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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF THERAPEUTIC PROTOCOLS FOR THE MISALLIANCE AND INDUCTION OF WHELPING IN BITCHES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-06) RAM CHANDRA REDDY, K; SADASIVA RAO, K(MAJOR); SOLMON RAJU, K.G; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P; GOPAL REDDY, AABSTRACT : Study entitled “Evaluation of therapeutic protocols for the misalliance and induction of whelping in bitches” was conducted in teaching veterinary hospitals of Veterinary College (Bhoiguda, college campus hospital and Mylardevpalli). A total of 24 misalliance bitches and 29 advanced pregnant bitches were utilized to conduct this study. In misalliance bitches pregnancy was terminated 100% in three treatment groups. The incidence of abortion and resorption percentage in number of amniotic vesicles observed in ultrasound scanning at the beginning of treatment in mifepristone group was 15.38% & 84.62%, in cabergoline plus cloprostenol group was 0% & 100%, in cloprostenol group was 26.09% & 73.91% and in control group was 0% & 6.66% respectively. The side effects observed in misalliance treatment were vomition, salivation, dyspnoea, colic symptoms, vulval discharge and mammary gland enlargement. Total number of bitches that showed the side effects and their percentages were 36 (50%), 4(66.66%) and 5 (83.33%) in mifepristone, cabergoline plus cloprostenol and cloprostenol groups respectively. All bitches showed mild intensity of side effects i.e., < 5 score side effects. In no bitch termination of treatment was required due to the side effects. In mifepristone group higher progesterone concentrations were observed during pregnancy termination and in other group’s pregnancy termination was observed after reducing progesterone concentration to less than 2ng/ml. In control group progesterone levels were increasing as the progress of pregnancy. The average inter estrous cycle interval was 116.67 ± 5.9, 115.83 ± 2.89, 116.5 ± 2.13 and 146.0 ± 5.71 days in mifepristone, cabergoline plus cloprostenol, cloprostenol and control groups respectively. Treatment groups had significantly shorter inter estrous cycle interval then control group. The average number of pups born in the next whelping was 3.5 ± 0.22, 5.67 ± 0.33, 3.34 ± 0.55 and 5.0 ± 0.58 in mifepristone, cabergoline plus cloprostenol, cloprostenol and control groups respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that mifepristone group and cloprostenol group had significantly less number of pups than that of control group, whereas cabergoline plus cloprostenol group of bitches have given birth to significantly more number of pups. The mean gestation length in therapeutic groups at the time of initiation of treatment was 66.5 ± 1.2, 67.7 ± 0.58 and 65.14 ± 1.65 days in cloprostenol, dinoprostone plus cloprostenol, mifepristone plus cloprostenol groups respectively. Whereas, in control group gestation length calculated up to the whelping it was 62.67 ± 0.92 days. The mean duration of time interval from starting of treatment to beginning of whelping(hours) , duration of whelping( minutes) and inter pup intervals (minutes) were 34.46 ± 4.70, 490 ± 96.94 and 192.24 ± 62.58 respectively in cloprostenol group, 40.48 ± 6.47, 253.13 ± 47.87 and 67.67 ± 10.75 respectively in dinoprostone plus cloprostenol group and 26.98 ± 4.51, , 354 ± 85.59, 61.0 ± 9.41 respectively in mifepristone plus cloprostenol group. Whelping occurred in cloprostenol, dinoprostone plus cloprostenol and control groups when the mean plasma progesterone concentrations reached around 1.0ng/ml. But in mifepristone plus cloprostenol group is having higher progesterone level. Slight decrease in rectal temperature was observed 12 to 24 hours after treatment and again it reached to the normal level around 12 hours or less before parturition in cloprostenol, dinoprostone plus cloprostenol and control groups. But such change is not observed in mifepristone plus cloprostenol group. In this group rectal temperature remained constant from before treatment to up to whelping. The mean litter size at birth were 4.17 ± 1.08, 4.3 ± 0.82, 4.86 ± 1.2 and 7.5 ± 0.6, per centage of pup survival rate after one week was 95.23, 100, 93.24 and 90.74 and Percentage of growth rate recorded at the end of 1st week was 31.49%, 75.30% 65.365 and 65.61 in