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Open Access
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF SHENUT EXTRACT INCLUSION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LAYERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-02) RAMI REDDY, T; SUDHAKARA REDDY, P(MAJOR); SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.V; PARTHASARATHY, M
Open Access
A STUDY ON SHEEP PRODUCTION PRACTICES IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011) SIREESHA, K; PRASAD, R.M.V(MAJOR)
ABSTRACT : A study was undertaken to study various sheep production practices followed by the shepherds and to record the physical parameters of sheep in Guntur district. A total of 240 farmers selected at random from three divisions of the district were interviewed by a questionnaire schedule and required information was collected. Out of the total farmers studied, 92.5% were illiterates and 7.5% were literates. Among all the shepherds, 44.58% belonged to BC community, 20% to SC community, 15% to ST community and 20.42% to other communities. It was further recorded that out of the total farmers studied, 52.5 % were landless, 37.92 % were marginal, 7.08 % were small and 2.50 % were large farmers. It was observed that all the farmers in the area were rearing sheep extensively, 95% of the farmers studied were providing housing to their sheep and out of which 60.70% of the shepherds housed their sheep nearer to their houses. 91.70% of the farmers grazed their animals for duration of 8-10 h, while the grazing distance ranged from 2-4 km (67.90 %) to 4-6 km (32.10%). Flock mating commonly followed and flushing was not at all practiced by the shepherds. June – August and January – March were found to be the breeding seasons for the sheep in the area. From the study it was observed that the marketing of meat was done mainly through middlemen (87.08%). The average body length observed in different age groups of male sheep were 45.69 ± 0.66, 67.13 ± 0.90, 74.04 ± 0.39, 76.54 ± 0.54, 77.32 ± 0.49 and 78.23 ± 0.47 cm for 0-3 month, 4-12 month, 2 teeth, 4 teeth, 6 teeth and full mouth animals, respectively while the corresponding values for female sheep were 44.14 ± 0.80, 62.75 ± 0.60, 70.03 ± 0.37, 70.78 ± 0.41, 71.19 ± 0.36 and 70.29 ± 0.42 cm, respectively. The mean body height of male sheep in different age groups were 50.71 ± 0.79, 69.14 ± 0.85, 77.15 ± 0.43, 81.09 ± 0.54, 83.47 ± 0.43 and 82.80 ± 0.43 cm for 0-3 month, 4-12 month, 2 teeth, 4 teeth, 6 teeth and full mouth animals, respectively while the corresponding values for female sheep were 49.49 ± 1.13, 65.24 ± 0.59, 73.42 ± 0.31, 75.48 ± 0.38, 76.55 ± 0.44 and 77.97 ± 0.37 cm, respectively. It was further observed that the mean body girth measurements of male sheep in Guntur district were 52.01 ± 1.01, 70.86 ± 0.92, 81.60 ± 0.46, 85.64 ± 0.64, 89.97 ± 0.52 and 88.84 ± 0.60 cm for 0-3 month, 4-12 month, 2 teeth, 4 teeth, 6 teeth and full mouth animals, respectively while the corresponding values for females were 48.82 ± 1.05, 67.28 ± 0.62, 77.02 ± 0.31, 79.36 ± 0.36, 81.86 ± 0.38 and 83.46 ± 0.63 cm, respectively. The study revealed that the mean body weights of male sheep in Guntur district were 11.05 ± 0.55, 22.13 ± 0.77, 34.96 ± 0.50, 38.57 ± 0.50, 43.14 ± 0.33 and 44.56 ± 0.76 kg for 0-3 month, 4-12 month, 2 teeth, 4 teeth, 6 teeth and full mouth animals, respectively whiles the corresponding values for females were 9.60 ± 0.64, 19.92 ± 0.55, 27.36 ± 0.22, 30.20 ± 0.39, 32.91 ± 0.28 and 34.37 ± 0.36 kg, respectively.
