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ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-02) LOKESWARA NETHAJI, OBURAI; VAIKUNTA RAO, V(MAJOR); NALINI KUMARI, K; SREENIVASULU, DABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to find out the incidence of Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) in dogs with relation to age, breed and sex in and around Tirupati, to study the clinical, haematological and biochemical profile in dogs with CRF, to study ultrasonographic findings in dogs with CRF and to formulate an effective therapeutic regimen for CRF in dogs. The study revealed higher incidence of CRF in spitz with male predominance and in age group of 8-12 years. Clinical examination of CRF cases revealed anorexia, vomiting, dullness, weight loss, oral ulcers, polyuria, polydipsia, pale mucous membrane, melena, recumbency and blindness. Blood pressure measurement showed significant elevation of systolic arterial pressure in CRF dogs. Haematological values showed the results of anemia and mild neutrophilic leucocytosis. In serum biochemical profile, elevated serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorous, sodium and normal serum potassium and calcium were observed. However decreased total protein and albumin levels were observed in CRF dogs compared to apparently healthy dogs. Urinalysis showed normal pH, decreased specific gravity and elevated urine protein and creatinine ratio and urinary enzymes (ALP and GGT) excretion. Nephrosonography revealed hyperechoic renal cortex, hyperechoic medulla, indistinct corticomedullay junction and sunken kidneys in CRF dogs. Combination of root extract of B.diffusa and conservative treatment was found to be effective in the therapeutic management of CRF in dogs.ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON POST PARTUM ANOREXIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY IN COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-01) NAVEEN KUMAR REDDY, B; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); HAMZA, P.A; GIREESH KUMAR, VABSTRACT : Out of a total of 291 anorexia cases presented to Campus Veterinary Hospital and Ambulatory clinic, Mylardevpally, Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad and Mekaguda village near Hyderabad only 68 (23.37%) crossbred cows were diagnosed based on history as post partum anorexia (PPA) cases. On detailed clinical examination and urinalysis of cases of PPA it was observed that 30 (44.12%) cows had PPA with hepatic insufficiency which formed about 10.31 per cent of total cases of anorexia. Ten apparently healthy cows which were in same post partum period but showing no clinical signs were selected to serve as control group for working out the normal values. Thirty clinical cases of PPA with hepatic insufficiency selected on the above basis were subjected to detailed clinico-biochemical examination and therapeutic trial. The clinical cases exhibited various symptoms like partial to complete loss of appetite, decreased milk yield in 93.33 per cent cows, dull and depression in 76.66 per cent cows, scanty and pasty dung in 60 per cent of cows, reduced ruminal motility in 76.66 per cent of cows, rough coat in 30 per cent cows and symptoms such as lacrimation, nasal discharges and cough in 16.66 per cent of cows. Passing of clay coloured dung was observed only in four cows. Thirty clinical cases of cows suffering from PPA with hepatic insufficiency were randomly divided in to three groups of 10 animals in each. Cows of group I were treated orally with two boli of Zigbo (M/S Natural Remedies Private Ltd., Bangalore, India) and two boli of Ecotas (M/S Intas Pharmaceutical Ltd., Ahmedabad, India) daily for five days. Group II cows were administered Inj. Livadex forte 10ml i/m (M/S Virbac Animal Health India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India) and two boli of Ecotas orally daily for five days while all the cows belonging to group III were treated Inj. Livadex forte 10 ml i/m, two boli of Zigbo and two boli of Ecotas orally daily for five days. The serum samples were collected before and after completion of treatment for estimation of serum glucose, total protein, albumin, AST, ALP and GGT. The urine samples, similarly collected were analysed for Rothera’s test for ketones, sulkowitch test for calcium, Ehrlich’s test for urobilinogen, Methylene blue test for bilirubin and Hay’s test for urinary bile salts. There was no significant difference in the temperature, pulse and respiration rates of all the groups before and after treatment on comparison with healthy control values, but whereas rumen motility was significant (P < 0.05) increased after treatment in group I, II and (P < 0.01) group III. In