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Open Access
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF SHENUT EXTRACT INCLUSION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LAYERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-02) RAMI REDDY, T; SUDHAKARA REDDY, P(MAJOR); SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.V; PARTHASARATHY, M
Open Access
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIGENOUS PIGS IN COMPARISON TO LARGE WHITE YORKSHIRES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 1980) AUDEYYA, P; NARAYANA RAO, P.L(MAJOR); ANJANEYA PRASAD, D; SREERAMULU REDDY, K
Open Access
A STUDY ON BUFFALO HUSBANDRY PRACTICES IN KHAMMAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-06) KISHORE, K; MAHENDER, M(MAJOR); RAGHUNANDAN, T; THAMMI RAJU, D
ABSTRACT : A study was carried out to find out various buffalo husbandry practices adopted by the farmers in Khammam district of Andhra Pradesh. About 120 farmers from two mandals were selected for the study randomly. Farmers from representative villages were interviewed and collected available information. The population in the selected mandals possessed 99,236 number of breedable buffaloes, in which they had non descript (83.74 %), graded Murrah (14.81 %), Murrah buffaloes (0.01%). Agriculture was the main occupation among 84.5 per cent of the farmers and secondary occupation is 15.50 per cent farmers whereas dairying was the main occupation and agriculture was secondary under subsidiary occupation. More than half of the farmers under survey (58%) were able to provide insemination or natural service to their animals in heat at right time while 42 per cent of farmers were unable to inseminate their animals in time due to various reasons. Only 16.66 per cent farmers were utilizing the facility of artificial insemination, while 37.51 per cent farmers opting for natural service. About 85.85 percent farmers were feeding green and roughage fodder in combination and providing clean drinking water to their animals but none of the farmer was practicing silage making or other treatments like chaffing, soaking or urea treated paddy straw. Most of the farmers were collecting fodder from the fields. Only 3.0 per cent farmers were feeding additional concentrates to pregnant animals and rest were not feeding. As a part of heat/summer management, 51.00 per cent farmers were allowing their buffaloes to wallow in the village tanks during hotter parts of the day and 49.16 per cent farmers were washing their animals by splashing water manually. Washing of animals and udder before milking has been practiced by 15.68 and 98.40 per cent farmers, respectively. Most of the farmers (95.00 %) were not cutting the naval cord after birth while 17.92 per cent farmers were not removing mucous from the nostrils and all over the body and not weaning the calves from the mother (97.92 %) at the right age Deworming of the calves to control internal parasites has been taken up regularly by 39.16 per cent and irregularly by 60.83 per cent. Among the reproductive problems, still births, abortions, retention of placenta, anoestrus, and repeat breeding were seen in 2.5, 10.00, 8.30, 67.00 and 12.5 percent, respectively. Veterinary hospital facility was available to 76 per cent farmers and none of the farmer was maintaining records pertaining to their buffaloes. Major breeding problems reported were low (24.32 %) conception rate with artificial insemination Major feeding constraints faced by the farmers in the present study were costly feed ingredients and dry fodders, lack of chaff cutters, shortage of fodder during summer, lack of knowledge in scientific feeding and non-supplementing of mineral mixture. Majority of the farmers, 68.80 and 77.92 per cent had problems of costly concentrates and shortage of greens and dry fodder, respectively during summer. The effect of division, herd size and breed was highly significant (P<0.01) on age at first heat. The overall least square mean age at first heat was found to be 44.86 ± 0.26 months and ranged from 42.75 ± 0.31 to 46.97 ± 0.36 months. The non-descript buffaloes had significantly (P<0.01) higher age at first heat when compared to other groups. Age at first calving was significantly effected by division, herd size and breed. The dry period had significant effect due to division and breed only. The overall least square mean calving interval was found to be 432.51 ± 2.66 days over the two divisions surveyed. The calving interval was significantly (P<0.01) high on division, breed and housing. The overall least square mean service period was found to be 97.33 ± 1.41 days. The mean total lactation milk yield was 511.42 ± 22.99, 922.49 ± 17.52 and 1504.61 ± 22.96 liters for non descript, graded Murrah, and Murrah buffaloes, respectively and found to significant on breed. The mean average milk yield per day was 1.70 ± 0.06, 3.10 ± 0.05, and 5.09 ± 0.06 liters for non descript, graded Murrah, and Murrah buffaloes, respectively. The present study concludes that the management practices had a significant role on the reproductive and productive performance of buffaloes in the divisions of Khammam district under study. The non descript buffaloes were more predominant in this region and majority of the farmers were poor in certain aspects of scientific feeding, breeding, housing, milking and health care practices and need to be educated. Artificial insemination should be made available to all the farmers, which in turn results in up gradation of local buffaloes and improve the performance.
