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Open Access
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING RUMEN BY PASS FAT AS CONCENTRATED ENERGY SOURCE ON NUTRIENT UTILIZATION IN MURRAH BUFFALOES
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009) SRAVAN KUMAR, RAPOLU; RAMANA REDDY, Y(MAJOR); SRINIVASA RAO, D; RAVINDER REDDY, V
ABSTRACT : With a view to investigate the optimum level of inclusion of calcium soap as concentrate source of energy in the straw based diets of Murrah buffaloes, four iso-nitrogenous rations (12.6% CP) supplemented with 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent calcium soap of red palm oil were formulated and evaluated by in vitro and in sacco techniques. Data from in vitro and in sacco studies revealed that supplementation of calcium soap up to 10% had no adverse effect on DM digestibility/degradability of ration. The rations with 0 to 10 per cent of calcium soap were further evaluated in vivo using four Murrah buffaloes with an average body weight of 221.3±3.60 kg. A metabolic trial was conducted to study the effect of inclusion of calcium soap of red palm oil on nutrient utilization. Dry matter intake (kg/d or g/kg w0.75) in buffaloes was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the level of protected fat in the diet. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in the digestibility of proximate principle and cell-wall constituents except EE. The EE digestibility was higher by 15.20, 16.89 and 17.22, percentage units, respectively in buffaloes fed rations with 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent protected fat compared to those fed ration with out protected fat supplementation. All the buffaloes were on positive nitrogen balance. Nitrogen retention expressed as g/d, per cent intake or per cent absorbed in buffaloes was not significantly (P>0.05) different among the rations supplemented with 0, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent level of protected fat. The DCP values of rations with varying levels of calcium soap of red palm oil were not different from each other. The TDN value of the rations with 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent calcium soap was significantly (P<0.01) higher by 3.18, 4.84 and 6.80 percentage units, respectively as compared to ration with out calcium soap. Further, the DCP and TDN intakes were non-significantly (P>0.05) higher in buffaloes fed rations with 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent level of protected fat than those fed ration with out protected fat. It is concluded from the present study that calcium soap prepared from red palm oil can be used as an energy supplement up to 10% level for Murrah buffalo animals with out affecting DMI and nutrient utilization for improved production.
Open Access
CARBOHYDRATE AND PROTEIN FRACTIONS, NITROGEN SOLUBILITY, METABOLIZABLE PROTEIN AND METABOLIZABLE ENERGY CONTENT OF SELECT PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS FOR RUMINANTS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2009-03) GHAWAT PANKAJ GANESHRAO; PARTHASARATHY, M(MAJOR); RAMA PRASAD, J; SUDHAKARA REDDY, P
RUMINANTS
Open Access
EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF ZINCSULPHATE AND ZINC- METHIONINE ON BROILER PERFORMANCE AND THEIR RELATIVE BIOAVAILABILITY
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-10) ANIL KUMAR, CHITITHOTI; RAMANA, J. V(MAJOR); RAMA PRASAD, J; MASTHAN REDDY, P
ABSTRACT: To evaluate the growth performance and immune response in broilers with dietary inclusion of zinc in inorganic and organic form, a study was conducted on two hundred and eighty eight (288) day old male broiler (Vencobb ) chicks fed on maize, soybean meal and fish meal diet with zinc sulphate supplementation at 0 (TI), 20 (Tz), 40 (Tj ), 60 (T4 ), 80 (T5) kd zinc methionine at 20 (T6), 40 (T,), 60 (Ts), 80 (T9) mg/Kg diet. The birds were randomly distributed into 9 treatments with 4 replicates per treatment and 8birds per replicate. All the birds were fed on basal diet without zinc supplementation for one week to deplete the body zinc reserves. From 1-4 weeks the birds were fed on starter diets (23.0% CP and 2877 Kcal of ME/ kg diet) and with finisher diets (20.4% CP and 2943 Kcal of ME/ Kg diet) from 5" to 6fh week. