ASSESMENT OF ACARICIDAL ACTIVITY OF NANOSCALE ZnO ENCAPSULATED PIPERINE FORMULATION AGAINST RHIPICEPHALUS MICROPLUS
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Date
2018-03
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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
The present study was undertaken with an aim to synthesize and evaluate the
acaricidal activity of nanoscale zinc oxide piperine formulation against
Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Nanoscale zinc oxide piperine formulation (NZPF)
was prepared by using 0.1% zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) solution and 20%
piperine solution employing encapsulation technique. The synthesised NZPF was
characterized by employing UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transformed Infrared
(FT-IR) analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS),
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS)
analysis. The maximum absorbance peak of the Localized Surface Plasma Resonance
(LSPR) of ZnONPs and NZPF was observed at 240 nm and 345 nm, respectively by
using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The FT-IR spectra peaks of ZnONPs and NZPF
were found to be 3844, 3739, 3619, 2351, 1694 and 1526 cm-1 and1633, 1583, 1490,
1448 and1436 cm-1, respectively. The XRD analysis showed strong peaks of
31.854°, 34.497°, 36.327°, 47.64°, 56.70°, 63.060°and 68.10° corresponds to
Bragg’s reflections at (1 0 0), (0 0 2), (1 0 1), (1 0 2), (1 1 0) and (1 0 3) planes
conforming the wurtzite crystalline structure of NZPF. Hydrodynamic diameter and
zeta potential of the hydrosol of ZnONPs and NZPF were found to be 38.6nm and -
28.8 mV and 75nm and -36.4 mV, respectively with DLS technique. The EDS
micrograph of ZnONPs showed the peaks of zinc and oxygen elements confirming
the chemical composition and presence of chemical constituents (Zn77.51 % and O
22.49%).The SEM images revealed that the synthesized ZnONPs were spherical in
shape with mean size of 30nm. Whereas synthesized NZPF were in rectangular rod
shape with occasional agglomeration, highly poly dispersed and measured 1-2 μm.
Acaricidal activity of deltamethrin, piperine, ZnONPs and NZPF on
Rhipicephalus microplus was evaluated by two bioassays viz., Larval Packet Test
(LPT) and Adult Immersion Test (AIT). LPT with a discriminating dose of
deltamethrin (75 ppm) showed 59% mortality of R. microplus larvae. Total
mortality (100%) was seen against R. microplus larvae at concentrations of 9ppm,
8ppm and 7 ppm with piperine, ZnONPs and NZPF, respectively. AIT with a
discriminating dose of deltamethrin (75ppm) against adult R. microplus showed a
mortality of 40%, oviposition inhibition of 78.309% and the lowest egg mass weight
with17.8±1.31 mg. Mortality rate and oviposition inhibition of R. microplus were
100% whereas egg mass and reproductive index were completely nil with both
piperine and ZnONPs at a concentration of 20ppm and NZPF at a concentration of
15 ppm. The egg mass values and reproductive indices were inversely proportional to
the piperine, ZnONPs and NZPF concentrations whereas oviposition inhibition
percent was directly proportional to the piperine, ZnONPs and NZPF concentrations.
LC50 values of LPT and AIT were at the lowest concentration of 1.312 ppm and
3.505 ppm for NZPF whereas LC99 values were seen at the lowest concentration of
12.690 ppm and 33.741 ppm for ZnONPs. NZPF showed a potent ovulation
inhibitory activity with significantly (P<0.05) lower IC50 and IC99 values compared
to ZnONPs and piperine. Both LPT and AIT results clearly indicate the development of resistance in R. microplus ticks against deltamethrin. Synthesised NZPF, ZnONPs and piperine were found to have significantly (P<0.05) higher acaricidal activity. However, NZPF had high acaricidal efficacy at lower concentrations than pure phytochemical piperine, ZnONPs and deltamethrin. NZPF could be potential alternative to routine chemical acaricides for control of tick infestation of cattle in the wake of development of
acaricidal resistance, residual effect and environmental pollution. Synthesis of NZPF
and evaluation for its acaricidal activity in vitro is probably the first kind of report
and further detailed study must be carried out before their application in vivo.
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