Open Access
A STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF JERSEY X SAHIWAL CROSSBRED COWS IN PROGENY TESTING IMPLEMENTED AREAS OF CHITTOOR DISTRICT
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2011-08) REDDY VARA PRASAD, A; RAGHUNANDAN, T(MAJOR); KISHAN KUMAR, M; GNANA PRAKASH, M
ABSTRACT: Data on 1411 crossbred cows were collected from Progeny Testing Programme of the State Animal Husbandry Department in Chittor district of Andhra Pradesh. The effects of season of birth and batch were signiticant on age at sexual maturity and age at first calving. 'The age at sexual maturity had a significant influence on age at first calving. The overall least-squares mean age at sexual maturity, gestation period, age at first catving, FLMY and lactation length were 770.25 * 0.72,276.89 * 0.38, 1133.77 * 6.22 days, 2 154.07 * 16.88 ltrs and 300.16 .t 0.06 days, respectively. Cows born during rainy and winter seasons matured at significantly earlier age while the lowest age at first calving was observed in cows born in winter season. Cows with early sexual maturity had the shortest AFC. Among the 190 farmers interviewed, 35.26 per cent had dairying as main occupation. Majority was holding 4.5 to 9 acres of land and was growing perennial non-legume fodders. The family size ranged from 2 to 12 with an average of 4.58. Jersey X Sahiwal cows were prevalent in the study area and 39.62 per cent were in milk while 12.91 percent were dry. It is observed that 25.79 and 56.32 per cent of farmers were feeding green fodder ad libitum and limited amount, respectively. Majority of the farmers were feeding dry fodder ud libitum and restricted concentrate feed. Regular feeding of mineral mixture was practiced by 63.68 perccnt of the farmers. All the farmers were aware of heat detection and A1 and 2.43 inseminations were required for each conception. Most of the fanners (91.58) provided kutcha housing to anitnnls and average hygiene levels were observed in most cases. All the dairy farmers allowed suckling and followed regular twice a day full hand milking twice a day. Weaning way not followed. Mastitis, theileriasis, foot and mouth, repeat breeding, anoestrus and retained placenta were the major health and reproductive problem faced. Most of the farmers (88.95%) are vaccinating the animals by the vaccines provided by the Guvernment. None of the farmers followed recommended vaccination and deworming schedule. Cows maintained by farmers whose primary occupation was dairying matured and calved significantly earlier (17.80 + 1.09 and 27.68 * 1.08 months). Significantly longer dry period (82.41 * 2.95) was observed in cows from larger herds while significantly shorter service period was noted in cows owned by dairy farmers. Cows suppkemented with mineral mixture recorded higher lactation milk yield (2392.68 + 109.86 liters). Cows which were housed in pucca houses had longer lactations (334.84 .t 8.79 d). Constraints faced by the farmers are low sale price for milk, high cost and non availability of feed ingredients, lack of grazing land, non availability of v::ccines in time, non availability of adequate medicines in hospitals.
Open Access
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIGENOUS PIGS IN COMPARISON TO LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1980) AUDEYYA, P; NARAYANA RAO, P.L(MAJOR); ANJANEYA PRASAD, D; SREERAMULU REDDY, K
Open Access
A STUDY ON BUFFALO HUSBANDRY PRACTICES IN KHAMMAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-06) KISHORE, K; MAHENDER, M(MAJOR); RAGHUNANDAN, T; THAMMI RAJU, D