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency did not show any significant difference among treatments. Even though there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among the treatments with regard to body weight gain, there was increase in body weight gain during starter phase with increase in zinc supplementation, which ranged from 792 (TI) to 871.44 (Tp) grams. The birds fed on zinc methionine supplementation showed better body weight gain than zinc sulphate supplementation. The feed intake did not show any significant difference (P > 0.05) due to dietary inclusion of zinc and the feed efficiency increased with zinc supplementation in starter phase without significant difference (P > 0.05). The feed efficiency ranged from 1.45 (Tg) to 1.65 (TId,u ring starter phase. There was no significant difference (Fj > 0.05) in ready to cook yield and liver weight with zinc supplementation. The plasma zinc concentration showed a significant difference (P
Open Access
A NEW APPROACH FOR PREDICTING TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENT VALUES OF FORAGES - OHIO SUMMATIVE MODEL
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-09) RAJA KISHORE, K; PARTHASARATHY, M(MAJOR); RAVI, A; SUDRAKARA REDDY, P
ABSTRACT: In the present study, an attempt has been made to predict the TDN content of various forages and top feeds by Ohio surnmative model i.e., the equations of Weiss et al. (1992) and compare with the estimated values, and to rank the various forages and tree foliage by the forage quality indices (RFV and RFQ). Thirty feedstuffs (eight cultivated grasses, eight leguminous forages, eight tree leaves and six crop residues) were evaluated using the criteria such as proximate principles, detergent fiber components, ADIN and NDIN. TDN content was calculated using the summative approach of Weiss et al. (1992). Gliricidia, APBN-1 and groundnut haulms were evaluated as sole feed for total tract digestibility of nutrients and nutritive value using four growing male goats. The CP (%) ranged from 5.5 to 10.9 for Cenchms ciliaris and sorghum among grasses, from 1 1.7 to 16.9 for groundnut haulms and sunnhemp among leguminous forages, from 11.5 to 25.6 for acacia and sesbania among tree leaves and from 2.9 to 6.6 for rice straw and horse gram straw among crop residues, on DMB. NDF (%) ranged from 56.1 to 70.4 (grasses), 42.4 to 5 1.8 (leguminous forages), 39.2 to 5 1.8 (top feed resources) and 65.9 to 74.7 (fibrous crop residues). Lignin content (%) was observed to be highest in crop residues (8.7) compared to tree foliage (8.2), leguminous forages (8.2) and cultivated grasses (5.9). Total available N (% of total N) was found to be highest in leguminous forages (94.1) followed by grasses (91. l), tree leaves (90.8) and crop residues (80.8). ADF values (%) predicted from the analysed NDF values using NRC (2001) equations for grasses (39.1) and leguminous forages (37.7) are in conformity with those of estimated ADF values by laboratory analyses. The average TDN (%), ME (Mcal/kg) and q, were found to be on a higher side in tree leaves (59.7, 2.2 and 0.52) in comparison to leguminous forage crops (56.0, 2.0 and 0.50), cultivated grasses (51.9, 1.9 and 0.48) and fibrous crop residues (46.0, 1.6 and 0.42), respectively . Classification of forage crops and top feed resources basing on forage quality indices (RFV and RFQ) showed that the tree leaves rank first ( 14 1 and 134) while crop residues rank last (74 and 64). The total tract digestibility (%) of nutrients with male kids (19.1 f 0.2) was obtained for gliricidia, APBN-1 or GN haulms as sole feed. DM, CP and NDF digestibilities were 54.1, 61.8 and 61.4 (gliricidia), 57.9, 62.6 and 58.0 (APBN-l), 52.6, 54.2 and 41.7 (GN haulms), respectively. The apparent digestibility (%) of CP and NDF in APBN-1 fodder was found to be higher (P<0.01t)h an those of gliricidia and G N haulms in male kids. DCP (%) and TDN (Oh) were 1 1.9 and 53.5 (gliricidia), 3.8 and 61.8 (APBN-I), 6.8 and 55.4 (GN haulms), respectively in kids from in vivo studies. The TDN (%) obtained by the Weiss et al. (1992) equations for gliricidia (55.4). APBN- 1 (60.3) and GN haulms (53.3) are in conformity with that of TDN obtained by in vivo studies. From the present study, it is concluded hat the ine~ilodology of Ohio summative equations of Weiss et al. (1992) prov~de an accurate means to calculate the energy density (TDN) of forages based on chemical analyses and empirical equations, thereby saving time, labour and cost of animal experimentation. Ranking of roughage feed resources as premium, good, fair or poor quality is feasible with the forage quality indices (RFV and RFQ) as suggested by Wisconsin workers (Undersander, 2003).
