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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CERTAIN ECTOPARASITIC SKIN DISEASES IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-05) SIVA NAGARAJU, G; NALINI KUMARI, K(MAJOR); SURESH, K; VENU, RABSTRACT: The present study was carried out to study the incidence, different diagnostic aspects, and to evaluate the efficacy of different therapeutic agents in certain ectoparasitic skin diseases in dogs. The overall incidence of ectoparasitic skin disease was 75.55% (238/315) of which tick infestation, flea infestation, lice infestation, and mite infestation were 63.02 % (150/238), 11.34% (27 /238), 18.48% (44/238) and 19.76% (17/86), respectively. However, mixed infestations were seen in 22 out of 238 dogs. The highest incidence was recorded in age group of 2-4 years in tick infested dogs, 1-2 years in flea infested dogs, 2-4 years in lice infested dogs and less than one year in mite infested dogs. Tick, flea, lice and mite infestation were recorded high in male, mongrel dogs. Alopecia, erythema, erosions and pruritus (mild, moderate and severe) were the common clinical manifestations noticed in tick, flea, lice and mite infested dogs. In flea infested dogs, flea dirt was major clinical finding. Whereas, anemia, papular eruptions, hyperpigmentation which were mostly distributed at the dorsal aspect of lumbo-sacral area, caudomedial thighs and ventral abdomen were also recorded. Dogs with lice infestation along with above said signs showed anemia, restlessness, intense irritation (biting lice) and debilitation (sucking lice). Mite infested dogs revealed papules, pustules, scales, lichenification and hyperpigmentation. Whereas, generalized lesions were commonly observed than that of localized lesions. Diagnosis of ectoparasitic skin infestation was made by visual examination, palpation, combing, examination of skin scrapings, hairpluck, acetate tape impression smears and otic discharge which revealed presence of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), fleas (Ctenocephalides canis), lice (Heterodoxus spiniger and Linognathus setosus) and mites (Demodex canis and Demodex cornei). Though there was a significant decrease in the mean Hb, PCV and increase in eosinophils of the tick, fleas and lice infested dogs, it was not seen in all the dogs of either group. In mange, besides the significant anemic changes, a significant increase in TLC, neutrophil and lymphocyte count was also noted. The biochemical finding in dogs with ecto-parasitic skin disease was a significant decrease in the mean total serum protein. Fecal examination of these ectoparasitic infested dogs revealed Toxocara canis, Ancylostome eggs and tape worm segment in 11.76% of dogs. Forty dogs that diagnosed with ectoparasitic disease, were included in therapeutic studies viz., Group II, III, IV, V and VI with 8 in each. Ticks infested (GroupII) dogs treated with single application of fipronil spot-on 9.7% w/v showed improvement in erythema, pruritus, alopecia and all the dogs were completely free from ticks after 2 weeks of therapy. Whereas, Group III (tick infestation) dogs that were treated by applying scalibor protector band containing 4% deltamethrin showed complete relief by 4th week and the lesions subsided in all the dogs as the intensity of tick infestation decreased. After therapy there was a significant increase of hemoglobin, PCV, mean total protein and significant decrease in mean eosinophil count in both groups. However, based on period of recovery on comparison of two therapeutic protocols, fipronil spot-on was found to be more effective than scalibor protector band. In Group IV (flea infestation) dogs’ treatment was initiated with fipronil 0.25% w/v mechanical pump spray @ 3-6 ml/kg b.wt, with which all the dogs became flea free by 1st week. Group V (lice infestation) dogs were treated once with fipronil spot on 9.7%w/v. All 8(100%) and even these dogs were found to be free from infestation by 1st week. There was significant increase in the mean Hb, PCV, total serum protein and significant decrease in eosinophil count of both group IV and V dogs by the end of period of monitoring. Mite infested (group VI) dogs were treated with ivermectin tablets @ 300 μg per kg b.wt, orally once daily and external application of medicated shampoo (petben). However, in those cases which were complicated with pyoderma along with the above therapy an antibiotic (enrofloxacin @ 5 mg/kg b.wt) was also added. Ivermectin was continued till two negative skin scrapings were obtained at weekly intervals. By day 20, four dogs ( 2 localised and 2 generalised ) became mite free. While one dog became negative only by day 80 and one dog remained positive till the end of the study i.e day 90. After therapy the mean hemoglobin, PCV, lymphocyte count and mean total protein values slightly increased with significant decrease in TLC, neutrophil and eosinophil count. From the present study, it was concluded that the overall incidence of ectoparasitic skin disease was 75.55% with tick infestation being the most common. Erythema, alopecia and pruritus of varying intensity were the most commonly found symptoms in the affected dogs. The mean Hb, PCV, total serum protein decreased in the affected and improved by the end of the period of monitoring. Spot-on preparation was convenient to apply and brought 100% recovery in lice and tick infestation by weeks one and two respectively with no recurrence. Spray preparation was also easy to apply and brought about 100% recovery in flea infestation by 1st week with no recurrence. The recovery rate in demodicid dogs was 87.5% with a prolonged