cows of group I the serum glucose, total protein and albumin values were increased and AST, ALP, GGT values were decreased after therapy, but all these biochemical parameters were not statistically significant, feed and water intake and milk yield were returned near to pre disease level. In cows of group II the serum glucose, total protein and albumin values were increased and AST, ALP, GGT values were decreased after therapy. There was significant (P < 0.05) difference in the mean values of these biochemical parameters except serum glucose, which was not significant statistically, milk yield returned to pre disease level. After completion of treatment the general condition of cows of group III improved and active. Feed and water intake and the milk yield were returned to pre disease level. There was significant (P < 0.01) increase in mean values of total protein and albumin and significant (P < 0.01) decrease in mean values of AST, ALP and GGT. Though there was increase in serum glucose after treatment but was not significant statistically. From the above findings it was concluded that crossbred cows of PPA with hepatic insufficiency could be treated successfully with a combination of Zigbo bolus, Ecotas bolus and Inj. Livadex forte for quick and complete recovery.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POST PARTURIENT ANOREXIA SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATIC INSUFFICIENCY AND KETOSIS IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008) RAO MALLAMPALLI, S.B; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); HAMZA, P.A; GIRISH KUMAR, VABSTRACT : The present investigation was undertaken to study the clinical observations, biochemical parameters along with therapeutic trail in buffaloes with post parturient anorexia syndrome. The clinical observation in respect of temperature, pulse, respiration rate, ruminal movements, appetite, milk yield were recorded and the biochemical parameters viz. Serum glucose, Serum Calcium, Phosphorus, AST, TP, Alb, Cortisol and blood Ketone bodies were estimated in all the 40 animals. Among them 10 animals were kept as healthy control (Group IV) where as group I, II & III animals were subjected to therapeutic trails. Group IV (healthy control) showed normal body temperature (100.74±0.15oF), pulse (55.2 ± 40/min.), respiration rate (28.5±0.12/min), ruminal movements (8.2±0.34/5min), with normal appetite and healthy condition and with normal milk yield (10.20±0.20kg/day). The biochemical parameters such as, serum Glucose (52.80±0.80mg/dl), calcium (9.41±0.08mg/dl), Phosphorus (5.52±0.13mg/dl), AST (137.50±0.50 IU/L), Total protein (6.06±0.03g/dl), Albumin (3.08 ± 0.04 g/dl), Cortisol (0.59 ± 0.03μg/dl) and blood ketone bodies (8.32± 0.21mg/dl) were estimated. Group I, II & III animals were observed to be there was no significant difference in temperature, pulse, respiration rate, except rumen motility before and treatment. In group I animals before treatment, the biochemical values such as glucose, calcium, phosphorus, AST, TP, Alb, cortisol & blood ketone bodies were 34.20±1.28mg/dl ,9.31±0.06mg/dl, 4.72±0.04mg/dl, 227.90±6.90IU/L, 5.54±0.08g/dl, 2.77±0.03g/dl, 1.72±0.03μg/dl, and 10.75±0.27mg/dl, and after treatment values were 57.10± 0.67mg/dl, 9.86±0.04mg/dl, 5.38±0.02mg/dl, 136.10±0.41IU/L, 6.08±0.02g/dl, 3.09 ±0.03g/dl and 0.53±0.01μg/dl and 8.0±0.21mg/dl. The milk yield in group-I animals before & after therapy was 2.65±0.28kg and 7.40±0.37kg/day respectively. After treatment with Yakrifit, Anistamin and Livadexforte there was a significant difference in all biochemical parameters and milk yield (P<0.01). In group-II buffaloes the mean serum glucose, calcium, phosphorus, AST, TP, Alb, cortisol and blood ketone bodies before treatment were 32.3±0.08mg/dl, 9.16±0.15mg/dl, 4.69±0.12mg/dl, 235.2±7.73 IU/L, 5.26±0.15g/dl, 2.72±0.02g/dl, 1.72±0.5μg/dl and 10.30±1.06mg/dl, respectively. After treatment the corresponding values were 51.4±0.97mg/dl, 9.28±0.10mg/dl, 5.13±0.12mg/dl, 130.3±7.59IU/L, 6.15±0.19g/dl, 3.06±0.02g/dl, 0.59±0.08μg/dl and 8.30±0.82mg/dl, respectively. There was significant difference between before after treatments. All the animals recovered completely after five days treatment, as evident from clinical symptoms, improvement in milk yield and return of biochemical changes to almost normal levels. In group-III there was significant raise in glucose, calcium, phosphorus, AST, TP, Alb, Cortisol, and blood ketone levels (32.75±0.80mg/dl, 57.60±0.34mg/dl), (9.06±0.03mg/dl 9.99±0.04mg/dl), (4.61±0.03mg/dl, 5.29±0.03mg/dl), (221.7±4.92 IU/L 119.80±4.45 IU/L), (5.58±0.06mg/dl, 6.22±0.03g/dl), (2.64±0.04g/dl, 3.05±0.03g/dl), (2.63±0.07μg/dl 0.45±0.02μg/dl and (10.7±0.f 30, 