Open Access
INFLUENCE OF LEVEL AND SOURCE OF COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN NELLORE LAMBS
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007) SENTHILKUMAR, P; NAGALAKSHMI, D(MAJOR); RAMANA REDDY, Y; SUDHAKAR, K
ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted on 30 male Nellore lambs with uniform body weight (15.45  0.06 kg) to determine the level of the copper (Cu) supplementation in diet from inorganic and organic sources required for optimum growth performance, nutrient utilization and immunity by allotting them randomly to five groups in completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were viz., Basal diet (no supplemental Cu), basal diet supplemented with 7 ppm Cu from copper sulphate (CuSO4) and copper proteinate, and basal diet supplemented with 14 ppm Cu from CuSO4 and copper proteinate. The lambs were fed the respective diet at 3.5 per cent of body weight to meet the ICAR requirements except Cu throughout the feeding trial of 180 days. The basal diet (DM basis) contained 7.38 ppm Cu. Blood samples were collected on day 0, 90 and 180 to determine blood haematology, blood biochemical profile, copper dependent enzymes activity and copper concentration. A metabolism trail of 6 days was conducted during the 150 days of experimental feeding. The humoral immune response against Brucella abortus and chicke RBC was assessed by standard tube agglutination test (STAT), and direct haemagglutination test (DHA) and 2- mercaptoethanol methods, respectively at 90 days of feeding. The cellmediated immune (CMI) response was determined by in vivo delayed type hyper sensitivity (DTH) reaction and in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA). At the end of experiment four lambs from each group were slaughtered for estimation of liver Cu concentration and liver superoxide dismutase activity. The Cu supplementation increased the average daily gain and efficiency of dry matter utilization in lambs and lambs supplemented with 14 ppm Cu had higher body weight and daily gains than 7 ppm supplementation with no effect of source. The dry matter (DM), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE) and cellulose digestibility were affected by Cu supplementation and the digestibility of DM and CF digestibility was higher in lambs fed 14 ppm supplementation through Cu-proteinate. No effect of Cu was observed on CP, nitrogen free extract (NFE) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility, and nitrogen and energy balances. The total erythrocyte count (TEC) and total leukocyte count (TLC), serum glucose and urea nitrogen were not affected by amount and source of Cu. The Hb content was higher in Cu supplemented lambs, with higher (P<0.05) concentration at 14 ppm than 7 ppm supplementation. The serum cholesterol reduced with addition of Cu and the reduction was dose and source related. Cholesterol was lower (P < 0.01) in lambs fed 14 ppm Cu than 7 ppm and Cu-proteinate compared (P < 0.01) to CuSO4. At the end of feeding trial serum total protein and albumin content was higher (P < 0.01) in Cu supplemented lambs, while globulin content was comparable. But on 90th day of feeding trial the globulin concentration reduced in Cu supplemented lambs and levels were lower (P < 0.01) in 14 ppm supplemented lambs than 7 ppm. The Cu dependent enzyme i.e. Ceruloplasmin and RBC superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were higher in Cu supplemented lambs, with higher (P < 0.01) activities at 14 ppm compared to 7 ppm Cu supplementation and in Cu-proteinate than CuSO4 fed lambs at 90 and 180 days of feeding trial. While the liver SOD activity was more (P < 0.05) in these fed 14 ppm supplemental Cu followed by 7 ppm from inorganic sources and the liver SOD and Cu was lower when organic Cu was incorporated. The serum Cu content varied as per the Cu levels in diet. The humoral immune response against Brucella abortus was higher in Cu supplemented lambs (7, 14, 21 and 28 days post sensitization), with no effect of dose of supplementation and lambs supplemented with Cu-proteinate had higher titers than CuSO4 on 7 and 14 days of post sensitization. The total Ig, IgG and IgM levels against chicken RBC was higher in Cu supplemented lambs and the peak concentration of these immunoglobulins were observed on day 14 of post sensitization and