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ThesisItem Unknown AGRO-PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN UTTAR PRADESH- GROWTH, STATUS, OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES(Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 2016) Pramod Kumar; Dr. O. P. SinghAn experimental was conducted entitle “Agro-Processing Industry in Uttar Pradesh- Growth, Status, Opportunities and Challenges” for the assessment change in units and productions growth of Agro-processing Industry during 2000-2014. The data were taken from Annual Report of the ministry of food processing Industry, Data on the number of processing units, production, installed capacity, capacity utilization and their status, growth, opportunity and challenges. and related parameters sources i.e. Annual reports of the Ministry of food processing industry(MOFPI), Government of India, Planning commission of Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh state industrial development corporation (UPSIDC), Ministry of food processing Uttar Pradesh, Directorate of horticulture: Agriculture survey of India, etc. The food processing sector is highly fragmented Industry, it widely comprises of the sub-segment: fruits and vegetables, milk and milk products, grain processing meat and fish production. A huge number of entrepreneurs in this industry are small in terms of their production and operations, and are largely concentrated segment. The following conclusion based on the data recorded from different sources in India rice mills processing units have been recorded highest number of unit and production during 2001-2014, followed by milk, fruits and vegetables and meat. The decade meat production 50000 tonnes in Uttar Pradesh. In the livestock sector, the State contributes about one-sixth of the total meat production in the country.ThesisItem Unknown AGRO-PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN UTTAR PRADESH- GROWTH, STATUS, OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES(Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 2016) Pramod Kumar; Dr. O. P. SinghAn experimental entitle “Agro-Processing Industry in Uttar Pradesh- Growth, Status, Opportunities and Challenges” for the assessment change in units and productions growth of Agro-processing Industry during 2000-2014. The data were taken from Annual Report of the ministry of food processing Industry, Data on the number of processing units, production, installed capacity, capacity utilization and their status, growth, opportunity and challenges. and related parameters sources i.e. Annual reports of the Ministry of food processing industry(MOFPI), Government of India, Planning commission of Uttar Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh state industrial development corporation (UPSIDC), Ministry of food processing Uttar Pradesh, Directorate of horticulture: Agriculture survey of India, etc. The food processing sector is highly fragmented Industry, it widely comprises of the sub-segment: fruits and vegetables, milk and milk products, grain processing meat and fish production. A huge number of entrepreneurs in this industry are small in terms of their production and operations, and are largely concentrated segment. The following conclusion based on the data recorded from different sources in India rice mills processing units have been recorded highest number of unit and production during 2001-2014, followed by milk, fruits and vegetables and meat. The decade meat production 50000 tonnes in Uttar Pradesh. In the livestock sector, the State contributes about one-sixth of the total meat production in the country.ThesisItem Unknown AGRONOMIC EVALUATION OF LINSEED VARIETIES IN CHICKPEA + LINSEED (4 : 2) INTERCROPPING SYSTEM(Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 2013) Ajay Kumar Pandit; Dr. R. K. SinghThe present investigation entitled “Agronomic evaluation of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) in Chickpea + Linseed (4 : 2) intercropping system” was carried out during winter (Rabi) season of 2009–10 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, to find out the suitable variety of Linseed in Chickpea + Linseed (4: 2) intercropping system for higher productivity and profitability for this region (Varanasi, U. P.). The field trial was laid out in Randomized Block Design having nine treatments comprising of intercropping of Chickpea + Linseed, sole Chickpea and sole Linseed crop of each variety. Each treatment was replicated three times. The allocation of treatments to the individual plots in each replication was done randomly. Maximum plant population, plant height, number of branches per plant, fresh and dry weight of shoot of Chickpea and Linseed was recorded in the intercropping of Chickpea + Linseed cv. Shekhar (T2) followed by cv. Shubhra (T4), while the minimum was with cv. Padmini (T1). In sole Linseed crop also, cv. Shekhar (T7) recorded maximum on all parameters followed by cv. Shubhra (T9) and the minimum remained with cv. Padmini (T6). Linseed cv. Shekhar emerged as superior over all other varieties in relation to vegetative growth of Linseed, both in case of intercropping with Chickpea as well as sole crop. Chickpea and Linseed recorded maximum number of pods / capsules per plant, number of grains per pod / seeds per capsule, test weight, seed index, grain / seed, straw and fibre yield and harvest index in the intercropping of Chickpea + Linseed cv. Shekhar (T2) followed by cv. Shubhra (T4), while the minimum was with cv. Padmini (T1). In sole Linseed crop also, cv. Shekhar (T7) recorded maximum on all parameters followed by cv. Shubhra (T9) and the minimum remained with cv. Padmini (T6). In relation to yield