INFLUENCE OF LEVEL AND SOURCE OF COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN NELLORE LAMBS
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Date
2007
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SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA
Abstract
ABSTRACT:
An experiment was conducted on 30 male Nellore lambs with uniform body weight (15.45 0.06 kg) to determine the level of the copper (Cu) supplementation in diet from inorganic and organic sources required for optimum growth performance, nutrient utilization and immunity by allotting them randomly to five groups in completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were viz., Basal diet (no supplemental Cu), basal diet supplemented with 7 ppm Cu from copper sulphate (CuSO4) and copper proteinate, and basal diet supplemented with 14 ppm Cu from CuSO4 and copper proteinate. The lambs were fed the respective diet at 3.5 per cent of body weight to meet the ICAR requirements except Cu throughout the feeding trial of 180 days. The basal diet (DM basis) contained 7.38 ppm Cu. Blood samples were collected on day 0, 90 and 180 to determine blood haematology, blood biochemical profile, copper dependent enzymes activity and copper concentration. A metabolism trail of 6 days was conducted during the 150 days of experimental feeding. The humoral immune response against Brucella abortus and chicke RBC was assessed by standard tube agglutination test (STAT), and direct haemagglutination test (DHA) and 2- mercaptoethanol methods, respectively at 90 days of feeding. The cellmediated immune (CMI) response was determined by in vivo delayed type hyper sensitivity (DTH) reaction and in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA). At the end of experiment four lambs from each group were slaughtered for estimation of liver Cu concentration and liver superoxide dismutase activity. The Cu supplementation increased the average daily gain and efficiency of dry matter utilization in lambs and lambs supplemented with 14 ppm Cu had higher body weight and daily gains than 7 ppm supplementation with no effect of source. The dry matter (DM), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE) and cellulose digestibility were affected by Cu supplementation and the digestibility of DM and CF digestibility was higher in lambs fed 14 ppm supplementation through Cu-proteinate. No effect of Cu was observed on CP, nitrogen free extract (NFE) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility, and nitrogen and energy balances. The total erythrocyte count (TEC) and total leukocyte count (TLC), serum glucose and urea nitrogen were not affected by amount and source of Cu. The Hb content was higher in Cu supplemented lambs, with higher (P<0.05) concentration at 14 ppm than 7 ppm supplementation. The serum cholesterol reduced with addition of Cu and the reduction was dose and source related. Cholesterol was lower (P < 0.01) in lambs fed 14 ppm Cu than 7 ppm and Cu-proteinate compared (P < 0.01) to CuSO4. At the end of feeding trial serum total protein and albumin content was higher (P < 0.01) in Cu supplemented lambs, while globulin content was comparable. But on 90th day of feeding trial the globulin concentration reduced in Cu supplemented lambs and levels were lower (P < 0.01) in 14 ppm supplemented lambs than 7 ppm. The Cu dependent enzyme i.e. Ceruloplasmin and RBC superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were higher in Cu supplemented lambs, with higher (P < 0.01) activities at 14 ppm compared to 7 ppm Cu supplementation and in Cu-proteinate than CuSO4 fed lambs at 90 and 180 days of feeding trial. While the liver SOD activity was more (P < 0.05) in these fed 14 ppm supplemental Cu followed by 7 ppm from inorganic sources and the liver SOD and Cu was lower when organic Cu was incorporated. The serum Cu content varied as per the Cu levels in diet. The humoral immune response against Brucella abortus was higher in Cu supplemented lambs (7, 14, 21 and 28 days post sensitization), with no effect of dose of supplementation and lambs supplemented with Cu-proteinate had higher titers than CuSO4 on 7 and 14 days of post sensitization. The total Ig, IgG and IgM levels against chicken RBC was higher in Cu supplemented lambs and the peak concentration of these immunoglobulins were observed on day 14 of post sensitization and on this day, the total Ig concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in lambs fed Cu-proteinate supplying 14 ppm Cu. The IgG levels were higher at 7 ppm than 14 ppm Cu supplementation from either organic or inorganic source. While the IgM level was though high in Cu supplemented lambs, no dose or source effect was observed. The optimum dietary Cu level for better humoral immune response was predicted as 16 ppm against Brucella abortus and chicken RBC antigen by using regression equation. The DTH response against PHA-P was maximum at 24 h post inoculation and maximum response was at 14 ppm Cu supplementation and lowest in those fed basal diet. The response was more (P<0.01) when supplementation was from Cu-proteinate than CuSO4. The lymphocyte stimulation index also followed the similar trend of DTH with maximum index at with 14 ppm Cu from Cu-proteinate.
The study indicated that growth, efficiency of DM utilization, digestibility of DM and CF and Cu dependent enzymes activity were highest in lambs on 14 ppm supplemented Cu from Cu-proteinate. The humoral immune response was better from Cu-proteinate than CuSO4 and predicted dietary Cu requirement against Brucella abortus and chicken RBC antigen was 16 ppm
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