on this day, the total Ig concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in lambs fed Cu-proteinate supplying 14 ppm Cu. The IgG levels were higher at 7 ppm than 14 ppm Cu supplementation from either organic or inorganic source. While the IgM level was though high in Cu supplemented lambs, no dose or source effect was observed. The optimum dietary Cu level for better humoral immune response was predicted as 16 ppm against Brucella abortus and chicken RBC antigen by using regression equation. The DTH response against PHA-P was maximum at 24 h post inoculation and maximum response was at 14 ppm Cu supplementation and lowest in those fed basal diet. The response was more (P<0.01) when supplementation was from Cu-proteinate than CuSO4. The lymphocyte stimulation index also followed the similar trend of DTH with maximum index at with 14 ppm Cu from Cu-proteinate. The study indicated that growth, efficiency of DM utilization, digestibility of DM and CF and Cu dependent enzymes activity were highest in lambs on 14 ppm supplemented Cu from Cu-proteinate. The humoral immune response was better from Cu-proteinate than CuSO4 and predicted dietary Cu requirement against Brucella abortus and chicken RBC antigen was 16 ppm
Open Access
DEVELOPMENT OF SUITABLE TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE KEEPING QUALITY OF COMPLETE FEED
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2005-12) GOBINATH, S; NARSIMHA REDDY, D(MAJOR); RAMANA REDDY, Y; RAVINDER REDDY, V
ABSTRACT: The present investigation was undertaken to study the effect of storage period, storage material, preservatives and processing methods on keeping quality of roughage based complete diets using the nutrient content, aflatoxin level, microbial and insect load as the criteria. Sunflower head (SFH) based complete diet processed into mash and pellet forms was stored at room temperature for a period of five months in HDPE woven and gunny bags with or without calcium propionate and neem oil as preservatives. The samples collected were analyzed for nutrient content, aflatoxin level, microbial and insect load at monthly intervals so as to develop a suitable storage technology for processed complete feeds. Among the proximate constituents, the OM, EE and NFE (%) content were decreased significantly (P<0.05) from 87.62, 3.45 and 50.04 to 87.59, 3.41 and 50.01 at the end of 1 month, 87.51, 3.33 and 49.84 at the end of 2 months, respectively. After 2 months DM content also decreased significantly (P~0.05)a long with OM, EE and NFE content. The DM, OM, EE and NFE (%) content were 87.64, 87.33, 3.21 and 49.35 at the end of 3 months, 87.10, 87.12, 3.05 and 48.59 at the end of 4 months and 86.41, 86.84, 2.84 and 47.65 at the end of 5 months, respectively, irrespective of storage structure, preservative and processing method. In contrast, the CF, TA and NDF (%) content increased significantly (PcO.05) from 20.29, 12.38 and 32.99 to 20.34, 12.41 and 33.04 at the end of 1 month, 20.45, 12.49 and 33.15 at the end of 2 months, 20.70, 12.67 and 33.40 at the end of 3 months, 21.09, 12.88 and 33.78 at the end of 4 months, 21.56, 13.16 and 34.25 at the end of 5 months, respectively. Howevzr, the CP (%) content was not influenced by storage up to 2 months storage period. Thereafter the CP (%) content was increased to 14.08, 14.40 and 14.80, respectively at the end of 3, 4 and 5 months of storage from initial value of 13.84 per cent. The aflatoxin B1 (ppb), bacterial and fungal count (log CFU/g feed) of complete feeds stored for 5 months were significantly (P<0.05) increased from 13.19, 4.97 and 4.07 to 17.85, 5.10 and 4.16 at the end of 1 month, 26.17, 5.57 and 4.40 at the end of 2 months, 43.70, 6.23 and 5.22 at the end of 3 months, 75.07, 7.36 and 6.52 at the end of 4 months and 75.07, 8.83 and 7.53 at the end of 5 months, respectively, irrespective of storage structures, preservative and processing methods. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference in insect wunt (No/100 g feed) between '0' (0) and 1 month (0.04) of storage. Afterwards insect wunt was increased significantly (P<0.05) to 1.25, 5.76, 1 1.60 and 22.06, respectively at the end of 2, 3,4 and 5 months of storage. The DM (87.98%), OM (87.38%), EE (3.24%) and NFE (49.39%) content were significantly (W0.05) higher in complete feed stored in HDPE woven bags than those stored in gunny bags (87.79, 87.30, 3.19 and 49.10, respectively), irrespective of storage period, preservative and processing methods. Whereas, CP (14.08%), CF (20.66%), TA (12-62%), NDF (33.35%), aflatoxin (44.97ppb), insect count (5.10 No/100g feed), bacterial count (6.30 log CFU/g feed) and fungal count (5.27 log CFU/g feed) were significantly (p<0.05) lower in complete feed stored in HDPE woven bags than those stored in gunny bags (14.20, 20.81, 12.71, 33.52, 53.39, 8.47, 6.39 and 5.36, respectively), irrespective of storage period, preservative and processing methods. The DM, CP, EE, CF, NDF (%) content and insect count (No1100 g feed) of complete feeds stored with no preservative, calcium propionate and neem oil were 87.79, 87.79 and 88.07; 14.20, 14.21 and 14.01; 2.78, 2.79 and 4.08; 20.77, 20.77 and 20.68: 33-46, 33-46 and 33.39 and 8.26, 8.1 1 and 3.66, respectively. There was no significant (-0.05) difference between the feeds stored with no preservative and calcium propionate. However the DM, EE contents and insect count were significantly (PcO.05) higher and CP, CF and NDF values were lower in feeds stored with neem oil than those stored with or without calcium propionate. The OM (YO), TA (%), NFE (%), aflatoxin (ppb), bacterial and fungal count (log CFU/g feed) of feeds stored with no preservative, calcium propionate and neem oil were 87.33, 87.22 and 87.45; 12.67, 12.78 and 12.55; 49.59, 49.47 and 48.69; 60.31, 37.97 and 49.26; 6.81, 5.91 and 6.31 and 5.81, 4.81 and 5.32, respectively, irrespective of storage period, structure and processing method. The OM content was significantly (P<0.05) lowest in feeds stored with calcium propionate followed by no preservative and neem oil. The TA content was significantly (PC0.05) lowest in feeds stored with neem oil, followed by no preservative and calcium propionate. The NFE content and insect count were significantly (P<0.05) lowest in feeds stored with neem oil followed by calcium propionate and no preservative. The microbial load and aflatoxin level was significantly (P<0.05) lowest in feeds stored with calcium propionate, followed by neem oil and no preservative. The DM (88.14%). OM (87.40%), EE (3.24%) and NFE (49.55%) content were significantly (Pc0.05) higher in pelleted feed than the mash form of complete feed (87.65, 87.24, 3.19 and 48.95 per cent, respectively), irrespective of storage period, structure and preservative used. But, CP (14.06%), CF (20.55%), TA (12.60%), NDF (33.14%), aflatoxin (44.02 ppb), insect count (4.29 No1100g feed), bacterial count (6.10 log CFU/g feed) and fungal count (5.1 0 log CFUlg feed) were significantly (~~0.05) lower in pelleted complete feed than in mash form of complete feed (14.22.20.92. 12.73, 33.73, 54.34, 9.28, 6.59 and 5.53, respectively), irrespective of storage period, preservative and processing method. Hence, keeping in view the nutrient losses, change in CP content, aflatoxin level, microbial and insect load, it was concluded from the present study that complete feeds can be stored up to 2 months for feeding of livestock. It is advantageous to store SFH based complete diet in pelleted form than in mash form that to in HDPE woven bags than in gunny bags. Between preservatives calcium propionate is effective in controlling microbial load and aflatoxin production whereas neem oil is effective in controlling insects and to a lesser extent microbial load and aflatoxin production
Open Access
Comparative Evaluation Of Feeding Healthy And Diseased Sorghum Straw And Groundnut Haulms On Nutrient Utilization In Growing Cattle
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2002-01) Vestin Verghese; Janardhan Reddy, T(MAJOR); Naidu, M.M; Narasa Reddy, G.V; Ekambaram, B
Open Access
Effect Of Feeding Healthy Versus Diseased Jowar Straw And Groundnut Haulms On Voluntary Dry Matter Intake And Nutrient Utilization In Buffaloes (Bos Bubalis)
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2002-01) Ramachandra, Ramteke; Sivaiah, K(MAJOR); Janardhan Reddy, T; Joji Reddy, K; Ekambaram, B
Open Access
Utilisation Of Cotton Straw As A Roughage Source In Complete Diets Of Growing Calves
(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2001-12) Kirubanath, K; Narasimha Reddy, D(MAJOR); Nagalakshmi, D; Ramasubba Reddy, V

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