treatment period in generalized demodicosisThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-BIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF RUMINAL ACIDOSIS IN GOATS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2013-12) TAMBE SATISH VALMIK; PADMAJA, K(MAJOR); NAGARAJ, P; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT:The present study was designed to investigate the clinico-biochemical parameters and response to therapeutic agents in clinical cases of goats suffering with ruminal acidosis. Thirty clinical cases of ruminal acidosis presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Campus Veterinary Hospital, and Veterinary Ambulatory Clinic, Mylardevpally, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad with the history of accidental ingestion of carbohydrate rich diet, inappetance to anorexia, suspended rumination and clinical manifestations of distended rumen and diarrhoea were selected and were divided based on severity of ruminal acidosis into three different groups consisting of 10 goats in each. The group I (mild acidosis), group II (moderate acidosis), and group III (severe acidosis) goats were subjected to the therapeutic trials and compared against ten apparently healthy goats from the same area with similar husbandry practices which served as healthy control (Group IV). Clinical signs exhibited by mild acidotic goats (Group I) were inappetance, mild bloat, reduced rumen motility, reduced rumination, semisolid faeces, firm and doughy condition of rumen on palpation of left flank and dull sound on percussion of left flank. The signs observed in moderate acidotic goats (Group II) were anorexia, distended abdomen, absence of rumination, dull appearance, absence of ruminal motility, grinding of teeth, frequent bleating, thick nasal discharge, pasty faeces, dehydration, fluid flashing sound on percussion and gurgling sound on auscultation of rumen. Whereas in severe acidotic goats (Group III), the signs were observed anorexia, severe depression, sunken eyes, staggering gait, lameness, absence of rumination, ruminal motility absent, watery diarrhoea, dehydration, oligouria to anuria, dysponea, tachycardia, subnormal body temperature, sternal and lateral recumbency. Clinical signs after treatment in all affected goats disappeared. Ruminal acidotic goats had subnormal body temperature, heart and respiration rates and skin fold time in all affected groups of goats significantly (p<0.05) increased, ruminal motility significantly (p<0.05) decreased in group I and absent in group II and III, conjunctival mucous membrane was normal, slightly congested and congested in group I, group II and III respectively. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature, heart and respiration rates, skin fold time and ruminal motility in all affected groups of goats and conjunctival mucous membrane was normal after treatment. Rumen fluid samples were analysed for physical changes. Colour was gray in group I and milky gray in both group II and III, consistency was semisolid or slightly watery in group I and watery in both group II and III, odour was acidic in both group I and II and pungent acidic in group I, and significant (p<0.05) decrease in pH between the groups of affected goats before therapy. Micro-biochemical changes of rumen fluid like MBRT was significantly (p<0.05) increased in all affected groups of goats, SAT was significantly (p<0.05) increased in group I and absent in group II and III, iodophilic activity was reduced in group I and nil in both group II and III, protozoal motility was sluggish in group I and absent in both group II and III, protozoal density decreased in group I and absent in both group II and III, significant (p<0.05) decrease in live and increase in dead proportion in group I, complete absence of protozoa in both group II and III, and replacement of rumen fluid gram negative bacteria by gram positive bacteria in all affected groups of goats before treatment. Rumen fluid analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. In haematological parameters, a significant (p<0.05) increase in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leucocyte count, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and significant (p<0.05) decrease in lymphocytes in all affected groups of goats before treatment. Haematological parameters were retured to normal in all the groups after the treatment. Blood biochemical analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma glucose, serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, serum aspartate aminotransferase and serum lactate dehydrogenase enzymes were observed in all affected groups of goats before treatment. After treatment all blood biochemical parameters returned to normalcy in all the groups after the treatment. The mean values of urine pH before treatment was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased between the all affected groups as compared with group IV. The mean values of urine pH did not differ significantly after treatment in group I, II and III. The Benedict’s test of urine was positive in all affected goats before treatment as compared to group IV. After therapy, it was negative in all ruminal acidosis affected goats. The therapeutic efficacy of the drugs used against various types of ruminal acidosis in goats was assessed. Group I goats were given sodium bicarbonate @ 1 g/kg body weight, single dose orally daily for 5 days. Group II goats were given ‘Bufzone’ @ 50 g single dose orally daily for 4 days. Whereas, goats of group III were administered ‘Bufzone’ @ 50 g single dose orally daily for 4 days and Sodium bicarbonate @ 1 g/kg body weight orally for 5 days. In addition goats of all the three groups were administered with Chlorphenarmine maleate @ 0.5 mg/kg body weight im, Tribivet @ 2ml im and Ringer’s lactate @ 25 ml, 50-75 ml, 75-74 100 ml iv in group I, II and III respectively. It was concluded that ruminal acidosis is a common disease of goats and its severity can be effectively reduced by combination of Bufzone and sodium bicarbonate along with supportive therapy.