attributes and yield of Chickpea + Linseed, as well as Linseed alone, cv. Shekhar emerged as significantly superior over all other varieties of Linseed. Land equivalent ratio was found maximum in T2 (Chickpea + Linseed cv. Shekhar) followed by T4 (Chickpea + Linseed cv. Shubhra) and the minimum was with T1 (Chickpea + Linseed cv. Padmini). In the intercropping system of Chickpea + Linseed, combination of Linseed cv. Shekhar and Chickpea recorded maximum grain, straw and fibre yield of Chickpea; seed, straw and fibre yield of Linseed; gross return, net return and benefit cost ratio; followed by cv. Shubhra and the minimum was with cv. Padmini. In sole Linseed crops, although seed, straw and fibre yield was slightly more as compared to intercropping with Chickpea, the gross return, net return and benefit cost ratio was only marginal. Linseed cv. Shekhar intercropped with Chickpea was found best in relation to growth, yield and yield attributes, land equivalent ratio and economic feasibility for cultivation of Linseed in intercropping system under the agro-climatic conditions of this region (Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh). In view of the findings and results presented above, it may be concluded that Linseed cv. Shekhar in Chickpea + Linseed (4: 2) intercropping system was most suitable for higher growth, productivity and profitability under the environmental conditions of Varanasi region. However, since this is based on one-year experiment, further trials may be needed to substantiate the results.ThesisItem Unknown Agronomic intervention for Biofortification of Zn and Fe in Lentil(Lens culinaris) under guava based Agri-horti system.(Department of Agronomy Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, 2022) Kumari, Anamika; Chandra BhushanA field experiment was conducted on “Agronomic intervention for Biofortification of Zn and Fe in Lentil(Lens culinaris) under guava based Agri-horti system”in Vindhyan region. Theinvestigation was conducted during rabi season of 2021-2022 at the Agricultural ResearchFarm, Rajiv Gandhi South CampusBanaras Hindu University, Barkachha, Mirzapur.The soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture with gooddrainage. Soil was slightly acidic in nature (pH 5.9), moderately fertile, low in organic carbon(0.35%), low in available nitrogen (176.73 kg ha-1 ), medium in available phosphorus (14.10kg ha-1), available potassium (181.25 kg ha-1) and low in available sulphur (9.31 mg ha-1 ).The experimentincluded 12 treatments combination comprising of recommended dose of fertilizer, seedinoculation with Rhizobium, PSB, foliar application 2% urea, 0.5% Zn, 0.1% Fe at pre-flowering and pod formation stage where each treatment were replicated thrice. “Pant L-8”variety of lentil was sown in rows at the seed rate of 30 kg ha-1 and spacing of 23cm apartwith the help of kudal. The response of the test crop to the treatments was evaluated using anumber of quantitative measures, viz., plant height (cm), number of branches per plant ,number of root nodules per plant , dry matter accumulation per plant (g) and yieldcomponents viz., Number of pods per plant , number of grains per pod , test weight, grainyield, stover yield, biological yield, harvest index, N, P, K, Zn and Fe content (%) and uptake(kg/ha), protein content (%), protein yield (kg/ha).On the basis of the experimental findings from the investigation it could be deduced that theapplication of recommended dose of fertilizer (18N2:48 P2O5:24 K2O)kg/ha + seedinoculation with Rhizobium + PSB + foliar application 2% urea + 0.5% Zn + 0.1% Fe at pre-flowering and pod development stage may be made for getting higher yields of lentil inrainfed conditions of the Vindhyan plateau and to improve nutrient content in lentil byfortification of Zn and Fe. The highest benefit to cost ratio was obtained in this nutrientdoses.ThesisItem Unknown Alternative Education: A Study of Kumaon Division, Uttarakhand.(Department of Extension education Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, 2018) Upreti, Neha; Singh, A.K.Alternative schools and programs have evolved over the years to mean different things to different audiences, but in context of rural India it refers to new wave of education, that attempts to offer meaningful education for the disadvantaged. Keeping this in mind, the study “Alternative Education: A Study of Kumaon Division, Uttarakhand” was formulated with following objectives:to identify the types of alternative schools, locate their centers andavailable facilities, andstudy the profiles of educational volunteers and students, views of organizersand community, influence on alternative schools on students, and success factors & problems faced by the schools.Three districts - Almora, Nainital and Udham Singh Nagar from Kumaon division were selected to represent the entire division based on agro-ecological condition. From each district, 2 blocks were selected for the study. Total 6 NIOS, 3 KGBV and 3 NGO centres were selected from the districts, with a total of 12 schools and 204 respondents.Allcenters under NIOS, KGBV and NGO held classes in pukka classrooms;NIOS and KGBV offered primary to senior secondary level education while diplomaswere offered by four of the NIOS and NGO centers.AllNIOS, two KGBV and oneNGO centers used classrooms on rental basis. KGBV held all classes at morning, while NIOS held majority of classes during afternoon. All centers under KGBV and NGOsorganized cultural and sports activities.Profiles of educational volunteers indicate thatthe majority was< 35 years ofage, werefemales, had graduate degrees, belonged to medium income category, had teaching experience of 3-6 years, and medium level exposure of mass