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE INFLUENCE OF UDDER MORPHOLOGY, METHOD OF MILKING AND HOUSING SYSTEMS ON MILKING CHARACTERISTICS, UDDER HEALTH AND BEHAVIOUR OF MURRAH BUFFALOES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-05) Maruthivara Prasad, R; Sudhakar, K(MAJOR); Raghava Rao, E; Ramesh Gupta, B; Mahendar, M
ABSTRACT: An investigation was undertaken to study the influence of udder morphology, method of milking and housing systems on the milk yield, udder health and behaviour in Murrah buffaloes. In this study Murrah buffaloes maintained at the Buffalo Research Station, Venkataramannagudem, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University and in the field were utilized. A total of 200 buffaloes were considered to study the udder and teat morphology with 100 buffaloes each from research station and field. The individual behavioural responses of Murrah buffaloes in different lactations and effect of method of milking on teat condition, milk flow traits, udder health and milk composition was also studied. A comparative study on the milk yield and the maintenance behaviour was also studied in two different housing systems viz., conventional tie stall and loose housing. The results showed that among the different udder shapes, the bowl shapes were very common followed by globular, pendulous and goaty shapes and their occurrences were 61.0 %, 17.0 %, 13.0 % and 9.0 %, respectively, and the occurrence of cylindrical teats was maximum with a percentage of 52.5 followed by pear, bottle, conical and funnel type of teats with 18.0, 11.0, 10.5 and 8.0% respectively. The mean length, width and depth of the udder in different lactations ranged from 52.21 ± 0.61 to 55.71 ± 0.59, 48.61 ± 0.60 to 53.87 ± 0.70 and 15.46 ± 0.17 to 15.78 ± 0.18 cm, respectively. Positive and significant correlations were observed among all the udder measurements. The average length of left fore, right fore, left hind and right hind teats were 7.37 ± 0.15, 7.53 ± 0.16, 8.23 ± 0.18 and 8.12 ± 0.17 cm, respectively, and the mean diameters in the same order were 2.65 ± 0.02, 2.71 ± 0.03, 2.80 ± 0.03 and 2.89 ± 0.04 cm. The average daily milk yield in Murrah buffaloes with various udder shapes observed was 6.41 ± 0.33, 5.91 ± 0.26, 5.61 ± 0.32 and 6.31 ± 0.16 Kg in bowl, globular, goaty and pendulous type of udders, respectively. It was found that the average daily milk yield in buffaloes with cylindrical shaped teats was highest followed by bottle, funnel, pear and conical shaped teats. Out of the total buffaloes, the occurrence of different temperaments were 53.5, 16.0, 15.5, 9.5 and 5.5 percent for docile, slightly restless, restless, aggressive and nervous temperaments, respectively and neither the udder shape nor the teat shape affected the temperament of the buffaloes. It was observed that the restless and slightly restless buffaloes were more frequent in primiparous buffaloes (35.18 and 33.33 %, respectively) followed by docile (24.07 %), aggressive and nervous type (3.7% each). In the buffaloes under second, third and fourth lactations, docile buffaloes were more frequent (73.33, 57.40 and 59.37 %, respectively) when compared to other temperaments. It was observed that kicking (16.4 %), urination (4.8 %) and vocalization (4.4 %) were more frequent in machine milked buffaloes where as the stepping (46.8%) and defecation (2.4%) were more frequent in hand milked buffaloes. However, forceful throwing of head behaviour was equally frequent in both methods of milking (12 %). The machine milked buffaloes had a better teat condition score in the present study. The percentage of machine milked buffaloes with the teat condition of smooth skin (1.0), slight drying of the skin (1.5), dried skin (2.0), dry skin with cracks (2.5) and cracks with chaps (3.0) were 34, 17, 30, 13 and 6 %, respectively, whereas the number of buffaloes in the same order under hand milking were16, 2, 52, 27 and 3 %, respectively. The average evening milk yield of buffaloes under machine and hand milking was 3.62 ± 0.08 kg and 3.51± 0.08 kg, respectively. The mean percentages of milk fat, SNF and total solids under machine and hand