cloprostenol group, dinoprostone plus cloprostenol group, mifepristone plus cloprostenol group and control groups respectively. Mild side effects were observed in 83.33, 30 and 28.57 in percentage of bitches in cloprostenol, dinoprostone plus cloprostenol and mifepristone plus cloprostenol groups respectively. These side effects won’t cause termination of treatment in any bitch. Polydipsia was observed in cloprostenol, dinoprostone plus cloprostenol group bitches. The mean interval from whelping to next estrus cycle was 150.83 ± 10.27, 143.8 ± 9.55, 175.67 ± 12.39 and 140 ± 5.17 days and litter size in subsequent whelping were 4.83 ± 0.79, 6 ± 0.78, 5.67 ± 0.88 and 7 ± 0.32 in cloprostenol, dinoprostone plus cloprostenol, mifepristone plus cloprostenol and control groups respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON IN VITRO MATURATION OF FOLLICULAR OOCYTES OF BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-01) KULA SEKHAR, TIRUKKOVALLURI; SOLMON RAJU, K.G(MAJOR); SADASIVA RAO, K; CHANDRA SEKHAR, E.LABSTRACT : A total number of 498 ovaries were procured from municipal slaughter house, Hyderabad soon after the slaughter of the buffaloes. The ovaries were subjected to slicing, aspiration and post aspiration slicing in order to retrieve the oocytes. The oocyte retrieval rate was 73.68, 43.61 and 47.91 per cent in slicing, aspiration and post aspiration slicing methods, respectively. The oocyte recovery per ovary was 2.91, 1.53 and 1.89 in slicing, aspiration and post aspiration slicing, respectively. The retrieved oocytes were graded into A, B, C and D. The yield of A grade oocytes were 53.92, 42.57 and 46.72 in slicing, aspiration and post aspiration slicing techniques, respectively. The yield of B grade oocytes was 28.87, 20.92 and 29.10, respectively. The yield of C and D grades of oocytes were 15.69 and9.52; 11.27 and 11.24; and 13.93 and 10.25 in slicing, aspiration and post aspiration slicing methods, respectively. The A, B and C grade oocytes were matured in TCM 199, TCM 199 supplemented with PMSG and buffalo follicular fluid (buFF) alone. Significantly higher per cent of morphological maturation was observed in PMSG supplemented media. Significantly higher per cent of grade A and B oocytes were morphologically matured than the grade C oocytes. Basing on the degree of cumulus expansion, the maturation was classified as D0, D1 and D2 cumulus expansion. Significantly higher per cent of A and B grade oocytes attained D2 and D1 degree of cumulus expansion while significantly higher per cent of C grade oocytes retained in D0 degree of cumulus expansion. The per cent of oocytes extruded first polar body was 70.83, 5.55 and 42.50 in PMSG, buFF and TCM 199 media. The per cent of oocytes not extruded the polar body was 47.50, 22.99 and 70.30 in TCM 199, PMSG and buFF culture media respectively. Higher per cent of oocytes degenerated in buFF culture media than the TCM 199 and PMSG media in the present study.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFICACY OF HORMONAL THERAPEUTIC PROTOCOLS IN TRUE ANOESTRUM BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009) PURANIK PRAHALAD; SADASIVA RAO, K(MAJOR); SOLMON RAJU, K.G; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.P.ABSTRACT: The present investigation “Studies on the efficacy of hormonal therapeutic protocols in true anoestrum buffaloes” was taken up in dairy experimental station, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad and dairy farms in and around Rangareddy distict to study the efficacy of GnRH, PMSG, and Placentrex therapeutic protocols in inducing estrus and enhancing conception rate. A total of 7223 buffaloes were analysed from the records available at Hyderabad east Division during 2002-2003 to 2007-2008. Among 7223 buffaloes analyzed, 132 (1.83%), 66 (0.91%), 1224 (16.95%), 652 (9.03%), 1347 (18.65%), 370 (5.12%), 232 (3.21%), 110 (1.52%), 160 (2.21%), 140 (1.94%), 463 (6.41%), 406 (5.62%), 518 (7.17%), 1253 (17.34%), 30 (0.41%), 120 (1.66%), 0 (0%) and 0 (0%) were observed to be hypoplasia of ovaries, genital infantilism, smooth ovaries, postservice anestrus, postpartum anestrus, silent ovulation, anovulatory heat, luteal persistency, luteal cysts,follicular cysts, repeat breeder, vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, metritis, pyometra, salphingitis and bursal adhesions, respectively. The incidence