contamination index of Toxocara spp. (18.5%) followed by hookworms (12.3%) was recorded. Rural soils (48.7%) were found more contaminated than urban areas (44.0%). More number of soil samples were positive for different parasitic stages collected from the garden soils (75.5%) followed by play/school grounds (65.2%), animal dwelling areas (37.3%), parks (34.0%) and veterinary dispensaries (24.0%). The prevalence of Ancylostoma spp. and Isospora spp. were positively correlated (P <0.05) with rainfall while Toxocara and Toxascaris spp. were independent of temperature influence. Responses retrieved from the questionnaire survey revealed that more than half of the pet owners (63.7%) were unaware of zoonotic soil transmitted helminths. Genomic DNA (gDNA) of 151 faecal samples were screened for Toxocara spp. using PCR-RFLP targeting ITS-2 gene. Upon genotyping of PCR amplicons (n=50) with RsaI enzyme, all the canine faecal isolates were identified as T. Canis (287 bp and 244bp). Amplification of gDNA from soil samples (n=72) yielded different product sizes viz., ~540bp (ITS-2) and ~500bp (ITS-2). Genotyping of randomly selected ~540bp product (n=32) from soil isolates with RsaI enzyme confirmed T. cati (37.5%) with three fragments (286bp, 150bp and 103bp) and T. canis (62.5%) with two fragments (287bp and 244bp). Sequencing and phylogentic analysis of ITS-2 products (~540bp) revealed 100% homozygous within the species and with the other geographical isolates of T. canis and T. cati. However, the other amplified product of ~500bp (n=21) with RsaI enzyme yielded two fragments (263bp and 219bp) and the sequencing result revealed 81.8 percent identity with T. cati. The phylogenetic analysis of ITS-2 sequences of 500bp products of A.P constituted a different sub branch and diverging from T. cati, T. canis, T. malayseinsis and T. vitulorum thus categorizing as a separate group or variant. Randomly selected 169 faecal and 48 soil samples from A.P were screened for detection of Ancylostoma spp. using a two step semi-nested PCR targeting ITS-1, ITS-2 and 5.8S gene. On gel electrophoresis, 132 (78.10%) samples showed primary PCR band at ~450bp size while secondary amplicons were observed at ~410bp size. Twenty one out of 48 soil PCR products were found positive in first round PCR and as well as in semi-nested PCR. Genotyping of semi-nested PCR products with BfaI and AhdI restriction enzymes revealed A. caninum (43/50) and A. ceylanicum (7/50) from faecal and only A. caninum (21/21) from soil isolates. The phylogeny of A.P isolates of A. caninum and A. ceylanicum revealed 100% homology within the species and with the other geographical isolates. Taken together, present data suggest the potential role of pet/stary dogs as being the main sources of contamination and signifies the need of integrated approaches to minimize the risk at different settings.
Open Access
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BOVINE TICK INFESTATION IN TWO DIFFERENT AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONES IN ANDHRA PRADESH
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-12) SUNEETHA, KANDI; SREEDEVI, C (MAJOR); JYOTHISREE, Ch.; Muralidhar, M
The present study was carried out to identify the tick species and risk factors associated with tick prevalence in bovines in Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 3720 animals, including 1942 cattle and 1778 buffaloes in 344 livestock farms covering tropical wet and dry zone (North coastal zone) and tropical semi-arid zone (scarce rainfall zone of Rayalaseema) were examined for the presence of ticks. Overall, 10,371 ticks representing three genera were collected. Analysis on morphology and DNA sequence of 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) four species: Haemaphysalis bispinosa (n = 5704), Rhipicephalus microplus (n = 2533), Hyalomma anatolicum (n = 1272) and H. isaaci (n = 862) were identified with single infestations being the rule. Results revealed that the molecular and morphological data were consistent in the identification of four tick species. The constructed COI phylogenetic tree further identified R. microplus tick samples as R. microplus clade C. Haemaphysalis bispinosa was the predominant species in two zones and the occurrence of H. anatolicum was restricted to semi-arid zone. The overall percentage of tick infested bovines was 25.4 per cent and was 25.8 and 25.0 per cent in cattle and buffaloes respectively. Out of 947 infested bovines, 397 were infested with H. bispinosa, 253 with R. microplus, 175 with H. anatolicum and 122 with H. isaaci. The variation in the prevalence of tick infestation was not significant (P>0.05) in two zones but the prevalence was significantly different among districts of semi-arid zone (P<0.05) and wet and dry zone (P<0.05). The median tick burden per animal significantly (P<0.01) differed between two zones, however, the difference was not significant (P>0.05) among cattle and buffaloes. Age, gender and breed significantly (P<0.01) influenced the prevalence of tick infestation. The prevalence was higher in young and male animals and was lower in indigenous animals. Analysis of questionnaire data by binary logistic regression revealed that the loose housing system, absence of rural poultry, soft floor, presence of boundary wall and rearing multiple ruminant species were potential risk factors associated with higher tick prevalence in livestock farms. Data from the results of this study provide a guideline in the planning of effective control strategies for ticks and tick-borne diseases in bovine population of the studied area.