8.10±0.23mg/dl). Following treatment. All the animals recovered completely on fifth day treatment, as evident from absence of clinical symptoms and return of biochemical changes to almost normal levels. In all the three groups, there was significant increased in milk yield. In group-I, II, and III milk yield before treatment was 2.65±0.28kg/day, 2.60±0.66kg/day, and 2.45±0.17kg/day respectively. After treatment the milk yield in corresponding groups was 7.40±0.37kg/day, 8.39±0.65kg/day, and 9.35±0.18kg/day. A significant difference was noted in all the biochemical parameters and rumen motility between the treatment groups and healthy control groups and within the groups before and after therapy. Based on the findings of present study investigation, most of the PPAS cases in buffaloes could be mainly due to the impaired hepatic function, reduced rumen motility and very lesser extent ketotic stage resulting in decreased milk yield and partial to complete loss of appetite. The above condition could be corrected with hepato protectives, liver extracts, glucogenics and antihistamines.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON DYSPEPSIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO HEPATIC INVOLVEMENT IN CANINE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-12) CHAITANYA, YALAVARTHI; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); HAMZA, P.A; GIREESH KUMAR, VABSTRACT: The Present investigation was conducted to study clinical, haemato-biochemical, ultrasonographic findings, and therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs in dogs with dyspepsia with particular reference to hepatic involvement in canine. During the period of 8 months of present study, 30 dogs with hepatic involvement were selected basing on serum biochemical findings. Dyspepsia (100%) was the most common complaint followed by vomiting (80%), lethargy (57%), ascites (53%), diarrhea (33%), anemia (23%), melena (20%), jaundice (13%), fever(13%) and neurological signs(7%) . Elevated levels of serum ALT,serum ALP, serum GGT, total bilirubin and hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminaemia and hypoglycemia were most important biochemical alterations in dogs with dyspepsia and hepatic involvement. After therapy a significant (p< 0.05) improvement was noticed in Hb, serum ALP, serum GGT, total protein and glucose levels in group-I. Similarly in group II, a significant (p< 0.05) improvement was seen in TEC, TLC, Hb, ALT, ALP, GGT, total protein, albumin, glucose levels. In group III, a significant (p< 0.05) improvement was seen in TEC, TLC, Hb, DLC, ALT, ALP, GGT, total protein, albumin, glucose levels, total bilirubin levels were significant in group III(p< 0.05). In the present study 10 cases were randomly selected for ultrasonography on the basis of available clinical, laboratory and morphological records. The relative efficacy of certain drugs was evaluated. The group I dogs received a combination of orally administered silymarin and iron supplement along with fluids (DNS) parenterally. The group II dogs received a combination of liver extract and B-complex vitamins and iron supplement along with fluids (DNS) parenterally. The therapeutic efficacy of this group was significant (p < 0.05) on day 7. This therapeutic regimen was useful in treating mild cases where infectious agent was not involved. The group III dogs received a combination of liver extract and B-complex vitamins, prednisolone and antibiotics along with fluids (DNS) parenterally. The therapeutic efficacy of this group was significant (p < 0.05) on day 7. This therapeutic regimen was useful in treating severe cases where infectious agent was involved and also in cirrhotic cases. Based on the findings of the present investigation it could be concluded that dyspepsia has involvement with sub optimal functional status of liver. It was concluded from this study that hepatic involvement and its complications can be cured successfully in dogs by conservative therapy if diagnosed at an early stage of the ailment.ThesisItem Open Access HAEMATO – BIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS OF EXOCRINE PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY IN CANINE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-10) Ambica, G; Tirumala Rao, D.S(MAJOR); Hamza, P.A; Gireesh KumarABSTRACT : The present clinical investigation was aimed at studying the incidence, clinical findings, haemato-biochemical parameters, therapy and therapeutic efficacy of certain drugs in Group I (Syp. Aristozyme and Tab. Aciloc), Group II (Tab. Festal – N, Inj. Pantova and Syp.Vitapep) and Group III (Syp. Digiplex-T, Inj. Pantova and Syp. Vitapep) dogs with Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI). A