milking were 6.01± 0.08 vs 6.57 ± 0.09, 9.19 ± 0.10 vs 8.79 ± 0.10 and 14.80 ± 0.13 vs 15.36 ± 0.13 %, respectively. The stripping time and the total milking time were higher in hand milking while the strip yield and average flow rate were higher in machine milking. In the present study, it was found that there was no significant difference in the somatic cell count of buffalo milk under machine and hand milking. The milk yield in the present study was higher in loose housing (8.12 ± 0.02 Kg) when compared to conventional housing (7.77 ± 0.02 Kg). The cleanliness score was higher in loose housing system (2.80 ± 0.05) compared to that of conventional housing (2.41 ± 0.05). More number of buffaloes had shown the lameness in the conventional system of housing. Out of 12 buffaloes observed for behavioural patterns, 36.48, 62.95, 44.90, 25.05 and 26.10 percent were found lying, standing, feeding idling and ruminating, respectively under conventional housing system while 47.29, 50.24, 37.91, 36.29 and 26.10 percent were observed for same behavioural patterns under loose housing system and the differences between the two housing systems were found to be statistically significant for lying, standing and idling behaviours.
Open Access
PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNOCOMPETENCE OF COLOUR LAYER BIRDS WITH 25% NATIVE INHERITANCE UNDER BACKYARD AND DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) CHINNI PREETAM, VELUPULA; QUDRATULLAH, S(MAJOR); RAVINDER REDDY, V; RAJASHEKHAR REDDY, A; RAMAKOTI REDDY, M; NAGALAKSHMI, D
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the growth and production performance, economics of rearing and immune competence of 4-breed backcross layer type coloured female birds with 25% native inheritance, developed at Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University. Five hundred day-old chicks were reared up to 6 weeks of age under intensive system at the Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad and the data on parameters of economic importance like body weight, feed consumption, FCR, livability and carcass yields, besides immunological parameters were collected. At 7 weeks of age, four hundred female birds were selected and distributed into 5 treatment groups having 4 replicates of 20 birds each with similar body weights. The first group was fed grower mash ad lib. and reared under intensive system to serve as control (T1), while T2 and T3 groups were offered 20 and 40% of ad lib. feed, respectively and maintained under semi intensive system. The remaining two treatment groups were reared under extensive system (scavenging), T4 at farm and T5 in an adopted village of the Krishi Vigana Kendra (KVK), Central Research Institute on Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad. All parameters of economic importance during grower and layer phases were studied. Males were introduced at 40 weeks of age to study the treatments effect on fertility and hatchability. Economics were worked out for the cost of rearing the test birds up to pullet age and to determine profits during laying phase from 20 – 60 weeks of age. Another experiment was conducted separately to evaluate the immune competence of 4-breed backcross layer bird together with the parent stocks involved in its genesis. The results of chick phase indicated that the mean 6-week body weight of 4-breed backcross layer type birds with 25% native inheritance was 266.9 g, while cumulative feed intake was 863.7 g with an FCR of 3.33. The mean livability was 99.6 %. The dressed, eviscerated and ready to cook yields were 80.2, 68.7 and 67.7%, respectively. During growth phase (7-20 weeks of age), ad lib. fed birds (control) recorded significantly (P < 0.05) the highest body weight (1361.6 g) than 40% ad lib fed birds (1083.7 g), while significantly the least weight was recorded in rest of the treatments, 938.28 g in 20% ad lib group, and 901.6 & 866.6 g under scavenging on farm and in farmers back yard, respectively. The feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) the highest in control (94.0 g) followed by 40% and 20% ad lib groups (21.9 and 35.2 g/bird/d, respectively) with