Open Access
GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITISM IN SHEEP AND GOATS IN CERTAIN DISTRICTS OF HYDERABAD-KARNATAK REGION KARNATAKA STATE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-10) ADEPPA, J; SREEDEVI, C(MAJOR); Placid E., D’Souza; Ravi Kumar, P; SrinivasaRao, T
The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of GI parasites and efficacy of commonly used anthelmintics in sheep and goats in Hyderabad-Karnataka region, Karnataka. Faecal samples were collected from sheep (1876) and goats (1745) in H-K region (Bidar, Kalaburgi and Raichur districts), Karnataka for a period of one year to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism. Processing of faecal samples by standard faecal floatation and sedimentation techniques revealed an overall prevalence of 65.78 per cent. The rate of prevalence was significantly higher (P<0.05) in goats (67.9%) when compared to that in sheep (63.8%). The rate of prevalence in Bidar, Kalaburgi and Raichur districts was 68.76, 61.8 and 62.28 per cent respectively, without significant (P>0.05) differences in prevalence of GI parasitic infection between districts. The infected small ruminants were parasitized with one or two of eight different species and genera of parasites, each. Out of 3621 faecal samples examined, infection with single parasite (43.94%) was more commonly observed than multiple species infection (21.84%). The most prevalent species were strongyles (27.64%) followed by Eimeria spp. (7.91%), Strongyloides papillosus (3.87%), Trichuris ovis (2.54%), Moniezia spp. (1.02%), amphistomes (0.8%), Buxtonella sulcata (0.11%) and Schistosoma spindale (0.06%). Coproculture studies indicated predominance of Haemonchus contortus larvae. Statistically there was no significant (P>0.05) difference between prevalence of GI parasitic infection and age of animals. The overall prevalence was high in post-weaning lambs and kids (69.61%) than in pre-weaning lambs and kids (68.60%) and adults (60.12%). With regard to the gender of animals, the overall prevalence of GI parasitic infection was significantly (P<0.01) high in female animals (67.9%) than in males (62.85%). The overall prevalence was significantly (P<0.001) high in rainy season (69.04) followed by winter (65.63 %) and summer (62.52%). To determine the efficacy of thiabendazole and ivermectin against H. contortus of sheep and goats in H-K region, egg hatch assay (EHA), larval development assay (LDA) and PCR-RFLP were employed. The results of the EHA revealed significant (P<0.05) inhibitory effect on egg hatching rates in sheep (LD50 = 0.12 μg/mL) and goats (LD50 = 0.115 μg/mL) with thiabendazole. LDA studies also showed significant (P<0.05) inhibitory effect on larval development in sheep (LD50 = 0.133 μg/mL) and goats (LD50 = 0.131 μg/mL) with thiabendazole. Similarly the results of the LDA exhibited inhibitory effect on larval development with ivermectin (LD50 = 0.0428 μg/mL; LD50 = 0.0431 μg/mL). Analyzing the overall situation the study highlights that the thiabendazole and ivermectin had extremely high LD50 than discriminating dose in EHA and LDA, reflecting benzimidazoles and ivermectin resistance. A total of 450 (250 from sheep and 200 from goats) adult male H. contortus from different areas in H-K region were genotyped at codon 200 in β-tubulin isotype 1 gene for the detection of BZ resistance by PCR-RFLP. The genotypic frequencies of three genotypes (homozygous resistant ‘rr’, heterozygous ‘rS’ and homozygous susceptible ‘SS’) for BZ resistance in sheep and goats varied significantly (P<0.01) in the studied area. Out of 250 parasites genotyped in sheep, 43 (17.2%) were ‘rr’, 179 (71.6%) were ‘rS’ and 28 (11.2%) were ‘SS’ type. Among 200 parasites genotyped in goats, 38 (19.0%) were ‘rr’, 129 (64.5%) were ‘rS’ and 33 (16.5%) were ‘SS’ type. Overall, the proportion of BZ resistant (‘r’) allele was significantly (P<0.01) high when compared to per cent prevalence of susceptible allele (‘S’) in worms collected from sheep and goats in H-K region. Among different areas of H-K region the frequency of resistant allele was significantly higher (P<0.01) in Sedam and Lingasugur regions in sheep and goats, respectively. Findings of PCR-RFLP corroborated with the results of EHA and LDA.