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC ASPECTS OF CERTAIN COMMON DERMATOSES IN DOGS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO CANINE ATOPIC DERMATITIS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-12) JYOTHI, JATAVATH; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Nagaraj, P; Chandrashekhar Reddy, K; Madhava Rao, TABSTRACT : The present study was carried out in a total of 214 dogs that were presented with the history and signs of skin and coat abnormalities. These cases when subjected to thorough clinical examination and skin samples analysis, mange, atopy, malasseziosis, hypothyroidism, pyoderma, dermatophytosis and mixed infection associated dermatoses was recorded in 23.83 per cent, 21.50 per cent, 15.89 per cent, 12.62 per cent, 10.75 per cent, 8.41 per cent and 7.00 per cent dogs, respectively. The breed wise prevalence of mange was highest in GSD and lowest in Saint Bernard and that of canine atopic dermatitis was the highest in Dalmatian and lowest in Pug. Similarly, GSD and Doberman and Golden retriever; Labrador and Cocker spaniel, Golden retriever and Daschund; Spitz and Mongrel; GSD and Spitz and Doberman; GSD and Golden retriever were recorded as highest and lowest prevalence for malasseziosis, hypothyroidism, pyoderma, dermatophytosis and mixed infestation, respectively. Dermatoses associated with mange, atopic dermatitis, malasseziosis, hypothyroidism, Pyoderma, Dermatophytosis and mixed infestation were 31.37 per cent, 52.17 per cent, 26.47 per cent, 29.62 per cent, 39.13 per cent, 50.00 per cent and 46.67 per cent, respectively among the dogs between 1-3 years. Whereas, the prevalence of the same among 3-7 years and above 7 years were 52.94 and 15.68, 26.09 and 21.74, 44.12 and 29.41, 33.33 and 37.03, 21.74 and 39.13, 27.78 and 22.22 and 33.33 and 20.00 per cent, respectively. The prevalence of dermatoses in relation to gender of affected dogs revealed a highest rate in males (mange, pyoderma, dermatophytosis) in contrast to females (malasseziosis, atopic dermatitis, hypothyroidism and mixed infestation). All the cases included in the present study that were suspected for certain common dermatoses revealed similar manifestations such as pruritus, alopecia, erythema, papules, pustules, excoriations, scabs, crusts, scales and change in pigmentation. Few were also presented with rat tail appearance (hypothyroidism), urticaria, severe erythema of face, interdigits, otitis externa (atopy), greasy and offensive body odour (malasseziosis, pyoderma). Some of these cases were also presented with mixed ectoparasites like ticks, lice and fleas. Out of a total of 214 dermatoses dogs, 51 cases revealed positive for mites particularly Sarcoptes scabiei and Demodex canis. Tape impressions revealed blue colored footprint shaped yeast organisms that confirmed the diagnosis for malasseziosis. Ringworm infection suspected sample revealed positive for Trichophyton spp and Microsporum spp. Glass impression smears that were stained with gram’s stain were found positive for Staphylococcus spp thus, confirming pyoderma. Few of the cases suspected for fungal dermatosis showed a fluorescent apple green coloured areas where the lesions were present confirming Microsporum spp. Whereas, 27/214 dogs revealed significantly (P<0.05) elevated levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides along with low thyroid profile, thus confirming the hypothyroid associated dermatosis. Following intradermal injection of various allergens, 38 dogs were found sensitive for cockroach male, followed by Parthenium, cockroach female, common dust, Aspergillus fumigatus, dust mites and Trichoderma, respectively which was manifested as an erythematous swelling similar to a bee sting with a sharp ridge at the peripheral margin within 15 minutes. The severity was recorded as +, ++, +++ and ++++ if the area was within 3 cm, 3-4 cm, 4-4.5 cm and more than 4.5cm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed Sarcoptes scabiei, Demodex canis, Malassezia pachydermatis and Trichophyton spp. Based on intra dermal allergic skin test, dogs of various breed, age and sex that were presented with erythema, pruritus and alopecia and diagnosed for canine atopic dermatitis were proportionately divided into 3 groups such as Group I, II and III with 15 in each and subjected for therapeutic trail. All the 15 dogs of Group I showed clinical improvement from day 7 with complete clinical recovery within 20 days of treatment. and the same among GII dogs started from day 10 with complete recovery among all the affected cases by day 30. Whereas, clinical improvement among group III dogs was gradual and slow from day 15 with complete clinical recovery by the end of therapeutic period (day 30) among only 11 cases. Among all the dogs of Group I, following therapy with topical tacrolimus spray twice daily, apart from clinical improvement from day 7, a significant improvement in hypersensitive reaction towards all the allergens was also noticed on day 10. Similarly among group II cases that received oral tacrolimus, twice daily, along with clinical improvement from day 7, a non significant improvement in hypersensitive reaction against intra