of postpartum anestrum among buffaloes was observed to be 18.45 per cent. The experimental buffaloes were randomly divided in to 4 groups each consisting of 20 each. The mean values of serum calcium (6.81±0.29 mg/dl) and serum phosphorus (5.16±0.12) were found to be significantly lower in postpartum true anoestrus buffaloes than the mean values of serum calcium (13.42±0.19 mg/dl) and serum phosphorus (7.35±0.16 mg/dl) in cycling buffaloes. Among 80 postpartum anoestrus buffaloes treated with various protocols, the estrus response was found to be 70, 90, 80 and 50 percent, respectively in GnRH, PMSG, Placentrex and control group. The days taken for the onset of estrus in PMSG (74.46±12.78days) was found to be lower than GnRH (85.11±18.92 days), Placentrex (78.52±13.92 days) and control (93.55±21.84 days) groups. The intensity of estrus was observed to be better in PMSG and Placentrex groups than in GnRH and control groups. The intense estrus symptoms were observed to be 7.1, 61.1, 25 and 10 per cent in GnRH, PMSG, Placentrex and control groups, respectively. The duration of estrus was found to be significantly longer in PMSG (16.37±3.62 hrs) treated buffaloes. Similarly the interval between treatment and onset of estrus was observed to be significantly earlier in PMSG (7.22±0.49 days) group than in GnRH (10.5±0.63), Placentrex (11.25±0.54 days) and control (53±1.125days), groups, respectively. The first service conception rate even though high in GnRH (55.5 per cent) group, the combination of first service conception rate and overall conception rate is better in PMSG (50 and 70 per cent, respectively) group than GnRH (55.5 and 45 percent, respectively), placentrex (45.45 and 55 per cent, respectively) and control (25 and 20 per cent, respectively) groups. The mean number of services per conception in true anoestrus postpartum buffaloes treated with GnRH, PMSG, placentrex and control groups were recorded as 1.55±0.24, 1.71±0.22, 1.81±0.26 and 2.25±0.48, respectively and found to be somewhat lower service per conception in GnRH treated buffaloes than in other groups.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON HORMONAL THERAPIES FOR INDUCTION OF POSTPARTUM OESTRUS IN MURRAH BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-06) RAJA KONDA REDDY, G; Seshagiri Rao, A(MAJOR); Sadasiva Rao, K; Raghavender, K.B.P.ABSTRACT : Studies on hormonal therapies for induction of postpartum oestrus in Murrah buffaloes were undertaken at Dairy Experimental Station College of Veterinary Science Rajendranagar and Dairy farms in Hyderabad. A total of 6068 buffaloes were studied to investigate the reproductive disorders and the incidence of smooth ovaries, postservice anestrus, postpartum anestrus, silent ovulation, anovulatory heat, luteal persistency, luteal cysts, follicular cysts and repeat breeder were found to be 17.46, 8.99, 18.45, 5.07, 3.65, 1.76, 2.34, 2.22 and 7.46 per cent, respectively. The incidence of postpartum anestrum among buffaloes was observed to be 18.45 per cent as data available at Hyderabad (East) division, Raga Reddy district during the period from 2002-03 to 2006-07. Twenty four normally calved Murrah buffaloes of different treatment groups were examined for the time taken for complete involution of uterus. The days required for complete involution of uterus was 21, 23 and 24 days treated with PGF-2α, Methergin, and control groups, respectively. The mean values of serum calcium and serum phosphorus before treatment in postpartum anestrus Murrah buffaloes during summer and winter were 8.63 ± 0.15 mg %, 8.79 ± 0.18 mg % and 4.23 ± 0.21, 3.99 ± 0.24 mg %, respectively. The corresponding values were significantly (p<0.01) improved after treatment. A total of 60 postpartum anestrus Murrah buffaloes were treated with various treatment protocols during summer (30 buffaloes) and winter (30 buffaloes) seasons. The estrus response was observed to be higher in winter (90%, 80% and 50%) than summer season (80%, 70% and 30%) in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH, PMSG + hCG and control groups, respectively. The days taken for induction of estrus was found to be highly significant (p<0.01) during winter months in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH (85.44± 7.56 days) group in PMSG + hCG (89.13 ± 7.7 days) group and in control151.20±13.49 days) groups, respectively. The occurrence