Open Access
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTION IN DOGS FROM CENTRAL COASTAL DISTRICTS, ANDHRA PRADESH WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-02) ROJA, KURAMDAS; SREEDEVI, C(MAJOR); MALAKONDAIAH, P; SUDHAKAR, K
Coprological examination was used to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs from central coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India for a period of one year. On examination of faecal samples of 1907 dogs, an overall prevalence of 52.2 per cent was observed. Dogs harbouring one parasite was more common (49.7%) than those harbouring two (2.5%). The most prevalent species was Ancylostoma caninum followed by Toxocara canis, Cystoisospora ohioensis, Dipylidium caninum, Toxascaris leonina, Capillaria aerophila, Diphyllobothrium latum, C. canis, Entamoeba spp., Trichuris vulpis and Cryptosporidium spp. The overall prevalence was high (P<0.001) in young dogs (71.1%) than that in adult dogs (28.0%). The infection with helminth parasites (P<0.001) and co-infections (P<0.01) were more frequently found in young dogs. Ancylostoma caninum, T. canis, T. leonina, D. caninum, and Cystoisopora spp. were significantly more prevalent in young dogs. However, the prevalence of all the parasite species showed a significant decreasing trend with increasing age. Statistically there was no significant (P>0.05) difference between prevalence of parasites and sex, breed and medium of dogs. The prevalence of GI parasitic infection was significantly (P<0.001) high in stray dogs (65.9%) owing to higher prevalence of T. canis, D. latum, C. aerophila and C. canis. The prevalence of A. caninum (31.6%) was highly significant (P<0.001) in pet dogs. Statistically significant (P<0.01) relationship between the season and prevalence of parasites was observed in the study area, the infection being more prevalent during rainy season (62.4%) than that in winter (54.4%) and summer (39.9%). The prevalence of T. canis was significantly (P<0.001) high during rainy season whereas A. caninum, D. caninum and C. canis showed statistically significant higher prevalence during winter season. Zoonotic risk factors for canine GI parasitic infection were assessed by obtaining information viz. origin/owner’s address, age, sex, breed, living condition of the dog, history of anthelmintic usage and owner’s awareness on zoonoses from the pet and kennel owners in the form of questionnaire. The analysis revealed that the owners from study region are unaware about parasite, its mode of transmission, prophylactic medication and control. The living condition of the dogs, age, season and lack of zoonotic awareness of owners were identified as risk factors for different parasitic infection using binary logistic regression. The higher prevalence of zoonotic species in dogs in the studied region, associated with unawareness of the owners regarding parasitic zoonoses indicated that the risk of zoonotic infection by canine intestinal parasite may be high. Further egg hatch assay was used to evaluate the efficacy of thiabendazole in the treatment of canine ancylostomosis using A. caninum eggs isolated from naturally infected dogs. The results of the EHA revealed highly significant (P<0.01) inhibitory effect on egg hatching rates with thiabendazole (LD50 = 0.0049 μg/mL) reflecting benzimidazoles high effectiveness.