dermal allergic skin test was noticed on day 10. However, a significantly (P<0.05) decreased hypersensitive zone was recorded on day 20. Whereas, improvement in group III cases was non-significant on day 20 but significantly different on day 30. However, there was a significant difference (P< 0.05) with respect to these parameters between group I, group II and III dogs, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ADVANCED DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2012-01) ABHISHEK KALUNDIA; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Tirumala Rao, D.S; Chandrashekhar, E.LABSTRACT: The prevalence of chronic gastritis in dogs that was associated with drug induced, dietary cause/food allergy, bacterial, systemic causes, foreign body and due to anatomical defect was recorded as 14.92, 14.92, 16.42, 17.91, 12.69, 12.69 and 10.45 per cent, respectively. Prevalence of chronic gastritis of various causes mentioned above, in relation to breed, was recorded highest among German shepherds and Labradors respectively, and lowest in Daschunds, Cocker spaniels, Spitz, Golden retrievers, Mongrels and Dobermans respectively. With respect to age, highest prevalence was recorded in dogs aged between 1-7 years (drug induced, bacterial, foreign body and anatomical anomalies), following upto 1yr (parasitic, food allergy, foreign body and anatomical defect) compared to the chronic gastritis in dogs under 12 months (drug induced and systemic causes). The prevalence of chronic gastritis in relation to gender of affected dogs revealed a highest rate in males in contrast to females. Except in bacterial gastritis, temperature, pulse and respiratory rate of vomiting dogs of various etiology remained in normal range. Dehydration, vomiting with mucous, fresh blood, partially digested blood, blood clots, coffee colored, bile, undigested food were the significant clinical manifestations. Whereas, icterus and pruritus was recorded in systemic disease and dietary indiscretion associated chronic gastritis in dogs. Significantly decreased TEC, Hb, with elevated PCV and TLC was common hematological abnormalities among all the chronic gastritis affected dogs. Except neutrophilia and monocytosis among bacterial gastritis in dogs, no difference was noticed with other dogs. Similarly, elevated levels of ALT and ALP with decreased TP and albumin were recorded among the vomiting dogs of both the subgroups of groups II, III and IV. Further, hyponatremia, hypokalemia and hypochloremia were the common electrolyte abnormalities in all the gastritis affected dogs. Megaesophagus, lower esophageal stricture / stenosis, foreign body obstruction and esophageal diverticulum were the significant radiographic abnormalities. A thickened gastric wall, thickened rugal folds, and loss or decreased definition of the normal gastric wall layers were identified ultrasonographically in dogs with chronic gastritis. Reddening, roughening, petechiation, haemorrhage, perforations, increased granularity or friability, constrictions, erosions, ulcers and mass lesions and rugal and mucosal thickening or hypertrophy along the mucus lining of cardiac, fundus and pylorus were significant endoscopic abnormalities. Culture studies of biopsy samples from stomach revealed negative result but the same sample on rapid urease test revealed positive results for Helicobacter spp. Histopathologically, eosinophilic, lymphoplasmacytic (lymphocyte and plasma cell dominated), ulceration, granulomatous (macrophage dominated), pyogranulomatous (neutrophils and macrophages), fibrosis were specific findings. Following therapy for 5 days with respective regimens, the specific signs, hematological, biochemical and other findings improved significantly among both the subgroup dogs of the group I(drug induged gastritis), II( dietary induced gastritis), III (helicobacter associated) and IV (gastritis due to other systemic causes) dogs that were treated for varied etiology. However, relatively faster clinical recovery and early improvement with respect to various hemato-biochemical parameters were observed among the sub group ‘b’ dogs of I, II, III and IV group dogs. However, with respect to various endoscopic abnormalities like ulcerations, erosions, hypertrophic, thick gastric mucosa that were noticed in chronic gastritis affected dogs before the onset of therapy did not showed complete recovery (except clinical improvement) by the end of day 5 except healing and absence of ulcers and erosions (fig. 69 to 70). Whereas, Helicobactor associated gastritis in dogs that were found positive for rapid urease test also showed clinical improvement by absence of vomiting and normal appetite by day 5. However, complete recovery without presence of the specific bacteria was only noticed after two weeks.ThesisItem Open Access POSTPARTUM INDIGESTION WITH REFERENCE TO HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-12) PRAVEENA, G; PADMAJA, G(MAJOR); TIRUMALA RAO, D.S; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: The present investigation on postparturient indigestion (PPI) with hepatic insufficiency was under taken to study the incidence, clinical and biochemical findings, therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs in the treatment of PPI in buffaloes associated with hepatic insufficiency. Out of 181 recently calved (zero to two months after calving) buffaloes with the history of reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield presented at Ambulatory clinic, Mylardevpally, Campus Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar and a few periurban dairy farms located in and around Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 64 (35.36%) buffaloes were found suffering with PPI. On detailed clinical examination and urine analysis of cases of PPI, it was observed that 30 (46.87 %) buffaloes had hepatic insufficiency. PPI with hepatic insufficiency of 30 buffaloes were divided in to three groups II, III and IV for conducting therapeutic trails. Ten apparently healthy postparturient buffaloes (group I) were subjected to clinical observations and biochemical investigations, and they served as healthy control group. The most common and consistent symptom observed in buffaloes suffering with PPI associated with hepatic insufficiency was reduction in feed intake and decreased milk yield. Scanty dung was observed in few cases. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature, pulse and respiratory rate of PPI animals associated with hepatic insufficiency before and after treatment, which indicated that PPI associated with hepatic insufficiency had no significant effect on the above parameters. All the animals during the treatment regained the appetite and milk yield was increased. Ruminal motility was increased significantly (P<0.01). Urine analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. Buffaloes of group II were treated with inj. Intalyte 0.5 g/kg b.wt i/v for one day and inj. Tribivet 10 ml i/m for 5 days. The mean serum glucose, total protein and albumin levels were increased significantly (P<0.01). There was a significant (P<0.01) increase in milk yield, improvement in milk yield was 46% and recovery in days was 3.60 ± 0.16. Buffaloes of group III were treated with inj.Intalyte 0.5 g/kg b.wt i/v for one day and inj.Catosol 5 ml/100kg b.wt i/m for 5 days. The mean serum glucose, total protein and albumin levels were increased significantly (P<0.01). The mean serum AST and GGT levels were decreased significantly (P<0.01). There was a significant (P<0.01) increase in milk yield, improvement in milk yield was 55% and recovery in days was 2.50 ± 0.17. The comparative means of above parameters revealed that the treatment given to group III animals was more effective. Buffaloes of group IV were treated with inj. Intalyte 0.5 g/kg b.wt i/v for one day and inj. Toxol 10 ml i/m for 5 days. The mean serum glucose, total protein and albumin levels were increased significantly (P<0.01). There was a significant (P<0.01) increase in milk yield, improvement in milk yield was 38.28% and recovery in days was 4.70 ± 0.15. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combination of inj. Intalyte for one day and inj. Catosal given for 5 days found to be more effective in the treatment of PPI with hepatic insufficiency.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON SUBCLINICAL FORMS OF CERTAIN PRODUCTION DISEASES IN CROSSBRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-11) AMBICA, G; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); AMEER HAMZA, P; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; GOPALA REDDY, AABSTRACT: The present clinical investigation was undertaken to study the incidence, clinical and haemato biochemical findings, therapy and therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs and to evolve a suitable comprehensive therapeutic regimen in cows with subclinical forms of certain production diseases viz., hypocalcaemia, ketosis, hypophosphataemia and hypomagnesaemia. Out of 280 recently parturated (from day zero to two months post calving) cows presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Campus Hospital, Rajendranagar; Dairy experimental station, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar and surrounding peri urban areas with the history of reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield during a study period of 14 months, 106 (37.86 per cent) were suffering from one or more than one of the above said subclinical production diseases. On detailed clinical examination, urine analysis and serum biochemistry, it was observed that 24 cows were positive for subclinical hypocalcaemia (group - I), 38 for subclinical ketosis (group - II), 8 for subclinical hypophosphataemia (group - Ill) and 5 for subclinical hypomagnesaemia (group - IV), which accounted the incidence of 22.64, 35.85, 7.55 and 4.72 per cent, respectively. The incidence of more than one of the above said deficiencies (mixed deficiencies, group - V) was recorded in 31 cows which accounted for 29.24 per cent, out of that the incidence of subclinical hypocalcaemia along with 'ketosis; subclinical hypocalcaemia along with ketosis and hypomagnesaernia; subclinical hypocalcaemia along with hypophosphataemia; and subclinical hypocalcaemia along with hypomagnesaemia was observed in 17, 4, 7 and 3 cows, respectively with a corresponding incidence of 16.04%, 3.77%. 6.60% and 2.83%, respectively. Each group was again subdivided into two subgroups viz., la, Ib; Ila, Ilb; Illa, Illb; IVa, IVb and Va, Vb to study and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of oral and parenteral drugs. 