media.Among students, majority were< 15 years age, and females.More than 50 percentlived in jointfamilies andhad mixed houses. Most student and parentswere educated upto minimum primary level. Majorityof the fathers had farmers, 1/3rd of themothersengaged in domestic works or farming, while majority of students had farming as their occupation. All volunteers agreed progress report cards must be prepared,and attendance record be maintained at alternative schools.Most top-level organizers strongly agreed thatschool activities should be timely monitored, middle-level organizers agreed such schools primarily open in areas with large number of out-of-school children,parents agreed thatthe class timings for the schools are sufficient, whilecommunity-level respondents strongly agreed to hesitatingin sending their wards to alternate schools. Overall, 83.33 per centrespondents reported moderate and high level of influence on students. Further analysis revealed that family size, education level of parents, timing of school and cocurricular activities had significant influence on students.It can be concluded that students in remote areas of Uttarakhand found alternative schooling an easy alternate as itallowsthem todecide their time of learning per their needs. Alternative programs provide an environment to children who have not found prior success behaviorally and/or academically, that gives theman opportunity toexperience learning in a different way.The success of these programmescan be determined by the improved relationships, decrease in outbursts, improvements in attendance/grades or a change in attitude toward school.ThesisItem Open Access Amelioration of salinity stress by foliar application of salicylic acid and thiourea on mustard (Brassica juncea) genotypes and its effects on morphological and biochemical parameters.(Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi., 2022) Gubre, Dilasha Fulchand; Srivashtav, VishalIn the prevailing study, the capacity ofCS-54, RH749 and Girirajcultivars of Brassica juncea was investigated for their differential antioxidant defense mechanism to counter the salinity induced oxidative stress. The seedlingshandled with two different levels of NaCl (100mM and 200mM) to assess the effect of exogenously applied Salicylic acid (0.5mM and 1mM SA) and thiourea (3.5mM and 7mM TU) that resulted changes in metabolite content, are examined. Further, salinity prompted variations in leaf superoxide dismutase, catalase, Guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, in all 3 cultivars were additionally investigated. Foliar application of Salicylic acidand thiourea accelerated shoot and root fresh and dry weights, shoot and root lengths, number of seeds per plant, number of leaves etc. Production of MDA turned into much higher in sensitive cultivar Giriraj. Proline content enhanced in all cultivars with greater pronounced impact on tolerant cultivar CS54 and RH749. The salt tolerant cultivar exhibited huge boom in the enzymatic activities. However, this salinity was significantly attenuated in tolerant cultivarby using exogenous SA and TU in contrast to Giriraj. These effects recommend that cultivar CS-54 and RH749 exhibit better defensive mechanism towards oxidative damage by alleviating salinity with exogenous SA and maintaining better levels of antioxidant enzymes in comparison to salt sensitive cultivar. CS54 and RH749 were superior in most of the physio-chemical attributes under both stressed and non-stressed condition as well as in exogenously applied level of mitigations. Overall, 1mM Salicylic acid proved effective in attenuating adverse effect of salt stress in Brassica juncea.ThesisItem Open Access Ameliorative effect of plant growth promotion microorganisms and Nitric Oxide on morphophysiological and biochemical attributes in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) under salt stress.(Department of Plant Physiology,Institute of agricultural Science,B.H.U. Varanasi, 2017) Singh, Ajay Kumar; Dwivedi, Prof. PadmanabhPea (Pisumsativum L.) is one of the most important legume vegetable crops belonging to Fabaceae family. It has many nutritional values such as high quality protein, carbohydrates, essential amino and fatty acids, fibers, vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin K, manganese, dietary fiber, phosphorus, magnesium, cooper, iron and zinc. The center of origin of Pisumsativum is Ethiopia, the Mediterranean and Central Asia with a secondary center of diversity in the Near East. Pea is adapted to many soil types, but grows best on fertile, light-textured, well-drained sandy loam soils. The soil should be rich in organic matter as it enhances better growth by supplying nutrients at a slower rate. It is very much sensitive to soil salinity and extreme acidity. The ideal soil pH range for pea production is 5.5 to 7.0.The environmental stresses resulting from climate change and unsustainable irrigation practices are predicted to have impact on crop productivity and reduce the area of available land for agriculture by 2–9% globally. Soil salinization is a serious threat to crop productivity and predicted to increase in the face of global climate change. The situation is worst in arid and semi arid regions, which are deficient in water and face high temperatures, resulting in more water loss from plants due to higher evapo-transpiration rates, aggravating the effects of salinity. Salinity stress induces a multitude of responses in plants including morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular changes.Salts in the soil water may inhibit plant growth for two reasons. Firstly, the presence of salt in the soil solution reduces the ability of the plant to take up