of estrus was observed highest percentage in day time (60, 70) than night time (20, 20) in two groups in summer and winter seasons. The intensity of estrus was observed to be more in PMSG + hCG group as 57.14, 14.28, 28.57 and 62.50, 25.00, 12.50 per cent of intense, normal and weak estrus in summer and winter season respectively, when compared to GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH as 50.00, 37.50, 12.50 and 55.55, 33.33, 11.11 per cent of intense, normal and weak estrus in summer and winter season respectively. The duration of estrus in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH (22.5±0.5, 24.3±0.3 hours) group was longer than in PMSG + hCG (18.0±0.5, 21.0±0.5 hours) group and in control (15.33±0.8, 16.0±0.75 hours) group in summer and winter season respectively. The interval between treatment and onset of estrus was observed to be shorter days in PMSG + hCG (3.29 ± 0.52 days, 4.00 ± 0.46 days) group than in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH (4.12 ± 0.39 days, 4.78 ± 0.43 days) group and in control (76.00 ± 1.73 days, 51.00 ± 1.68 days) group in summer and winter season respectively. The service period was observed to be significantly shorter days during winter (86.22± 8.25 days, 89.13 ± 8.75 days and 153.20±13.49 days) in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH, PMSG + hCG and control groups, respectively when compared to during winter (110.62 ± 8.75 days, 110.00 ± 9.36 days and 195.00±12.07 days) in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH, PMSG + hCG and control groups, respectively. The over all conception rate was observed to be higher in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH group (70.1 %) than in PMSG + hCG group (66.1 %) and control group (36.7 %) respectively. The number of services required per conception during summer was found to be 1.75 ± 0.16, 2.00 ± 0.53 and 2.33 ± 0.88 and during winter as 1.89 ± 0.20, 2.00 ± 0.19 and, 1.80 ± 0.20 in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH, PMSG + hCG and control groups, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF PGF2α WITH SENSITIVE ANTIBIOTIC IN OPEN PYOMETRA IN BITCHES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2008-02) NARAYANAN, AMBILY; SUBRAMANYAM NAIDU, K(MAJOR); VENUGOPAL NAIDU, K; SURESH KUMAR, VABSTRACT: Eighteen bitches of different breeds presented to college and town hospital of College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati with purulent vaginal discharge were selected for this study. The diagnosis was made based on breeding history, clinical signs, abdominal palpation, radiography, ultrasonography and vaginal cytology. Smears were made to determine the vaginal cytology and vaginal discharge was subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test and sensitive antibiotic was selected for each bitch. Twelve bitches with open pyometra were divided into 2 groups consisting of 6 in each group (group I and II) and group III consisted of 6 healthy bitches kept as control. The group I bitches were treated with PGF2α (60 μg kg-1 body weight) subcutaneously for 7 days along with sensitive antibiotic and group II bitches were treated with PGF2α (150 μg kg-1 body weight) intravaginally for 7 days along with sensitive antibiotic. Group III were kept as control. In control group bitches, the mean value of TEC, Hb, PCV and TLC were 7.03 ± 0.11 x 106/cumm, 13.57 ± 0.19 g dl-1, 43.33 ± 0.5 per cent and 10.09 ± 0.44 x 103/cumm. The DLC i.e., Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils and Basophils were 69 ± 0.52, 25.5 ± 0.96, 2.83 ± 0.31, 2.17 ± 0.17 and 0 per cent, respectively. Erythrocyte indices like MCV, MCH, and MCHC were 61.72 ± 0.95 fl, 19.61 ± 0.37 pg and 32.52 ± 0.59 g dl-1, respectively. In Group I bitches the TEC, Hb, PCV and TLC before and after the treatment were 4.78 ± 0.44 x 106/cumm; 9.54 ± 0.86 g dl-1; 28.67 ± 2.62 per cent; 20.69 ± 3.30 x 103/cumm and 5.15 ± 0.4 x 106/cumm; 10.52 ± 0.81 g dl-1; 30.92 ± 2.39 per cent; 10.87 ± 0.57 x 103/cumm, respectively. Similarly the DLC i.e., Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils and Basophils were 76.17 ± 1.47; 15.83 ± 1.51; 5.0 ± 0.26; 2.17 ± 0.17; 0 and 71.5 ± 0.85; 23.83 ± 0.48; 2.5 ± 0.34; 2.0 ± 0.26; 0 per cent, respectively. Erythrocyte indices like MCV, MCH and MCHC were 60.03 ± 0.02 fl; 19.98 ± 0.02 pg; 33.28 ± 0.03 g dl-1 and 60.02 ± 0.01; 20.43 ± 0.35; 34.02 ± 0.59, respectively. While in Group II bitches, TEC, Hb, PCV and TLC before and after the treatment were 4.75 ± 0.19 x 106/cumm; 9.45 ± 0.37 g dl-1; 28.5 ± 1.12 per cent; 20.89 ± 0.94 x 103/cumm and 4.97 ± 0.20 x 106/cumm; 10.07 ± 0.46 g dl-1; 29.83 ± 1.20 per cent;10.51 ± 0.87 x 103/cumm, respectively. The DLC i.e., Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils and Basophils were 77.83 ± 0.87; 15.33 ± 0.67; 4.5 ± 0.22; 2.33 ± 0.21; 0 and 73.33 ± 0.99; 23.33 ± 0.71; 2.17 ± 0.17; 2.17 ± 0.17; 0 per cent, respectively. Erythrocyte indices like MCV, MCH and MCHC were 60.04 ± 0.01 fl ; 19.91 ± 0.02 pg; 33.15 ± 0.03 g dl-1 and 60.03 ± 0.01 fl ; 20.23 ± 0.13 pg; 33.71 ± 0.22 g dl-1, respectively. There was a significant difference in TEC, Hb, PCV, TLC and DLC between the control and pre treatment groups, pre treatment and post treatment groups but the difference was insignificant between groups. No significant difference was noticed in MCV, MCH and MCHC between control and pre treatment groups, pre treatment and post treatment groups and between groups. Biochemical parameters like BUN, Creatinine, ALT, AST, Total protein, Albumin and Globulin in healthy control bitches were 16.65 ± 0.39 mg dl-1, 1.3 ± 0.07 mg dl-1, 23.0 ± 0.37 IU/L, 27.83 ± 0.60 IU/L, 6.5 ± 0.09 mg dl-1, 3.15 ± 0.8 mg dl-1, 3.03 ± 0.21 mg dl-1, respectively. Same in Group I bitches before the treatment were 19.56 ± 1.42 mg dl-1, 1.59 ± 0.19 mg dl-1, 21.83 ± 0.56 IU/L, 28.5 ± 0.56 IU/L, 7.98 ± 0.38 mg dl-1, 2.84 ± 0.16 mg dl-1 and 5.15 ± 0.50 mg dl-1, respectively and after the treatment were 16.75 ± 0.45 mg dl-1, 1.32 ± 0.07 mg dl-1, 22.50 ± 0.76 IU/L, 27.83 ± 0.60 IU/L, 6.70 ± 0.16 mg dl-1, 3.27 ± 0.14 mg dl-1 and 3.60 ± 0.23 mg dl-1, respectively. Same biochemical parameters in Group II bitches before treatment were 19.21 ± 1.22 mg dl-1, 1.71 ± 0.18 mg dl-1 ,20.83 ± 0.78 IU/L, 29.17 ± 0.60 IU/L, 7.5 ± 0.19 mg dl-1, 3.0 ± 0.06 mg dl-1 and 4.50 ± 0.16 mg dl-1, respectively and after the treatment were 16.65 ± 0.34 mg dl-1, 1.38 ± 0.04 mg dl-1, 22.67 ± 0.88 IU/L, 28.33 ± 0.71 IU/L, 6.53 ± 0.13 mg dl-1, 3.17 ± 0.05 mg dl-1 and 3.42 ± 0.10 mg dl-1, respectively. There was a significant difference in BUN, creatinine, total protein and globulin between the control and pre treatment groups, pre treatment and post treatment groups but the difference was insignificant between groups. No significant difference was noticed in ALT, AST and albumin between control and pre treatment groups, pre treatment and post treatment groups and between groups. In the present study, vaginal cytology revealed superficial cells, intermediate cells and parabasal cells along with large number of severely degenerated neutrophils, bacteria and vacuolated endometrial cells in pyometra affected bitches. Most of the vaginal discharge samples were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (66%) followed by Enrofloxacin (50%), Gentamicin (41.6%), Oflaxacin (25%), Kanamycin (25%), Ampicillin (25%), Pefloxacin and Amoxicillin (16%) and Cloxacillin (8.3%) and sulphonamide, tetracycline and chloramphenicol were found to be resistant. The mean progesterone concentration of healthy bitches was 11.08 ± 1.22 ng ml-1. Same in Group I and II before treatment were 10.56 ± 1.3; 10.61 ± 1.68 ng ml-1 and were significantly (P<0.05) decreased to 1.04 ± 0.39 and 0.92 ± 0.09 ng ml-1 in Group I and II, respectively indicating the luteolysis in responded bitches and 2.8 and 2.4 ng ml-1 in two non responded bitches. One bitch that did not respond even to 2nd series of injections was subjected to hysterectomy. In all the responded bitches clinical signs of pyometra had completely disappeared at the end of treatment but not in non responded cases. During the treatment trials with PGF2α no side effects were observed. It is concluded that both subcutaneous administration of PGF2α at a dose rate of 60 μg kg-1 body weight and intravaginal administration PGF2α at a dose rate of 150 μg kg-1 body weight in combination with sensitive antibiotic were found to be effective for the treatment of open type pyometra in bitches without any side effects. But the PGF2α had shown slightly better response by intravaginal route of administration than the subcutaneous route of administration in the pyometra affected bitches.