10 apparently healthy postparturient cows (group - VI) were maintained as healthy control group. The clinical observations in cows suffering from subclinical form of production diseases revealed reduced feed intake and decreased milk yield. There was no significant difference in the values of temperature and pulse rate before and after treatment in all the groups, which indicated that subclinical form of production diseases had no significant effect. All the animals during the treatment regained the appetite and milk yield. Ruminal motility was increased significantly (Pe0.01) and urine analysis was normal in all the groups after the treatment. Group la and Ib cows were low in urinary and serum calcium levels. Animals belonging to group la has received Calup Gel @ 300 g orally OD for 3 days and Rumen-FS bolus @ 2 boli orally BID for 5 days and group Ib animals were administered Inj. 25% lntacal @ 450 ml iv OD for 3 days and Inj. Tribivet @ 10-1 5 rnl im OD for 3 days. Among haematological parameters the mean Hb level was increased significantly (Pc0.05)in group la, where as in group Ib mean Hb, TLC and granulocyte percent were increased significantly (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters increased mean serum calcium and magnesium were significant at 1% (Pc0.01) and increased phosphorus and total protein and decreased serum glucose and AST were signficant at 5% (Pc0.05) in group la, where as in group Ib increased calcium and decreased serum glucose. magnesium and AST were significant at 1% (Pc0.01) and increased total protein and albumin at 5% (Pc0.05). The comparative means of serum glucose, calcium, magnesium and AST of healthy, group la and Ib revealed that the treatment given to group Ib was more effective. Group Ila and Ilb animals were found positive for urinary ketones. Animals belonging to group Ila were administered Ketonil Gel orally @ 1 tube/day for 2 days, followed by half of the tube for next 2 days and Liq. €-Booster @ 200 ml orally BID for 2 days followed by 100ml BID for next 2 days, where as group Ilb cows were administered Inj. Wocktrose-25 @ 540 ml iv OD for 3 days, Inj. Ketocort @ 1Omg total dose im for 3 days and Inj. Tribivet @ 5 ml im for 3 days. Among haematological parameters the mean TLC was increased significantly at 1% (P<0.01) and mean Hb, monocytes, granulocytes percent, MCH and MCV were increased significantly at 5 OO/ (P~0.05i)n group Ila cows, while in group Ilb mean Hb, TLC, monocytes and granulocytes Oh were increased significantly at 1 % (PcO.01) and mean PCV, TEC, MCH and MCV were increased significantly at 5% (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters, significantly increased mean serum glucose, calcium, total protein and albumin and decreased AST levels at 5% (Pc0.05) in groups Ila, where as in group Ilb increased mean serum glucose and calcium and decreased AST were significant at 1% (P-=0.01) and increased serum total protein and albumin was at 5% (Pc0.05) level. Though there was an improvement in both the groups, the comparative means of serum glucose, calcium and AST of healthy, group Ila and Ilb revealed that the treatment given to group Ilb was more effective. Group llla and lllb cows were low in serum phosphorus. Cows belonging to group llla were administered Sodaphos powder @ 30-60 g orally OD for 5 days and Ferritas bolus @ 2 boli orally OD for 5 days. while group lllb animals were administered Inj. Urimin @ 10-15 ml im OD for 3 days and Inj. Ferritas @ 1 rnll 50 kg body weight im once. Among haematological parameters the mean Hb, PCV, TEC and MCV increased significantly (Pc0.05) in group Illa; and in group lllb mean Hb, PCV and TEC were increased significantly at 1% (Pc0.01) and mean lymphocytes, MCV and MCH were increased significantly at 5% (Pc0.05). Among serum parameters decreased serum glucose and ALP and increased calcium were significant at 1% (PcO.01) and increased phosphorus and magnesium and decreased AST at 5% (Pc0.05) in group llla and in group lllb decreased serum glucose, AST and ALP and increased calcium and phosphorus were significant at 1% (PThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF VOMITING IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-11) VIJAYA LAKSHMI, M; Tirumala Rao, D.S(MAJOR); Satish Kumar, K; Narasimha Reddy, YABSTRACT : The present study was under taken to investigate the prevalence, clinical findings, haemato biochemical parameters, endoscopic appearance, therapy and therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs in dogs with vomiting. A total of 125 dogs screened, 50 were selected for the present study and subjected to detailed physical, clinical and laboratory investigation. Vomiting was mostly observed in Pomeranian breed and the prevalence was higher in male pups of 0 – 6 months of age. Dietary abnormalities were found to be the causative for vomiting in majority (40%) cases followed by renal failure (22), hepatic disorder (18), haemorrhagic gastroenteritis (16), parasitic infestation (2) and foreign bodies (2), respectively. TEC, PCV and DLC values were decreased in vomiting dogs. There is no significant difference in DLC findings in dogs with vomiting. All the affected dogs showed increase in TEC, PCV and TLC but found to be decreased significantly following therapy. Hb was decreased in vomiting dogs but increased significantly following therapy. Among biochemical parameters, serum ALT and creatinine found to be normal but decrease in serum Glucose, Sodium, Potassium and increase in serum Total Protein, Albumin, BUN were noticed. After therapy a significant improvement was noticed. The therapeutic efficacy, based on response to treatment, was observed to be comparatively higher in Group II (100 %) than Group I (60 %) on day 4 of therapy. Based on faster resolution of vomiting and improvement in the haemato biochemical parameters after treatment with Inj. Ringers Lactate solution 500 ml, I/V twice in a day for 3 days and Inj. Ondensetron @ 1mg / kg body weight I/V for 3 consecutive days was found to be superior when compared to Inj. Metoclopramide in controlling vomiting.