Open Access
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE OF ECTOPARASITIC INFECTIONS IN DOGS IN KRISHNA - GODAVARI ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2019-01) SOWJANYA, MANTRI; MALAKONDAIAH, P(MAJOR); SREEDEVI, C; SATHEESH, K
The present study was investigated to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites in dogs of Krishna – Godavari zone in Andhra Pradesh and to study the alterations in haematology, mineral status and enzyme profile in canine demodicosis. Examination of 2197 dogs in different Veterinary Hospitals and Veterinary Poly Clinics in East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur and Prakasam districts revealed 56.9 per cent prevalence. The infection was highly prevalent in Guntur (60.2%) followed by west Godavari (57.5%), Krishna (57.3%), Prakasam (55.2%) and East Godavari (52.1%) districts. The species of ectoparasites identified were Ctenocephalides canis (6.4%) Ctenocephalides felis (3.9%), Heterodoxus spiniger (1.9%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (26.8%), Sarcoptes scabei var canis (8.7%), Demodex canis (6.1%) and Chrysomyia bezziana (1.7%). Statistically significant (P<0.05) difference between the prevalence of infected dogs and species of ectoparasites was observed. The overall prevalence of ectoparasites was 56.7 and 57.1 per cent in juvenile and adult dogs respectively. There was no significant (P>0.05) association between the prevalence of infection and age groups of dogs though the infection was more in adult dogs compared to juveniles. In both the age groups, arachnids were more prevalent than insects. There was no significant (P>0.05) association between prevalence of ectoparasites and sex of dogs. The prevalence of ectoparasites among males and females was 57.7 and 56.0 per cent respectively. The overall prevalence was higher in males compared to females whereas ticks showed highest prevalence in females (28.3%) than in males (25.7%). The prevalence of ectoparasites in pure breed and cross breed was 56.0 and 58.5 per cent respectively. There was no significant (P>0.05) association between infection of parasites and breeds of dogs. The prevalence of Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Sarcoptes scabei var canis were higher in cross breed dogs whereas Heterodoxus spiniger, Demodex canis, Chrysomyia bezziana were higher in pure breed dogs. The prevalence of ectoparasites in winter, summer and rainy was 55.9, 46.6 and 70.4 per cent respectively. Significant (P<0.05) relationship between the seasonality and breed of dogs was observed in the present study. The prevalence was highest in rainy season followed by winter and summer. The ticks, mites and maggots were more prevalent in rainy whereas insects were more prevalent in winter season. Haemato-biochemical, enzyme and mineral profile alterations were found in demodicosis dogs compared to that of healthy dogs. There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in Hb, PCV and TEC whereas significant increase in TLC of demodicosis dogs. There was non-significant (P>0.05) elevation in ALT and AST of demodicosis infected dogs. The level of calcium and zinc showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in demodicosis infected dogs whereas copper showed significant (P<0.05) elevation. No significant (P>0.05) alterations in the level of phosphorous of demodicosis infected dogs was observed.
Open Access
IN VITRO EVALUATION OF ANTHELMINTIC PROPERTIES OF THE HYDRO-ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS ON Haemonchus contortus
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-12) TULASI, DAVULURI; SREEDEVI, C(MAJOR); MALAKONDAIAH, P; SRINIVASA RAO, G
In recent years, there has been growing interest in alternative therapies and the therapeutic use of natural products especially of medicinal plants for control of parasites. In the present study in vitro assays such as egg hatch assay (EHA), larval paralysis assay (LPA) and adult worm motility inhibition assay (WMIA) were conducted to determine the anthelmintic efficiency of hydro-alcoholic extracts of Anacardium occidentale shell, Illicium verum fruit and Artocarpus heterophyllus seed on eggs, infective larvae (L3) and adult worms of Haemonchu contortus, in comparison to albendazole. Among three extracts, A. occidentale shell showed significant (P<0.01) inhibitory effect on egg hatching and larval motility followed by A. heterophyllus seed and I. verum fruit extracts. Extracts of A. occidentale shell induced 50% inhibition at lower concentration (0.0255 mg/mL) compared to I. verum fruit extract (0.0612 mg/mL) and A. heterophyllus seed (0.0372 mg/mL) extracts. The LD50 value of reference drug albendazole (positive control) was 0.237 µg/mL. Extracts of A. occidentale shell required maximum of 0.5 mg/mL, whereas extracts of I. verum fruit and A. heterophyllus seed required maximum concentration of 4 and 2 mg/mL respectively, to induce 100 per cent egg hatch inhibition. Similarly A. occidentale shell showed maximum activity on motility of L3 larvae (LD50 = 0.196 mg/mL) with 100 per cent paralysis while A. heterophyllus seed (LD50 = 0.666 mg/mL) and I. verum fruit (LD50 = 1.418 mg/mL) exhibited 84.67±1.76 and 72.66±1.76 per cent paralysis respectively, at higher tested concentration of 6 mg/mL. In WMIA, three extracts induced significant (P<0.001) mortality of adult worms; however the activity of A. occidentale shell was higher (100%) than I. verum fruit (36.6±3.3%) and A. heterophyllus seed (70.00±5.7%) at a concentration of 6 mg/mL within 1 h post exposure. Anacardium occidentale extract revealed better LD50 (1.0365 mg/mL) values in comparison with I. verum fruit (LD50 = 3.848 mg/mL) and A. heterophyllus seed (LD50 = 2.398 mg/mL) in the WMIA. Three plant extracts exhibited significant (P<0.001) dose dependant anthelmintic responses by inhibiting egg hatching and causing paralysis of larvae and mortality of worms. In vitro effect of these extracts on lactate dehydrogenase activity of H. contortus was also studied. All extracts significantly (P<0.01) inhibited the activity of LDH catalysing the oxidation of lactate. Maximum level of inhibition of LDH activity was noticed in A. occidentale shell extract treated worms. Thin Layer Chromatography analysis and qualitative phytochemical screening of three extracts revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates and proteins which might be responsible for the anthelmintic effects noticed. Overall, this in vitro study suggests that these three plants have promising anthelmintic effects.