ABSTRACT : A study was carried out to find out various buffalo husbandry practices adopted by the farmers in Khammam district of Andhra Pradesh. About 120 farmers from two mandals were selected for the study randomly. Farmers from representative villages were interviewed and collected available information. The population in the selected mandals possessed 99,236 number of breedable buffaloes, in which they had non descript (83.74 %), graded Murrah (14.81 %), Murrah buffaloes (0.01%). Agriculture was the main occupation among 84.5 per cent of the farmers and secondary occupation is 15.50 per cent farmers whereas dairying was the main occupation and agriculture was secondary under subsidiary occupation. More than half of the farmers under survey (58%) were able to provide insemination or natural service to their animals in heat at right time while 42 per cent of farmers were unable to inseminate their animals in time due to various reasons. Only 16.66 per cent farmers were utilizing the facility of artificial insemination, while 37.51 per cent farmers opting for natural service. About 85.85 percent farmers were feeding green and roughage fodder in combination and providing clean drinking water to their animals but none of the farmer was practicing silage making or other treatments like chaffing, soaking or urea treated paddy straw. Most of the farmers were collecting fodder from the fields. Only 3.0 per cent farmers were feeding additional concentrates to pregnant animals and rest were not feeding. As a part of heat/summer management, 51.00 per cent farmers were allowing their buffaloes to wallow in the village tanks during hotter parts of the day and 49.16 per cent farmers were washing their animals by splashing water manually. Washing of animals and udder before milking has been practiced by 15.68 and 98.40 per cent farmers, respectively. Most of the farmers (95.00 %) were not cutting the naval cord after birth while 17.92 per cent farmers were not removing mucous from the nostrils and all over the body and not weaning the calves from the mother (97.92 %) at the right age Deworming of the calves to control internal parasites has been taken up regularly by 39.16 per cent and irregularly by 60.83 per cent. Among the reproductive problems, still births, abortions, retention of placenta, anoestrus, and repeat breeding were seen in 2.5, 10.00, 8.30, 67.00 and 12.5 percent, respectively. Veterinary hospital facility was available to 76 per cent farmers and none of the farmer was maintaining records pertaining to their buffaloes. Major breeding problems reported were low (24.32 %) conception rate with artificial insemination Major feeding constraints faced by the farmers in the present study were costly feed ingredients and dry fodders, lack of chaff cutters, shortage of fodder during summer, lack of knowledge in scientific feeding and non-supplementing of mineral mixture. Majority of the farmers, 68.80 and 77.92 per cent had problems of costly concentrates and shortage of greens and dry fodder, respectively during summer. The effect of division, herd size and breed was highly significant (P<0.01) on age at first heat. The overall least square mean age at first heat was found to be 44.86 ± 0.26 months and ranged from 42.75 ± 0.31 to 46.97 ± 0.36 months. The non-descript buffaloes had significantly (P<0.01) higher age at first heat when compared to other groups. Age at first calving was significantly effected by division, herd size and breed. The dry period had significant effect due to division and breed only. The overall least square mean calving interval was found to be 432.51 ± 2.66 days over the two divisions surveyed. The calving interval was significantly (P<0.01) high on division, breed and housing. The overall least square mean service period was found to be 97.33 ± 1.41 days. The mean total lactation milk yield was 511.42 ± 22.99, 922.49 ± 17.52 and 1504.61 ± 22.96 liters for non descript, graded Murrah, and Murrah buffaloes, respectively and found to significant on breed. The mean average milk yield per day was 1.70 ± 0.06, 3.10 ± 0.05, and 5.09 ± 0.06 liters for non descript, graded Murrah, and Murrah buffaloes, respectively. The present study concludes that the management practices had a significant role on the reproductive and productive performance of buffaloes in the divisions of Khammam district under study. The non descript buffaloes were more predominant in this region and majority of the farmers were poor in certain aspects of scientific feeding, breeding, housing, milking and health care practices and need to be educated. Artificial insemination should be made available to all the farmers, which in turn results in up gradation of local buffaloes and improve the performance.