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MODULATION OF FOLLICULAR DYNAMICS AND SUPEROVULATORY RESPONSES IN POST PARTUM ONGOLE COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-08) MUTHA RAO, M; Venugopa1 Naidu, K(MAJOR); BabuRao, k; Srilatha, Ch; Chandrssekhara Rao, T.SABSTRACT: A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that sychronising the follicular wave emergence by hormonal and non hormonal methods and delaying the exposure of follicles to LH would increase the ovulation rate embryo recovery in Bos indicia cattle. Fifty eight parous Ongole breed cows were used as donors and were randomly divided into four groups. Group I cows were treated uith conventional superowlation protocol on day 10 of their natural cycle. In Group 11 the dominant follicle was ablated between day 6-8 of the cycle and superovulation was initiated 48 h later. Group 111 and Group IV cows received a NORimplant + EV 4 days before the start of the superovulation treatment. The implant was removed 12 and 60 h after PGF injection in Group 111 and Group IV respectively with the latter group receiving 25 mg LlI. Cow were superovulated by administering 200 mg NIH-FSH-PI in divided and decreasing doses for 4 days. Embryos were collected non surgically 7-7.5 days after superestrus and were morphologicaly evaluated based on the stage of development and quality. A total of 94.83% cows responded to superovulation treatment without any significant difference between groups. The mean ovulation rates in the four treatment groups (13.53 f 1.80, 15.08 f 1.5, 10.37 * 0.82 and 16.17 f 1.99 respecively) were significantly (P<0.05) different. The mean number of total ova/embryo, viable embryos, fertilized embryos, unfertilized embryos and empty zona did not differ significantly between treatment groups. The rate of fertilization of recovered ova varied from 91.56 - 100% in different Groups. Compact morula comprised the highest number (63.22 - 79.41%) in all the treatment groups. No significant differences were observed in the mean number of Grade I, Grade I1 and Grade I11 embryos between groups. Overall data revealed that 25.45% 40.00% and 34.54% of cows flushed were poor, average and good embryo donors respectively. One cow in each of the treatment groups 1 (7.14%), I11 (6.25%) and IV (8.33%) produced all non viable embryos. Collectively 5.56, 42.59, 25.42 and 24.07 per cent cows produced zero, 1-5,6-10 and >10 viable embryos. As the CL number increased, the mean number of total ovalembryos increased progressively and significantly (P<0.01) with in the groups consequent to increase in ovulation number from 2-10 and >10 respectively. The overall mean viable embryo recovery also increased progressively and significantly (Pc0.0 1 ) as the overall total ova/embryo recovery increased from 1 -5 to 6- 10 and > 10 embryos per collection. The number of calvings had no significant (P>0.05) effect on suerovulatory responses. The total ova/embryo recovery was lower in winter compared to summer and rainy seasons. The ovulation rate, total ovalembryo and viable embryo recovery was significantly higher in dry cows compared to lactating cows. Pregnancy rate with transfer of fresh embryos (52.94%) was significantly influenced by transfer site and transfer quality. The pregnancy rates did not differ significantly between embryos frozen thawed either in glycerol (37.5%) or in ethylene glycol (13.64%). Cumulatively frozen-thawed embryo transfers resulted in significantly @<0.01) lower pregnancy rates than those achieved with fresh embryo transfers. The ovulation rate and embryo recovery were negatively correlated to concentrations of P4 on day 0 but positively correlated to concentrations of P4 on day 3 and day 718. A significant positive correlation was observed between ovulation rate and E2 concentration and between viable embryo recovery and E2 concentration on day 0. The occurrence of standing heat and the mean time of LH peak were significantly delayed in Group IV cows compared to the other three groups. The p4 concentration was significantly higher on days 7, 14 and 21 in recipients conceived following ET. On the contrary significant differences were not observed in the E2 concentration between pregnant and non pregnant recipients at different days of the cycle.