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF DIARRHOEA IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-11) VASANTHA KUMARI, P; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Tirumala Rao, D.S; Narasimha Reddy, YABSTRACT : Based on the results obtained from faecal sample analysis (microscopic, cultural and immune chromatographic assays) of the 185 diarrhoeic dogs, they were classified as suffering with parasitic, bacterial, viral and dietary etiology. The prevalence of diarrhoea due to parasitic, bacterial, viral and dietary causes was recorded as 35.14%, 21.08%, 10.81% and 32.97%, respectively. Ancylostoma caninum, Toxocara canis, Dipyllidium caninum and mixed infestation of Ancylostoma caninum and Dipyllidium caninum were the different endoparasitic ova and E.coli spp., Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella spp., were the different bacteria detected on the fecal sample analysis. On immuno chromatographic one step detection of parvo viral antigen test, 39 samples revealed positive for parvo viral enteritis giving prevalence of 21.08%. The prevalence of diarrhoea due to various etiology was highest in German shepherd and least in Great Dane (parasitic), Pomeranian (bacterial), Dachshund (viral) and Spitz (dietary). The prevalence was highest in pups between 0-6 months (parasitic and viral), 6 months - 4 years (bacterial and dietary). Males of various breed were at highest risk compared to females. Dehydration, yellowish foul smell faeces, inappetance, tarry coloured foul smelling faeces were the common manifestations of parasitic diarrhoea in dogs. Moderate dehydration, anorexia and blood mixed loose feaces and foul adour brownish – black feaces were noticed in dogs with infectious diarrhoea. Whereas, inappetence, mild dehydration with mucous coated faeces were recorded in dogs with dietary diarrhoea. The temperature, pulse and respiration rates were increased in infectious diarrhoea. There was a significant decrease (p<0.01) in total erythrocyte count of groups Ia, IIa and IIIa dogs on day '0' (before treatment) when compared to apparently healthy dogs. These values significantly increased (p<0.01) among all respective group dogs. Similarly there was a significant difference (P<0.01) in total erythrocyte count after treatment between groups Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb and IIIa, IIIb dogs, respectively. There was significant increase (p<0.01) in total leucocyte count of groups Ia, IIa and IIIa dogs before treatment when compared to apparently healthy. There was a significant decrease (p<0.01) in haemoglobin concentration of diarrhoeic dogs before treatment when compared to apparently healthy ones. These values significantly increased (p<0.01) among respective groups following therapy. There was a significant increase (p<0.01) in PCV count of group Ia, Ib; IIa, IIb; IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb dogs before treatment when compared to apparently healthy. These values significantly decreased (p<0.01) among respective groups following therapy. Similarly, there was a significant difference (p<0.01) in PCV after treatment between group Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb. Neutrophils were significantly (p<0.01) increased in dogs of group Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb and IVa, IVb and decreased in IIIa, IIIb; Lymphocytes were significantly (p<0.01) decreased in group Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb and increased in IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb; Eosinophils were significantly (p<0.01) increased in dogs of groups Ia, Ib; IIIa, IIIb and IVa, and decreased in group IIa, IIb and IVb and the Monocytes were significantly (p<0.01) increased in group Ia, Ib; IIIa, IIIb and subsequently decreased in groups IIa, IIb and IVa, IVb dogs on day 0. Similarly, there was a significant difference (p<0.01) in Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils and Monocytes after treatment between groups Ia, Ib; IIa, IIb; IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb. There was a significant (p<0.01) decrease in serum sodium, potassium, total proteins and albumin levels in all these groups before treatment when compared to apparently healthy. These values significantly increased (p<0.01) among all the groups following therapy. Similarly, there was a significant difference in these parameters after treatment between groups Ia, Ib; IIa, IIb; IIIa, IIIb and IVa, IVb. Group Ia dogs which received broad spectrum anthelmintic drug, Tab. Eazypet (Praziquantel 50mg, Pyrantel pamoate 144mg and Fenbebdazole 500mg) @ 1 tab/10kg body weight, single dose orally, showed slow and sustained improvement. Nine out of ten dogs of this group showed optimal clinical improvement and changes in haematobiochemical parameters by day 4 and one dog recovered beyond the therapeutic period (day 6). Where as, the group Ib dogs, that were supplemented with parenteral fluid (Ringers Lactate, I/V, once a day for 3 days), along with anthelmintic drug, showed marked improvement by day 4. Seven out of ten dogs belonging to group IIa, that were treated with Inj Petromax (Amoxicillin Sodium – 200mg, Sulbactam Sodium -100mg) @ 10mg/kg body weight I/M once a day for 3 days improved clinically. Whereas, all the ten dogs of group IIb that received fluid therapy in addition to the drug received by group IIa dogs, showed marked improvement by day 3. Out of ten dogs of group IIIa that received Inj. Amikacin (Amikacin 250mg) @ 10mg/kg body weight I/M once a day for 3 days. Diarrhoea was noticed till day 2 (2 dogs) and 3 (4 dogs) with inappetance for 2 days (6 dogs). Whereas, all the ten dogs of group IIIb showed faster recovery from day 2 and complete clinical recovery following three days therapeutic trial. All the dogs that received additional fluid therapy in addition to tab. Petpro (Microbial Culture (9strains), total viable count @ 2×109 CFU excipient.qs) recovered fully when compared to seven out of ten dogs belonging to group IVa that were given only petpro. Hence, it may be concluded from the present results that dogs belonging to Groups Ib, IIb, IIIb and IVb, that had received fluid supplementation in addition to the specific drugs showed faster and marked improvement with respect to clinical signs and haemato biochemical parameters when compared to those dogs of the Groups Ia, IIa, IIIa and IVa received only specific drugs.