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF FEEDING SYSTEM BASED ON AZOLLA (AZOLLA PINNATA) AND SHEANUT CAKE (VITELLARLA PARADOM) FOR NELLORE SHEEP REARED IN DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS'
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-10) RAVINDRA REDDY, YEDDULA; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR); SUDHAKAR, K; RAMESH GUPTA, B; GNANA PRAKASH, M
ABSTRACT: Experiments were conducted to assess 1) The influence of experimental diets based on Azolla (Azolla pinnata) and Sheanut Cake (Vitellaria paradoxa) on growth performance, DM1 and nutrient utilization of Nellore weaners in a 4 x 6 Completely Randomized Design under both intensive and semi intensive systems, 2) The influence of experimental diets based on Azolla and Sheanut cake on blood biochemical profiles, liver function tests, haemotocrit values and carcass traits of the Nellore weaners in a 4 x 6 Completely Randomized Design and 3). The influence of experimental diets on Nutrient utilization of adult sheep in a 4 x 6 Completely Randomized Design. Both the systems were compared in all the experiments. The experimental diets consist of 1. Control diet TI (Concentrate mixture + Hybrid Napier in intensive system and concentrate mixture + grazing allowance in semi intensive system). 2. Diet Tz replacing 30 parts of GNC with Azolla. 3. Diet T3 replacing 16 parts of Rice bran with Sheanut cake and 4. Diet T4 replaciig 30 parts of GNC with Azolla + 16 parts of Rice bran with Sheanut cake fiom control diet were fed to Nellore weaners and adult sheep. The chemical composition and amino acid profile of Azolla were superior than Sheanut cake. The essential and non essential amino acids were in optimum proportions in both Azolla and Sheanut cake. Sulphur containing amino acids were marginally .lower in them. Hence, supplementation of these amino acids along with the diets was recommended. In an experiment with Nellore weaners, significantly higher drymatter intake per day (P<0.05) and drymatter intake per 100 kg body weight (P<0.0 1 ) were recorded for T4 and T3 diets in intensive system and the same trend was observed for DM1 per 100 kg body weight in semi intensive system. Significantly (P<0.01) higher total body weight gain (kg) and ADG (g) were observed for all test diets than control diet in both systems. FCR was significantly (P<0.01) higher for all test diets than control in both systems of management. The cost of feed per kg weight gain was reduced by about 50 per cent in experimental diets over control diet. DM1 and cost of feed per kg weight gain were significantly (P<0.01) higher in semi intensive system, whereas total body weight gain, ADG and FCR were significantly (P<0.01) higher in intensive system. Significantly (Pc0.01) higher digestibility coefficients (%) were observed for DM, CP, CF, EE, NFE, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose in intensive system and for DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, ADF and Cellulose in semi intensive system for experimental diets over control diet. There exists a significant (P<0.01) difference in DM, OM, CP, NFE, NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose digestibility coefficients between systems where intensive system had higher values. The DCP content was significantly higher in T4 and T2 diets in intensive system at P<0.01 and T2 and T3 in semi intensive system at Pc0.05. The TDN content was significantly (P<0.01) higher in diet T4 of intensive system and all test diets in semi intensive system than control diet. The DCP and TDN content of test diets were higher than the recommended values of NRC (1985). The protein : energy ratios were wider in all the diets of both systems indicate protein dilution. The digestibility coefficients (%) of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose were significantly (Px0.0 1) higher for all the experimental diets over control in both systems of management whereas CF and NFE digestibility coefficients were higher in intensive system. In the digestibility experiment with adult sheep, significantly (P<0.01) higher digestibility coefficients (%) were recorded for DM, OM, CP, CF, hemicellulose and cellulose in intensive system and for NFE in semi intensive system. DCP and TDN values were comparable among all test diets and control and the values were also higher than recommendations of NRC (1985). The protein : energy ratios were wider in all the experimental diets indicate protein dilution. NDMD values of Amlla pinnata and sheanut cake were 64.27 and 57.56 respectively. Significantly (P<0.01) higher IVDMD was observed for experimental diet T4 over other test diets and control diet. In sacco DM disappearance and CP degradability (%), PD and ED were higher in test diets over control diet. Blood biochemical profiles showed that serum albumin level of weaners were significantly higher for T2 diet in intensive system at P(0.05 and in semi intensive system at P<0.01. Total protein, blood glucose, total cholesterol, BUN and creatinine values were not significant among the test diets and systems. The calcium and phosphorus levels among the experimental diets groups were significantly (Pc0.01) higher in semi intensive system whereas no significant difference was observed in intensive system for phosphorous levels. The values of blood biochemical profiles of the experimental groups were within the normal range. SGOT, SGPT levels among the test groups