the corresponding FCR of 3.32 and 4.28. The livability was 93.8, 87.5 and 90% in control, 20 and 40% ad lib. groups, respectively. The age at first egg (AFE) was significantly (P< 0.05) better with ad lib. fed group (146.5 d) followed by scavenging groups (176.4 and 171.5 d in T4 and T5, respectively) and 40 and 20% ad lib. groups (188 and 184.5 d, respectively), all values being significantly (P< 0.05) inferior to control. Thus AFE increased with decreasing feed intake and was better under intensive system than semi intensive or scavenger system. Similar trend was observed for age at 50% production. The mean percent hen day production over 10 laying periods of 28 d each differed significantly (P<0.05) from each other, with the best being recorded in ad lib. group (54.1%) and the least in 20 and 40% ad lib groups. Scavenging in farmers’ backyard gave 35.8% hen day production, whereas at farm it was 32.5%. The mean feed intake was significantly higher in ad lib group (94.0 g/b/d) followed by 40% ad lib (45.5 g/b/d) and 70% ad lib (26.7 g/b/d) groups, all values being significantly different from each other. The FCR was significantly better (2.14 and 2.29) with ad lib and 20% ad lib feeding than 40% ad lib feeding (3.09). The mean egg weights ranged between 50.4 and 53.9 g. The egg quality parameters like Haugh Unit score, albumen Index, shell percent and shell thickness were significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by treatment groups, but did not show any specific trend. Yolk index was not influenced, while yolk colour was significantly (P< 0.05) better under both the scavenging systems. Overall livability was significantly better with intensive system (**) and least with scavenging system, especially at farmers backyard, where half of the mortality was due to predators. Fertility ranged between 88.4 and 94.9 %, while the hatchability ranged between 80.9 and 88.9% and 90. 9 and 93.8 % for total eggs set and fertile eggs set, respectively. At 8 weeks of age, humoral immune response to SRBC and ND vaccine were 8.3 and 6.8 log2 titers, respectively, while CMI response to PHA-P was 0.46. During 20 weeks of age, significant differences (P>0.05) were observed in treatment groups for immune response to ND vaccine, which was high to medium (10.1 to 9.3) in all groups maintained at farm, the highest being in control group (10.1) and the values for scavenging at farmers backyard were constantly low at 20 weeks (8.1) and 40 weeks (6.1) of age, but were above protective levels. There were no significant differences in SRBC titers at 20 and 40 weeks of age and CMI response to PHA-P indicating system of management did not effect the immune response to SRBC and PHA-P. The results of the immunity trial on back cross and its parent stock indicated that the immune response to SRBC, PHA-P and ND vaccine were high in NDN bird, whereas the immunity of 4-breed back cross was comparable with all other genotypes. The mass of spleen and bursa was directly proportional to immune competence in chickens. Significant differences were observed in lymphoid organ weight. The relative spleen weight of 4-breed back cross was similar to that of all other genotypes, except DR and 2-breed cross. The relative weight of bursa in 4-breed back cross bird was similar to that of WLH, DR, 3BC and 4BC. (INDICATE THE FULL FORM OF THESE GENOTYPES) MENTION ECONOMICS ALSO
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF FEEDINC; SHEANUT CAKE (VITELLARIA PARADOXA) BASED COMPLETE DIETS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GRADED MURRAH BUFFALOES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-11) KISHAN KUMAR, M; SUDHAKAR, K(MAJOR); MAHENDER, M; RAMESH GUPTA, B; VIROJI RAO, S.C