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-08) SRIKALA, D; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Tirumala Rao, D.S; Sadasiva Rao, KABSTRACT : Out of a total 10,172 dogs presented to the small animal medical ward of Veterinary Hospital, Bhoiguda, Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 47 were found hypothyroid. The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism in dogs was 0.46 per cent and it was 30.92 per cent among dogs exhibiting clinical manifestations suggestive of impaired thyroid function. The highest prevalence was recorded in Labrador Retriever (25.53 per cent) aged between 5-10 yrs (61.70 per cent) and spayed females (40.43 per cent) and lowest in Daschund and Pug (2.13 per cent), less than 5 yrs (6.83 per cent) and uncastrated males (12.77 per cent). The common clinical manifestations were bilateral alopecia (82.98 per cent), rat tail appearance (72.34 per cent), puppy like coat (17.02 per cent), dry and lustreless coat (68.08 per cent), secondary skin disorders (76.60 per cent), exercise intolerance (78.72 per cent), dyspnoea at rest (25.53 per cent), obesity (68.08 per cent), lethargy in (74.47 per cent), corneal lipidosis (10.64 per cent), goitre and lameness (10.64 per cent), pale mucosa (19.25 per cent), anaemia (27.6 per cent), nervous signs (25.53 per cent) and cyanosis and myxedema (8.51 per cent). The primary disorders associated with hypothyroid dogs were related to skin and coat in 76.60 per cent, and were mainly of Malassezia pachydermatis or Demodex canis or pyoderma. Further, certain systemic disorders such as cardiovascular, nervous system, diabetes mellitus, renal and musculoskeletal disorders were also recorded. Severely affected hypothyroid dogs were presenting the severe signs related to both skin and coat and reduced metabolic rate. Whereas, dogs presented with only skin and coat abnormalities were considered mild and those presented with predominant skin and coat and mild to moderate reduced metabolic rate associated signs were diagnosed as moderately affected ones. Out of 23 dogs in group I, alleviation of clinical signs occurred in 21 following 30-35 days of treatment with levothyroxine. The remaining two dogs presenting goitre, cyanosis and myxedema, severe nervous signs, pale mucosae and corneal lipidosis died after 10 and 15 days of initiation of therapy. Whereas, group II dogs treated with levothyroxine and carnitine showed clinical improvement from day 15 and complete alleviation of signs were recorded by day 30. No death was recorded in this group of dogs. All the hypothyroid dogs revealed normocytic, normochromic and non-regenerative anaemia with non-significantly different parameters except PCV. Similarly, there was hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia with elevated levels of CKMB, LDH, ALP and TSH with significantly low levels of TT4, fT4 and T3. The thyroid lobes of the affected dogs were heterogenous, had an irregular thick capsule, ill-delineated abnormal shape, smaller size and were hyper echoic compared with sternothyroid muscles on day 0. Whereas, the mean length, width, height and volume of the hypothyroid lobes were significantly decreased when compared to apparently healthy dogs. No significant difference was noticed with these findings following therapy. The mean pre treatment values of LVEdD and LVEsD of both the groups were significantly increased (p<0.01) when compared with the mean values of healthy dogs. These dimensions after therapy were found to be significantly (p<0.05) different from the findings recorded prior to the treatment. The other dimensions viz., LVPWd, LVPWs, IVSd, IVSs, and EPSS of group I and II, were also different significantly (p<0.05) from that of healthy dogs. Following therapy (on day 45) there was a non-significant difference in these values. With respect to ejection fraction and fractional shortening, a significantly low (p<0.01) levels were noticed in all the hypothyroid dogs. However, a significant (P<0.05) increase was recorded in these values on day 45 post therapy. Whereas, no specific difference in severity and intensity of turbulence and mosaic pattern of colour flow was noticed on pulse wave and colour flow Doppler of mitral valve in all the dogs before and after treatment. There was no significant difference in various haematological parameters such as TEC, Hb, PCV, TLC and DLC between the groups I and II. A significant difference was noticed in the values of CKMB and LDH (P<0.01) and cholesterol, triglycerides, total thyroxine, free thyroxine, triodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone (P<0.05) of group II dogs on day 45 after treatment as compared with group I. Whereas, no significant difference was noticed with the values of ALT and ALP in between the groups on day 45. The different abnormalities associated with thyroid gland morphology and texture that revealed during thyroid lobe ultrasonography such as irregular thick capsule, ill delineated, abnormal shape, smaller size, echogenic difference and thyroid lobe volume were not significantly different between the