total of 76 dogs were presented with the history of passing loose, voluminous, grey coloured greasy faeces during the study period of February 2008 to July 2008. Out of them 54 dogs (71.05%) were loosing body weight in spite of normal appetite and showed the clinical signs of caprophagia, poor hair coat, flatulence and occasional vomiting in 37 (48.68%), 43 (56.58%), 21 (27.63) and 19 (25%) respectively. Faecal samples of all 76 dogs were screened for parasitic ova and all were found negative and further screened macroscopically for the presence of trypsin by x-ray film digestion test and microscopically for the presence of fat, starch and protein by standard procedures. Among these 18 dogs (23.68%) negative for faecal trypsin and presence of fat, starch and protein were screened in 34 (44.74%), 31 (40.79%) and 25 (32.89%) respectively. Further haemato biochemical estimation was done and 23.68 percent (18) tested were found positive for EPI. The age-wise, breed-wise and sex-wise incidence of EPI indicated the highest incidence among dogs belonging to 2-5 years (61.11%) age, German shepherds (66.66%) and males (72.22%), respectively. All the affected dogs showed no significant change in haematological parameters in all three groups. Among biochemical parameters, serum glucose and serum GGT found to be normal but serum Amylase and serum Lipase levels were found to be decreased. After therapy a significant (p<0.05) improvement was noticed. The therapeutic efficacy based on response to treatmen was observed to be comparatively higher in Group III (83.33 %) than in Group II (66.66 %) and Group I (33.33%) on day 7 of therapy. Based on the above findings the therapeutic regimen used in Group III, i.e. Syp. Digiplex-T (@ 5 ml BID orally), Inj. Pantova (Pantoprazole @ 0.5-1.0 mg/ Kg. Body Wt. I/m) and Syp. Vitapep (Vitamin Supplement with Pepsin @ 5 ml BID orally) could be recommended to achieve good therapeutic response in EPI positive dogs.ThesisItem Open Access ETIOLOGICAL, CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON CANINE PYODERMA(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-06) Arunasri, S; Tirumala Rao, D.S(MAJOR); Ameer Hamza, P; Satyanarayana ChettyABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to find out the incidence of pyoderma in relation to age, breed, sex ,type, clinical signs, cultural examination of skin sample along with in vitro drug sensitivity and a therapeutic trial using topical and oral preparations. The dogs presented at Teaching veterinary Hospital, Bhoiguda ,Rajendranagar ,and Govt. Veterinary Hospital ,Shantinagar, with the history of skin problems were examined for infection. Out of 39,540 dogs, 11,865 skin infection cases were registered. Among the skin infections, 3,215dogs were affected with pyoderma which was observed to be 27.09 percent. A total of 50 dogs with pyoderma were studied, the condition was common in 2-8 years of age (60% ) followed by 4 months to 2 years (32%) and 8 to12 years (8%). The results revealed that, the majority of cases of pyoderma were noticed in German Shepherd (32%), followed by Pomeranians (20% ), Labradors (16%), Daschunds (12%), Dalmation( 6%), Mongrels (6%), Dobermann (4%), Boxer( 2%) and Pug( 2%). Of the 50 dogs, 22 (44%) were males and rest 28 (56%) were females. Various clinical signs of pyoderma were severe itching, alopecia, papules (76%),pustules (58%), erythematous macules (28%), hyper pigmentation (18%), moth eaten appearance(16%),epidermal collarettes, crusts, scales (three of these ) accounting to 10% and extensive oozing lesions(6%). The result of the study revealed that,among the types of pyoderma superficial was predominant( 76%),followed by surface(14%) and deep pyoderma (10%). The result of the cultural examination of skin samples resulted in isolation of bacteria viz Staphylococcus spp (100%), Proteus spp (18%), Klebsiella spp (16%), E.coli 14%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa( 6%), Streptococcus spp (4%) and mixed infections (14%). The antibiotic sensitivity test showed highest sensitivity towards Ciprofloxacin and Cefadroxil followed by Enrofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Amoxycillin Clavulanic acid, Gentamicin,Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline. The therapeutic response to antibiotics parenteral and oral preparations viz Ciprofloxacin(Inj) and Cefadroxil (Tab), Ciprofloxacin revealed highest efficacy in that order towards followed by Cefadroxil. Topical therapy with Chlorhexidine shampoo along with antibiotics enhanced the recovery of physical condition of coat from fair to excellent.