Open Access
ASSESMENT OF ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF NANOSCALE ZnO ENCAPSULATED PIPERINE FORMULATION AGAINST RHIPICEPHALUS MICROPLUS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-03) SNIGDHA, KANCHARANA; CHENGALVA RAYULU, V(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, K; SREEDEVI, B
ABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken with an aim to synthesize and evaluate the acaricidal activity of nanoscale zinc oxide piperine formulation against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Nanoscale zinc oxide piperine formulation (NZPF) was prepared by using 0.1% zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) solution and 20% piperine solution employing encapsulation technique. The synthesised NZPF was characterized by employing UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR) analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The maximum absorbance peak of the Localized Surface Plasma Resonance (LSPR) of ZnONPs and NZPF was observed at 240 nm and 345 nm, respectively by using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The FT-IR spectra peaks of ZnONPs and NZPF were found to be 3844, 3739, 3619, 2351, 1694 and 1526 cm-1 and1633, 1583, 1490, 1448 and1436 cm-1, respectively. The XRD analysis showed strong peaks of 31.854°, 34.497°, 36.327°, 47.64°, 56.70°, 63.060°and 68.10° corresponds to Bragg’s reflections at (1 0 0), (0 0 2), (1 0 1), (1 0 2), (1 1 0) and (1 0 3) planes conforming the wurtzite crystalline structure of NZPF. Hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of the hydrosol of ZnONPs and NZPF were found to be 38.6nm and - 28.8 mV and 75nm and -36.4 mV, respectively with DLS technique. The EDS micrograph of ZnONPs showed the peaks of zinc and oxygen elements confirming the chemical composition and presence of chemical constituents (Zn77.51 % and O 22.49%).The SEM images revealed that the synthesized ZnONPs were spherical in shape with mean size of 30nm. Whereas synthesized NZPF were in rectangular rod shape with occasional agglomeration, highly poly dispersed and measured 1-2 μm. Acaricidal activity of deltamethrin, piperine, ZnONPs and NZPF on Rhipicephalus microplus was evaluated by two bioassays viz., Larval Packet Test (LPT) and Adult Immersion Test (AIT). LPT with a discriminating dose of deltamethrin (75 ppm) showed 59% mortality of R. microplus larvae. Total mortality (100%) was seen against R. microplus larvae at concentrations of 9ppm, 8ppm and 7 ppm with piperine, ZnONPs and NZPF, respectively. AIT with a discriminating dose of deltamethrin (75ppm) against adult R. microplus showed a mortality of 40%, oviposition inhibition of 78.309% and the lowest egg mass weight with17.8±1.31 mg. Mortality rate and oviposition inhibition of R. microplus were 100% whereas egg mass and reproductive index were completely nil with both piperine and ZnONPs at a concentration of 20ppm and NZPF at a concentration of 15 ppm. The egg mass values and reproductive indices were inversely proportional to the piperine, ZnONPs and NZPF concentrations whereas oviposition inhibition percent was directly proportional to the piperine, ZnONPs and NZPF concentrations. LC50 values of LPT and AIT were at the lowest concentration of 1.312 ppm and 3.505 ppm for NZPF whereas LC99 values were seen at the lowest concentration of 12.690 ppm and 33.741 ppm for ZnONPs. NZPF showed a potent ovulation inhibitory activity with significantly (P<0.05) lower IC50 and IC99 values compared to ZnONPs and piperine. Both LPT and AIT results clearly indicate the development of resistance in R. microplus ticks against deltamethrin. Synthesised NZPF, ZnONPs and piperine were found to have significantly (P<0.05) higher acaricidal activity. However, NZPF had high acaricidal efficacy at lower concentrations than pure phytochemical piperine, ZnONPs and deltamethrin. NZPF could be potential alternative to routine chemical acaricides for control of tick infestation of cattle in the wake of development of acaricidal resistance, residual effect and environmental pollution. Synthesis of NZPF and evaluation for its acaricidal activity in vitro is probably the first kind of report and further detailed study must be carried out before their application in vivo.