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON QUALITY ASSESMENT OF OOCYTES IN DECCANI BREED OF SHEEP(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-04) SUNIL ANAND KUMAR, E; SOLMON RAJU, K.G(MAJOR); SADASIVA RAO, K; CHANDRASEKHAR, E.LABSTRACT : The female reproductive tracts of Deccani breed of sheep were procured from slaughter house and studied for the quality assessment of oocytes. The morphology and biometrical characteristics of the ovaries were recorded. The ovaries of non-gravid genitalia differed significantly in weight and breadth with the ovaries of gravid genitalia. All the visible follicles were graded as small (<3mm), medium (3-6mm) and large (>6mm) based on their diameter. Total number of different grades of visible follicles present on the ovary in follicular and luteal phase were 2.35±0.31 and 1.87±0.25 and did not differed significantly. Similarly, the total number of follicles present on right and left gravid ovaries also did not differed significantly. The ovaries thus obtained were subjected to three different techniques of oocyte retrieval, i.e. Aspiration, Dissection and Slicing, respectively. The oocytes retrieved by aspiration, dissection and slicing techniques in follicular and luteal phases were 8.90±0.75, 8.30±0.78, 8.30±0.37 and 5.12±0.72, 5.37±0.63 and 5.37±0.54, respectively. The mean number of A, B, C and D grades of oocytes obtained by these techniques were found to be 1.49±0.13, 1.02±0.11, 1.30±0.12 and 1.46±0.13 respectively and the corresponding values for ovaries collected from the pregnant Deccani ewes were 1.34±0.97, 0.61±.70, 1.06±0.86 and 1.30±0.72, respectively. The length of the ovary was in positive correlation with the oocyte yield in dissection technique (0.370 P<0.05). The mean unit time taken for retrieval of oocytes from ovaries collected from pregnant Deccani ewes for aspiration, dissection and slicing techniques was 269.77±9.69, 500.95±22.05 and 277.29±7.86 seconds and the corresponding values for ovaries collected from non pregnant Deccani ewes were 313.68 ±8.64, 467.59±23.21 and 337.80±14.18 seconds, respectively. The diameter of different grades of oocytes was recorded and the A grade oocytes recorded highest diameter (212.60±1.36 μ) and D grade oocytes recorded the lowest diameter (170.60± 1.48 μ). The diameter of oocytes was found to be gradually decreasing from A grade to D grade oocytes. The thickness of zona pellucida was recorded in the present study and found to be the highest in D grade oocytes (16.20±0.61 μ) and lowest in A grade oocyte (13.80±0.84 μ).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POSTPARTUM ANESTRUM WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON INDUCTION OF ESTROUS IN CROSSBRED COWS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-03) MUNEER AHMAD ANSARI, SHAIK; SADASIVA RAO, K(MAJOR); SESHAGIRI RAO, A; RAGHAVENDER, K.B.PABSTRACT : Studies on postpartum anestrum with special emphasis on induction of estrous in cross bred cows were undertaken at Military dairy farm, Bowenpally, Hyderabad. A total of 676 crossbred cows were studied to investigate the reproductive disorders and the incidence of smooth ovaries, post service anestrum, postpartum anestrum, silent ovulations, anovulatory heat, luteal persistency, luteal cysts, follicular cysts and repeat breeder were found to be 8.88, 6.66, 13.31, 2.66, 3.25, 4.88, 4.44, 3.25 and 21.30 per cent, respectively. The incidence of postpartum anestrum was found to be 13.31 per cent among cross bred cows, as per the data available at Military Dairy Farm, Bowenpally, Hyderabad during the period 2001-02 to 2005-06. The body condition score of the 80 postpartum anestrus crossbred cows selected for different treatment groups was evaluated and found to be more number (66) of cows were in the range of 3.0-3.5 body condition score. The mean values of serum calcium (9.73 ± 0.30 mg%), serum phosphorus (6.20 ± 0.25 mg%), serum cholesterol (94.35 ± 6.44 mg%) and serum glucose (52.25 ± 3.25 mg%) were found to be significantly lower in postpartum anestrus cows than the mean values of serum calcium (14.53 ± 0.38 mg%), serum phosphorus (7.88 ± 0.20 mg%), serum cholesterol (140.58 ± 8.68 mg%) and serum glucose (70.25 ± 2.31mg%) in cycling cross bred cows. Among 80 postpartum anestrus crossbred cows treated with various treatment protocols, the estrus response was found to be 100 per cent in all the three treatment groups and 90 per cent in control group. The days taken for the onset of estrus in PMSG (59.3 ± 1.76 days) group was found to be