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF OTITIS IN CANINES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) LAKSHMI, KORSAPATI; Tirumala Rao, D.S(MAJOR); Ameer Hamza, P; Sadasiva Rao, KABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence of otitis in relation to age, breed, and sex , to study the clinical signs, cultural examination of ear sample along with in vitro drug sensitivity and a therapeutic trial using topical and oral preparations.. The dogs presented at veterinary hospital, Bhoiguda and campus hospital , Rajendranagar, with the history of ear problems were examined for infection. Out of 14,400 dogs , 2500 dogs were affected with otitis which was observed to be 5.76 percent. A total of 48 dogs with otitis were studied, the condition was common in 3-6 years of age (33.3% ) followed by 6 months to 2years (27%) , 6-12 years (20.8%) and less than 6 months of age (18.7%). The results revealed that majority of cases of otitis were noticed in German shepherd followed by Mongrels, Pomeranians ,Labradors, Daschunds, Spitzs and pug, Of the 48 dogs, 30 (62.5%) were males and rest 18 (37.5%) were females. The various clinical signs of otitis were aural pruritus , ear pain, foul odour ear discharge, head tilt, erythema of pinna, alopacia ,scaling, and crusting of pinna , swelling at the base of the ear canal. Otoscopic examination of the affected ear of 48 dogs revealed erythema of ear canal, and exudates that were yellowish purulent, brownish and black thick discharge. Out of 48 dogs examined 28 had unilateral infection and 20 had bilateral infection. Conformation of ear played a major role in otitis .Of the 48 dogs, 22 (45.8%) had dropped/ pendulous, 14 ( 29.1%) had semi erect and 12 (25%) had erect ears. The result of the cultural examination of discharges resulted in isolation of bacteria viz Staphylococcus aureus in 36 cases, Streptococcus spp in 24 cases ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 14 cases, E.coli in 8 cases and Proteus spp in 3 cases.Apart from bacteria fungal isolates like Malassezia pachydermatitis (12) cases and Aspergillus spp ( 8 )cases were identified. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed highest sensitivity towards Ciprofloxacian ,followed by Ofloxacin, Gentamycin, Enrofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, cephotaxime, Amoxycillin\Clavulanic acid and Tetracycline in that order. The invitro disc diffusion test using antifungal discs showed the highest sensitivity towards Ketoconazole, followed by Clotrimazole, Amphotericin- B and Nystatin. The therapeutic response to antibiotics topical and oral viz Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin revealed highest efficacy in that order towards Ciprofloxacin followed by Ofloxacin, Similarly therapeutic response of antifungals topical and oral Ketoconazole as well as Clotrimazole, indicated Ketoconazole was more efficacious .ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND SERODIAGNOSTIC STUDIES ON CHICKEN INFECTIOUS ANEMIA(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-06) SRINIVASA REDDY, PALEM; AMEER HAMZA, P(MAJOR); SHOBA MANI, B; SREENIVASULU, D; SREELATHA, ChABSTRACT : Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus (CIAV) is a DNA circovirus and is ubiquitous in all major chicken producing countries of the world including India. It has probably spread through contaminated vaccines or through importation of parent birds from western countries. Chicken infectious anemia (CIA) can cause losses due to clinical disease, subclinical infection and immunosuppression. Infection is characterized by aplastic anemia, generalized atrophy of haemopoietic and lymphoid tissue, particularly, thymus. The main sites of virus replication are precursor T cells in the thymic cortex and in haemocytoblasts in the bone marrow. Co-infection with viruses of Marek’s disease, infectious bursal disease and reticuloendotheliosis enhances the pathogenicity of chicken anemia virus. Infection is vertically transmitted which results in clinical disease in young chicken. Vaccination of breeders during rearing protects the progeny from vertical infection and gives them passive protection through maternal antibodies. Horizontal infection in young chick flocks usually causes a subclinical infection, but immunosuppression breaks the resistance and CIA may occur in clinical form. In India gangrenous dermatitis in replacement pullets shows high association with CIA along with IBD. It is also responsible for increased incidence of MD vaccination failures. In view of the importance of the disease and Andhra Pradesh being one of the major state of producing chicken meat and eggs, it was felt necessary to study about chicken infectious anemia in this state of the country in terms of its epidemiological status, seroprevalence, diagnosis, pathogenesis