and systems were comparable and within the normal range. Haematological values Hb, RBC, WBC and PCV showed non significant difference among the test diets and control. All the haematological values for the experimental diets and systems fell within normal range. In Intensive system, significantly (P<0.01) higher dressing per cent on empty live weight basis was recorded for T2 than other test diets, whereas, dressing per cent on pre slaughter weight basis and hot carcass weight values were significantly (P<0.01) higher in test diets over control diet. All the test diets fell within the normal range of dressing per cent for Nellore sheep (FAO, 1982) The results of the study indicate that Azolla and Sheanut can be used upto 30 and 16 parts in place of GNC and Rice bran, respectively and incorporation of both had further improved their utilization. The diets containing 30 parts of Azolla + 16 parts of Sheanut cake could maintain the normal growth rate of Nellore weaners and adult sheep economically. Hence, all the experimental diets were recommended for the development of feeding systems of Nellore sheep in intensive system
Open Access
EFFECT OF AZOLLA (AZOLLA PINNATA) SUPPLEMENTATION IN MALE BUFFALO CALVES ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007) INDIRA, D; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR)
ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to optimise the environmental conditions required for culturing of Azolla pinnata in 24 pits (2 x 2 x 0.2 m) using different manures (cattle, sheep, poultry, and pig manures) in a 4 x 3 factorial design. The optimum environmental conditions were in the range of 28.94 – 33.46°C, 1413.29 – 1561.57 lux and 47.28 – 64.85 (%) of temperature, light intensity and relative humidity respectively, which favoured the vegetative mass yield of 3.73 Kg and dry matter yield of 172 g per pit per week. The dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, NFE, NDF and ADF values of fresh Azolla pinnata and Azolla supplemented (50% replacement of groundnut cake nitrogen with Azolla meal) experimental diets were 4.23 and 90.01, 28.24 and 17.62, 22.25 and 10.0, 4.0 and 4.64, 30.71 and 57.04, 72.05 and 44.2 and 66.18 and 20.1 percent, respectively. The amino acid profile revealed that Azolla pinnata had 47 percent of essential amino acids and poor source of sulphur containing amino acids. In a growth trial using 12 male buffalo calves (6 in each group, 2 groups) in a Completely Randomised Design, the average daily gain (ADG) and feed cost per Kg body weight gain recorded were 294 g and Rs.13.58 in Azolla supplemented diet, against control diet, which was significantly (P<0.01) higher in average daily gain and cheaper in terms of cost effectiveness. The study on the feeding value of Azolla on nutrient utilisation using 12 male buffalo calves in a Completely Randomised Design showed, significantly (P<0.01) higher digestibility coefficients (%) for all the nutrients except for ADF. Hence Azolla pinnata is a potential protein supplement in the conventional control diets. By replacing protein resources such as groundnut cake, the cost of feeding can be reduced
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF CERTAIN PROBIOTICS AND ENZYMES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-09) BALACHANDAR, J; SUDHAKARA REDDY, P(MAJOR); SATYANARAYNA REDDY, P.V.V; PARTHASARATHY, M
ABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted with three types of commercial probiotics and an enzyme mixture either alone or in combination in eight dietary treatments to study the performance of broilers. The body weight gain was significantly (P < 0.01) affected in broiler during starter, finisher and overall periods. However, the best weight gain was noticed in probiotic combined with enzymes (T8) group compared to control (T1) group throughout the experimental period. The feed intake was not significantly affected in broilers during starter period but, it was affected significantly (P < 0.01) among different groups during finisher and entire period. It was observed that higher weight gain groups had roportionately more feed intake especially during finisher and entire periods. The feed efficiency was significantly different (P < 0.01 & P < 0.05) among treatment groups during all the growth phases. Furthermore, the broilers fed probiotic combined with enzymes group (T8) exerted the best feed efficiency compared to control group (T1). Eventhough the feed cost / kg live weight gain was significantly (P < 0.01) different among treatment groups, the feed cost / kg live weight gain was the lowest in T8 group compared to other groups. The probiotics or enzymes alone and their combination at recommended levels in broiler diets did not influence the carcass traits, haemoglobin and serum protein levels. The immune response (HI titre) to ND vaccination did not differ significantly, but it was above protective levels in broilers irrespective of different dietary treatments. It is inferred that probiotics and enzymes either alone or in combination at recommended levels in broiler diets can be supplemented safely without affecting the performance of broilers.
Open Access
A Study On The Production And Reproduction Performance Of Murrah (Graded Murrah) Buffaloes
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2002-08) Suresh, R; Bidarkar, D.K(MAJOR); Ramesh Gupta, B; Sudhakar Rao, B; Sudhakar, K

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