shorter than in GnRH-PGF2α -GnRH (69.05 ± 1.67 days), in PMSG (68.1 ± 2.46 days) and in control (79.55 ± 2.47 days) groups. The percentage of occurrence of estrus was found to be higher (80 per cent) during night time than during day time. The intensity of induced estrus was observed to be better in PMSG and PMSG + hCG groups than in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH and in control groups. The intense estrus symptoms were observed to be 0, 70, 60 and 11.11 per cent in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH PMSG, PMSG + hCG and control groups, respectively. The duration of estrus was found to be significantly longer (45.80 hrs) in cows treated with PMSG group. Similarly, the interval between treatment and onset of estrus was observed to be significantly earlier (2.75 days) in PMSG group, than in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH (7.00 days) group, in PMSG + hCG (3.90 days) group and in control (16.45 days ) group. The first service conception rate and overall conception rate were observed to be better in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH (60 and 90 per cent, respectively) group than in PMSG (30 and 70 per cent, respectively) and in PMSG + hCG (40 and 80 per cent, respectively) groups. Similarly, service per conception was also observed to be better in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH (1.44) group than in PMSG (1.71), PMSG + hCG (1.75) and control (1.66) groups. The service period was observed to be longer in GnRH-PGF2α-GnRH (81.33 days) group than in PMSG (70.5 days), in PMSG + hCG (73.37 days) and in control (69.50 days) groups.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FOLLICULAR FLUID AND OOCYTE CHARACTERlSTlCS IN BUFFALOES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-02) PRABHAKAR, L; SOLMON RAlU, K.G(MAJOR); SADASIVA RAO, K; CHANDRA SHEKAR, E.L.ABSTRACT: Studies on biochemical composition of follicular fluid and oocyte characteristics in buffaloes were undertaken at Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaetxllogy and Obstetrics. College of Veterinary Science, ' Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30. A total of 890 ovaries were collected from January to August 2006 and used for the present investigation. The average measurements of length, width, height, weight and sue of left ovary were 2.04f0.05, 1.27f0.04, 1.41f0.04 crn, 2.72f0.15 g and 2.25a.21 cc. respe&ively and corresponding values for the right ovary truere 2.38fi.07, 1.44a.07, 1.63M.08 ern, 3.74M.28 g and 3.3W.36 cc, mpectively. The mean number of Mile follicles on the surface of left and right ovary was 3.87f0.23 and 3.66~.28.*~mheea n length, diameter and weight of corpus luteurn were l.lOM.OB, 0.86M.04 cm and 0.88iO.W g, respectively. The biochemical indices in follicular fluid of various sized follicles were estimated in the present study as follows. Total protein (10.61~0.46g per cent), albumin (2.95M.17 g per cent), globulin (7.6QM.39 g per cent), albumin: globulin ratio (0.51fl.06 g per cent), cholesterol (48.36e.05 mg per cent) and alkaline phosphatase (13.05M.59 KAU). The mineral concentration in follicular fluid of different sized follicles was as follows. Calcium (5.79iO.33 mgtdl), phosphorous (14.26M.27 mgldl), sodium (82.25k1.85 ppm), copper (0.57i0.05 ppm), zinc (6.1 1f0.41 ppm) and iron (1.35iO.05 ppm). The total number of oocyte yield in aspiration, dissection and slicing techniques were 3.20M. 16, 3.10s. 10 and 5.70iO. 13, respectively. The total number of oocyte yield in follicular and luteal phases of estrous cycle was 5.31a.12 and 3.88iO.13, respectively. Among the total oocytes recovered 52.94, 25.88 and 21.18 per cent were good, fair and poor quality of oocytes ir! the present study. The mean diameter of good, fair and poor quality of oocytes were 135.65k2.52, 11 1.732.84 and 94.55Q.22 p, respedively. It was conduded that the bbmeUh of ovary and corpus luteurn were variable during the stages of estrous cycle and the number of follicles present on the ovary was not significantly #ired among the phases of estrous cycle. It was also concluded that the biochemical and mineral content in follicular fluid of buffaloes was playing a major role as the size of the follicle increases and the mean number of oocytes retrieved was higher in slicing technique and form the ovaries under luteal phase of estrous cyde.