and identify measures to control and prevent the disease. Present investigation was also extended to screen Japanese quails and desi chicken. Major emphasis was laid on broiler breeds, because of the peculiarity of the disease, which affect the birds of 2-3 weeks age among broilers. A total of 381 pooled serum samples from five birds each were collected from different poultry stations of different districts in Andhra Pradesh. Serum samples were also collected from local desi , broiler and layer breeds of chicken. Pooled serum samples were collected from farms with a history of vaccination breaks in spite of regular vaccinations for different diseases and also from healthy flocks. An outbreak suspected of chicken infectious anemia was investigated in one of the organized poultry farms near Tirupati. The investigation was concentrated on one batch of 16-week-old layers consisting 15,000 populations. Birds with poor weight gains suspected of chicken infectious anemia were identified and blood was collected from fourteen growers. Serum was separated and subjected for ELISA for confirmation of CIA with IDEXX ELISA kit. All the fourteen samples were found positive for antibodies to CIA virus. Ten birds among those fourteen positive were sacrificed and required biological materials viz., liver, thymus, spleen, bursa, bone marrow were collected and inoculum was prepared out of it for experimental studies in one-day-old Chicks. The experimental design consisted three groups of ten chicks in each group. The chicks Broiler breed - Vencobb strain were brought from V.S.N hatcheries, Lingaparan branch, Peddapanjani mandal of Chittoor district. The group I was incoulated with prepared infective material, group II was inoculated with infective material along with Betamethasone (Betnisol, Glaxo), for 5 subsequent days to know the effect of that immunosuppressive agent in aggravating the disease. The group III chicks were kept as controls. The birds from group I and group II began to exhibit the symptoms of diarrhea, soiling around the vent, weakness, weight loss, paleness of comb and wattles, thirstiness and notable mortality from second week onwards. Post mortem findings were evident by replacement of bone marrow with fatty tissue and gelatinous appearance, hypertrophy of liver, blood splash and muscular hemorrhages and mild atrophy of thymus and bursa. Ascitis, hydropericardium and congestion of lungs were also observed. Liver, spleen, lungs, heart, thymus, bursa, bone marrow were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin subjected to histopathology revealed major changes that included depletion of bone marrow tissue, atrophy of thymus. Heparinised blood samples were collected from all three experimental groups of birds between 7 to 35 days at weeks intervals of post inoculation were studied for hematobiochemical parameters viz., packed cell volume, hemoglobin percentage and red blood corpuscle (RBC) counts and blood glucose. Serum was also separated and total serum protein, albumin & globulin levels were estimated. The results of packed cell volume, hemoglobin and RBC counts showed a significant difference statistically between infected and control groups. The difference in blood glucose and serum protein levels was not significant between infected and control groups. Body weights of all 3 groups were recorded at intervals of 5, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, & 70 days post inoculation. The difference in mean body weight between the infected and control groups was statistically significant. Serum, plasma, bone marrow, and reproductive organs testis and ovaries collected from experimentally infected birds at fifty days post inoculation were subjected to electron microscopy. Viral particles of 20.00to 21.50 nm size were detected in the plasma, bone marrow and serum in decreasing concentration.Viral particles could not be seen in testicular and oviduct washings through direct transmission electron microscopy. Serum samples collected from experimentally infected chicken were screened by ELISA (IDEXX Laboratories). All the samples from infected groups were found positive while that of control group were negative to antibodies against CIA virus. A total of 381 pooled samples collected from various districts of three regions viz, Rayalaseema, Coastal and Telangana of Andhra Pradesh were screened for CIA antibodies. The samples were tested using commercially available CAV - antibody ELISA kit (IDEXX Laboratories). Based on the results of screening a seroprevalence of 48.77% of CIA was observed in Andhra Pradesh. District wise seroprevalence was 98.65%, 80.4% , 67.5%,65%,50%, 48%, 34.78% and 2.7% in Prakasam, Nellore, Chittoor, Warangal, Anantapur, Nizamabad, Kurnool