ABSTRACT: Two complete diets were formulated using palm press fibre (20% & 15%) and chopped jowar straw (20% & 25%) as roughage source and sheanut cake (18.5% & 28%) along with locally available concentrate ingredients with roughage concentrate ratio of 4050 and processed into mash (R 11 ) and (R 111). These two diets were compared with conventional ration (R I) containing chopped jowar straw. green jo~arfo dder and concentrate mixture fed separately to study their effect on nutrient digestibilit). quantit? and qualit! of milk. cost of production. eating and rumination behaviour in lactating graded Murrah buffaloes The same rations were also fed to growing graded Murrah buffalo c.nl\rs to >tud> the cfTcct of three ration\ on nutrient util~zat~on, growth rate. feed con\*er lactating buffaloes were comparable mony the rations R I. RII and R Ill. The J;gestibilit> coefficients of dq matter. organic matter, crude protein. and ether estract and nitrogen free estract were significantly (P< 0.01) higher. where as crude fibre and NDF (P K 11 (474.00 g) and R 1 (11 5.67 g). The DM1 per kg weight gain was non significant in dicth K 111 (8.50) and K 11 (9.15) uhen compared to R 1 (9.61). The cost of feed per Lg weight gain \\as comparable among three dict. The buffalo calves on diet 111 recorded higher growth rate and consumed less feed pcr kg gain resulting in superior FCR than other two diets (R I and R 11). Rumcn liquor pH decreased (P<0.01). where as ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fat5 acids (TVFA) concentration increased (PC 0.01) in complete diets (R II and R 111) when compared with conventional diet (R I). Time of sampling had a significant (P 0.01) effect on NHJ-N and TVFA concentrations. which peaked at 3 h post feeding irrespective of experimental rations. Eating and rumination hchaviour indicated that eating time. rumination time. rumination period and chewing time were significantl? (P4.01) higher. wherc as resting time uas loser on conventional diet (K I ) u hen ccrmparcd \r it11 coniplcte dicts (K II and R Ill) in b~thla ctating buffaloes and calves rumination tirnc. I'he pcrccnt elf time spent for rumination and chelving time were significantly (P
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF FEEDING SYSTEM BASED ON AZOLLA (AZOLLA PINNATA) AND SHEANUT CAKE (VITELLARLA PARADOM) FOR NELLORE SHEEP REARED IN DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS'
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-10) RAVINDRA REDDY, YEDDULA; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR); SUDHAKAR, K; RAMESH GUPTA, B; GNANA PRAKASH, M
ABSTRACT: Experiments were conducted to assess 1) The influence of experimental diets based on Azolla (Azolla pinnata) and Sheanut Cake (Vitellaria paradoxa) on growth performance, DM1 and nutrient utilization of Nellore weaners in a 4 x 6 Completely Randomized Design under both intensive and semi intensive systems, 2) The influence of experimental diets based on Azolla and Sheanut cake on blood biochemical profiles, liver function tests, haemotocrit values and carcass traits of the Nellore weaners in a 4 x 6 Completely Randomized Design and 3). The influence of experimental diets on Nutrient utilization of adult sheep in a 4 x 6 Completely Randomized Design. Both the systems were compared in all the experiments. The experimental diets consist of 1. Control diet TI (Concentrate mixture + Hybrid Napier in intensive system and concentrate mixture + grazing allowance in semi intensive system). 2. Diet Tz replacing 30 parts of GNC with Azolla. 3. Diet T3 replacing 16 parts of Rice bran with Sheanut cake and 4. Diet T4 replaciig 30 parts of GNC with Azolla + 16 parts of Rice bran with Sheanut cake fiom control diet were fed to Nellore weaners and adult sheep. The chemical composition and amino acid profile of Azolla were superior than Sheanut cake. The essential and non essential amino acids were in optimum proportions in both Azolla and Sheanut cake. Sulphur containing amino acids were marginally .lower in them. Hence, supplementation of these amino acids along with the diets was recommended. In an experiment with Nellore weaners, significantly higher drymatter intake per day (P<0.05) and drymatter intake per 100 kg body weight (P<0.0 1 ) were recorded for T4 and T3 diets in intensive system and the same trend was observed for DM1 per 100 kg body weight in semi intensive system. Significantly (P<0.01) higher total body weight gain (kg) and ADG (g) were observed for all test diets than control diet in both systems. FCR was significantly (P<0.01) higher for all test