Open Access
SYNTHESIS OF MYCOGENIC SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND EVALUATION OF THEIR ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST RHIPICEPHALUS MICROPLUS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2018-01) PRIYADARSHINI, A.T; SRINIVASA RAO, K(MAJOR); CHENGALVA RAYULU, V; PRASAD, T.N.V.K.V
Open Access
Molecular characterization of Fasciola species in sheep and goats of Andhra Pradesh, India
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-11) JYOTHI SREE, Ch; MALAKONDAIAH, P(MAJOR); CHENGALVA RAYULU, V; Rama Devi, V; RAMANI PUSHPA, R.N
ABSTRACT: The present investigation has been undertaken to study the “Molecular characterization of Fasciola species in sheep and goats of Andhra Pradesh, India”. Slaughter/ necropsy examination of 5192 sheep and 2070 goats livers revealed 124 (2.38%) and 29 (1.40%) positive for Fasciola spp. with an overall prevalence rate of 2.10%. Higher prevalence was recorded in female sheep (3.50%) and goats (1.70%) than males of sheep (2.10%) and goats (1.24%), respectively. Highest prevalence was revealed in youngs (2.61% and 1.62%) than in adults (1.86% and 1.25% in 1-3 yrs and 2.11% and 1.22% in more than 3 years age) in sheep and goats, respectively. Highest infection rate was recorded in summer (2.89% & 1.53%) followed by winter (2.35% & 1.51%) and rainy seasons (1.19% & 0.91%) in sheep and goats, respectively. Present investigation also revealed that the prevalence of Fasciola spp. was the highest in April (6.05%) in sheep and in March (4.13%) for goats. Morphometric analysis was displayed large leaf like appearance of flukes with length and width ranged between 27.1 - Name of the author 36.5mm and 4.8 - 6.3mm in sheep and 27.5 - 38.1mm and 4.5 - 7.4mm in goats, respectively. Allometric values of Ventral Sucker to Posterior end (VS-P) and ratio of body length and width of adult flukes were 24.35-29.8mm and 4.71-6.29mm in sheep whereas 24.6-34.8mm and 4.89-6.73 mm in goats, respectively. Allometric values of the flukes collected in the present study were within the standard range (VS-P=26.8- 50.09mm, BL/BW=3.4-6.78mm) of F. gigantica and confirmed that the flukes from different parts of Andhra Pradesh were morphologically F. gigantica. Amplification of 275 genomic DNA samples (175 sheep and 100 goats) with their respective primers yielded a 433bp (ITS 1) and 550bp (ITS 2) products, respectively and confirmed them as Fasciola spp. Upon digestion with Rsa1 and BspHI restriction enzymes, the PCR-RFLP revealed a fragment of 233bp and 200bp in ITS 1 and 377bp and 173bp products in ITS 2 from all isolates of sheep (50) and goats (50), respectively. Sequencing analysis of randomly selected ITS 2 PCR products (3 sheep, 2 goats and 1 buffalo) revealed 100% homozygous within the species and a very few variations with the other geographical isolates. Pair wise distance analysis revealed 0% divergence in between them and 1-25% with the other geographical isolates of F. gigantica whereas 6% divergence with the F. hepatica. The phylogenetic analysis of ITS 2 sequences (6) revealed a close relationship with F. gigantica isolates of Asia (India, Iran, China, Thailand, South Korea, Vietnam, Indonesia, Pakistan) and Africa (Egypt, Zambia, Kenya, Mauritania). While the F. hepatica from Iran, Egypt, Australia and France were also exhibited relationship with the AP isolates and observed as a separate sub branch. The phylogeny of Andhra Pradesh isolates revealed that they were clustered in a same sub branch with regardless of their host, geographical origin and maternally inherited from F. gigantica.

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