and Kadapa respectively. It has been noticed that all areas, all hatcheries, all breeds of chicken were showing seropositivity. However, the Japanese quails were seronegative to CIA. Based on the results of the above investigation it is concluded that CIA might be widely prevalent in Andhra Pradesh. The disease my be one of the main causes of vaccination breaks and increased mortality among chicken flocks in the state. Hence it is suggested to undertake in depth study on the epidemiology of CIA including isolation of the agent and its molecular charecterisation. This will pave way for development of suitable measures to control and prevent the invisible losses caused by CIA in commercial as well backyard poultry.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON INDIGESTION IN GOATS WITH REFERENCE TO FEEDING PRACTICES IN URBAN AREAS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-04) MIRZA TAHER ALI BAIG; TIRUMALA RAO, D.S(MAJOR); HAMZA, P.A; CHANDRASEKHAR, E.LABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to study indigestion in goats with reference to feeding practices adopted in urban areas. Rumen fluid and blood samples were collected daily from goats suffering with indigestion. Samples of rumen fluid were estimated for physical changes like pH, colour, odour consistency and microbial changes like sedimentation activity time, protozoal motility and protozoal concentration. The blood samples were estimated for haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count, in addition to biochemical alterations such as alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen and serum glucose levels,. The various clinical signs along with rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiration and ruminal movements were also evaluated. Physical parameters of ruminal fluid like pH showed very severe fluctuation throughout the period of treatment, where as other parameters like colour, odour, and consistency changed from milky grey, pungent sour, porridge to yellowish brown aromatic and watery respectively on subjection to therapy of acid indigestion in goats. The microbial changes like sedimentation activity time which increased in acid indigestion declined to normal value on day 5, 3 and 5 after treatment in goats of group II, III and IV, respectively. The other microbial parameters i.e., protozoal motility and protozoal concentration showed a decline in acid indigestion and thereby reached to normalcy on day 5, 3 and 5 in treated goats of group II, III and IV, respectively. The haematological studies showed an increase in haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, total leucocyte count and slight variation in differential leucocyte count in animals with acid indigestion the levels reached to almost normal on day 5, 3 and 5 in treated animals of group II, III and IV, respectively. The biochemical studies of blood sample showed an increase in alanine transaminase, blood urea nitrogen and serum glucose levels in animals with acid indigestion which later reached to normal on day 5, 3 and 5 in treated animals of group II, III and IV, respectively. Clinical signs observed were inappetance, anorexia, dullness, depression, distended abdomen, decrease of ruminal motility, absence of rumination and rumen being firm and doughy in condition, kicking at flank; grinding of teeth, associated with signs of dehydration such as sunken eyes, dyspnoea, dry muzzle and animal disinclined to move. Nervous signs like hyperexcitability, tremors, head pressing, ataxia, blindness, collapse and coma were evident in goats of positive control group I. Rectal temperature decreased in acid indigestion but elevated to normal levels on day 5, 3 and 5 respectively in groups II, III and IV animals. Pulse rate and respiration showed increased rate in acid indigestion and declined to normal levels on day 5, 3 and 5 respectively in groups II, III and IV goats. Ruminal movements decreased significantly in acid indigestion which normalized after treatment in groups II, III and IV on day 5, 3 and 5, respectively. The relative efficacy of certain drugs was evaluated. Intravenous drips (DNS @ 20ml/kg bwt for 3 days) along with antihistaminics (Inj. Avil @ 0.2 mg/kg bwt. I/M) for 3 days and liver extracts (Inj. Livadex @ 1.5 ml per animal I/M) for 3 days. Supported with oral alkalizer such as sod. bicarbonate @ 1 gm/kg bwt orally BID for 3 days.and Rumen stimulants (Rumenton bolus @ 1 bolus /animal/day orally) proved to be more efficacious in acid indigestion in affected goats over other combinations such as I) oral rumen stimulants and parenteral antihistaminics and ii) oral rumen stimulants and parenteral antihistaminics and liver extracts.