diets than control in both systems of management. The cost of feed per kg weight gain was reduced by about 50 per cent in experimental diets over control diet. DM1 and cost of feed per kg weight gain were significantly (P<0.01) higher in semi intensive system, whereas total body weight gain, ADG and FCR were significantly (P<0.01) higher in intensive system. Significantly (Pc0.01) higher digestibility coefficients (%) were observed for DM, CP, CF, EE, NFE, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose in intensive system and for DM, OM, CP, CF, EE, ADF and Cellulose in semi intensive system for experimental diets over control diet. There exists a significant (P<0.01) difference in DM, OM, CP, NFE, NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose digestibility coefficients between systems where intensive system had higher values. The DCP content was significantly higher in T4 and T2 diets in intensive system at P<0.01 and T2 and T3 in semi intensive system at Pc0.05. The TDN content was significantly (P<0.01) higher in diet T4 of intensive system and all test diets in semi intensive system than control diet. The DCP and TDN content of test diets were higher than the recommended values of NRC (1985). The protein : energy ratios were wider in all the diets of both systems indicate protein dilution. The digestibility coefficients (%) of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose were significantly (Px0.0 1) higher for all the experimental diets over control in both systems of management whereas CF and NFE digestibility coefficients were higher in intensive system. In the digestibility experiment with adult sheep, significantly (P<0.01) higher digestibility coefficients (%) were recorded for DM, OM, CP, CF, hemicellulose and cellulose in intensive system and for NFE in semi intensive system. DCP and TDN values were comparable among all test diets and control and the values were also higher than recommendations of NRC (1985). The protein : energy ratios were wider in all the experimental diets indicate protein dilution. NDMD values of Amlla pinnata and sheanut cake were 64.27 and 57.56 respectively. Significantly (P<0.01) higher IVDMD was observed for experimental diet T4 over other test diets and control diet. In sacco DM disappearance and CP degradability (%), PD and ED were higher in test diets over control diet. Blood biochemical profiles showed that serum albumin level of weaners were significantly higher for T2 diet in intensive system at P(0.05 and in semi intensive system at P<0.01. Total protein, blood glucose, total cholesterol, BUN and creatinine values were not significant among the test diets and systems. The calcium and phosphorus levels among the experimental diets groups were significantly (Pc0.01) higher in semi intensive system whereas no significant difference was observed in intensive system for phosphorous levels. The values of blood biochemical profiles of the experimental groups were within the normal range. SGOT, SGPT levels among the test groups and systems were comparable and within the normal range. Haematological values Hb, RBC, WBC and PCV showed non significant difference among the test diets and control. All the haematological values for the experimental diets and systems fell within normal range. In Intensive system, significantly (P<0.01) higher dressing per cent on empty live weight basis was recorded for T2 than other test diets, whereas, dressing per cent on pre slaughter weight basis and hot carcass weight values were significantly (P<0.01) higher in test diets over control diet. All the test diets fell within the normal range of dressing per cent for Nellore sheep (FAO, 1982) The results of the study indicate that Azolla and Sheanut can be used upto 30 and 16 parts in place of GNC and Rice bran, respectively and incorporation of both had further improved their utilization. The diets containing 30 parts of Azolla + 16 parts of Sheanut cake could maintain the normal growth rate of Nellore weaners and adult sheep economically. Hence, all the experimental diets were recommended for the development of feeding systems of Nellore sheep in intensive system
Open Access
EFFECT OF AZOLLA (AZOLLA PINNATA) SUPPLEMENTATION IN MALE BUFFALO CALVES ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND GROWTH PERFORMANCE
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007) INDIRA, D; SARJAN RAO, K(MAJOR)
ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted to optimise the environmental conditions required for culturing of Azolla pinnata in 24 pits (2 x 2 x 0.2 m) using different manures (cattle, sheep, poultry, and pig manures) in a 4 x 3 factorial design. The optimum environmental conditions were in the range of 28.94 – 33.46°C, 1413.29 – 1561.57 lux and 47.28 – 64.85 (%) of temperature, light intensity and relative humidity respectively, which favoured the vegetative mass yield of 3.73 Kg and dry matter yield of 172 g per pit per week. The dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, NFE, NDF and ADF values of fresh Azolla pinnata and Azolla supplemented (50% replacement of groundnut cake nitrogen with Azolla meal) experimental diets were 4.23 and 90.01, 28.24 and 17.62, 22.25 and 10.0, 4.0 and 4.64, 30.71 and 57.04, 72.05 and 44.2 and 66.18 and 20.1 percent, respectively. The amino acid profile revealed that Azolla pinnata had 47 percent of essential amino acids and poor source of sulphur containing amino acids. In a growth trial using 12 male buffalo calves (6 in each group, 2 groups) in a Completely Randomised Design, the average daily gain (ADG) and feed cost per Kg body weight gain recorded were 294 g and Rs.13.58 in Azolla supplemented diet, against control diet, which was significantly (P<0.01) higher in average daily gain and cheaper in terms of cost effectiveness. The study on the feeding value of Azolla on nutrient utilisation using 12 male buffalo calves in a Completely Randomised Design showed, significantly (P<0.01) higher digestibility coefficients (%) for all the nutrients except for ADF. Hence Azolla pinnata is a potential protein supplement in the conventional control diets. By replacing protein resources such as groundnut cake, the cost of feeding can be reduced
Open Access
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTATION OF CERTAIN PROBIOTICS AND ENZYMES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-09) BALACHANDAR, J; SUDHAKARA REDDY, P(MAJOR); SATYANARAYNA REDDY, P.V.V; PARTHASARATHY, M
ABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted with three types of commercial probiotics and an enzyme mixture either alone or in combination in eight dietary treatments to study the performance of broilers. The body weight gain was significantly (P < 0.01) affected in broiler during starter, finisher and overall periods. However, the best weight gain was noticed in probiotic combined with enzymes (T8) group compared to control (T1) group throughout the experimental period. The feed intake was not significantly affected in broilers during starter period but, it was affected significantly (P < 0.01) among different groups during finisher and entire period. It was observed that higher weight gain groups had roportionately more feed intake especially during finisher and entire periods. The feed efficiency was significantly different (P < 0.01 & P < 0.05) among treatment groups during all the growth phases. Furthermore, the broilers fed probiotic combined with enzymes group (T8) exerted the best feed efficiency compared to control group (T1). Eventhough the feed cost / kg live weight gain was significantly (P < 0.01) different among treatment groups, the feed cost / kg live weight gain was the lowest in T8 group compared to other groups. The probiotics or enzymes alone and their combination at recommended levels in broiler diets did not influence the carcass traits, haemoglobin and serum protein levels. The immune response (HI titre) to ND vaccination did not differ significantly, but it was above protective levels in broilers irrespective of different dietary treatments. It is inferred that probiotics and enzymes either alone or in combination at recommended levels in broiler diets can be supplemented safely without affecting the performance of broilers.

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