water and this leads to reductions in plant growth rate. This is referred to as the osmotic or water-deficit effect of salinity. Secondly, if excessive amounts of salt enter in the plant system through transpiration stream, there will be injury to cells in the transpiring leaves and this may cause further reductions in growth. Trichoderma is a genus of fungi commonly found in the soil ecosystem worldwide. The fungi grow along root surface and just below the outer most cells of roots. Trichoderma feed on soil microbes that are attracted to the root system and surrounding rhizospheres by root-excreted sugar. High microbial population near the root system encourages Trichoderma to grow within root intercellular spaces and close to the plant root surface, coordinating defences against biotic and abiotic stresses, increasing plant vigour and prove beneficial to the plant health.These fungi have been widely used as biocontrol agents and they can also stimulate plant growth and suppress plant diseases by one or more different direct and/or indirect mechanisms. The success of Trichoderma in the rhizosphere is due to their high reproductive capacity, ability to survive under very unfavourable conditions, efficiency in the utilization of nutrients, capacity to modify the rhizosphere and strong aggressiveness against plant pathogenic fungi. Responses of Trichoderma to fluctuations in environmental conditions and how plants respond to fungal metabolites are the subject of research in a number of ongoing studies. Rhizosphere is the most important and well-characterized ecological niche comprising dimensions of soil surrounding plant root zone with maximum bacterial population that are influenced by root exudates. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) is beneficial bacteria to the plant growth under both biotic and abiotic stress environment. PGPR have ability to colonize around the root zone and encourage plants for their growth and development through either direct or indirect mechanisms. In the direct mechanisms, which can be correlated with their capability to produce iron chelator compound siderophore, indole acetic acid (IAA), solubilise phosphorus, potassium, exo-polysaccharide and ACC deaminase activity directly help the plant in several ways: (1) Provide nutrient availability to the plant by solubilizing unavailable or fixed nutrients in the soil (2) Enhance plant growth by producing phytohormone (3) Encourage plant growth from abiotic stresses i.e. drought, salinity and water logging through reducing the production of ethylene by ACC deaminase activity and check the entry of Na+ salt into the plant cell through formation of exopolysaccharide (EPS) around the root surface. Indirectly, by releasing anti-fungal and anti- bacterial compounds i.e. hydrogen cyanide and ammonia that reduce the pathogenic microbial population. PGPR include bacteria that reside in the rhizosphere and improve plant health ultimately boosting up the plant growth. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important endogenous plant bioactive signaling molecule that has a key function in various processes of plant growth and development including seed dormancy, seed germination, primary and lateral root growth, floral transition, flowering, pollen tube growth regulation, fruit ripening, gravitropism, stomatal movements, photosynthesis, mitochondrial functionality, senescence, plant metabolism and cell death, as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. NO plays a pivotal role in stress tolerance exerted by oxidative stress. Plants emit NO from leaves and plant mitochondria also make NO from nitrite. However, NO synthesis in plants appears more complex and major sites of NO biosynthesis in plants are protoplasts, chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes.Exogenous NO donors constitute a powerful way to supplement plants with NO. Most of the NO donors are organic compounds that form NO complexes such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP). SNP is the most widely studied compound of the iron nitrosyl family that protect plant cells from oxidative damage under stress by enhancing antioxidant enzymes. The present study was undertaken to throw light on the critical gaps existing in our knowledge of understanding the role of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms (PGPM) and NO in modulating the metabolism in pea in response to salinity stress. The proposed objectives of the thesis were to study: (1) Morpho-physiological and biochemical changes in pea plants under salinity stress (2) The ameliorative effect of plant growth promoting microorganisms and nitric oxide on salinity stress (3) Yield and yield attributes under salt stress and mitigating factors i.e., plant growth promoting microorganisms and nitric oxide. For the present experiment pea genotypes HUP-2 and Fungal biocontrol agent Trichodermaasperellum T42 were procured from the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, and the Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, respectively. Further, some PGPR strains were isolated from the rhizospheres of tomato, chilli and brinjal plants from different districts of Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi, Mirzapur, Sonbhadra) and Uttarakhand (Pant Nagar). All the isolated bacterial strains were evaluated for PGPR activity using following assays: (1) Phosphorus solubilization (2) Potassium solubilization (3) Siderophore production (4) Auxin production and (5) Hydrogen cyanide production. Of these PGPR, one (BP Red) showing the best PGPR activity in various assays was identified asPseudomonas aeruginosa by 16S rRNA gene sequencing usinguniversal primers: 27F (5’-AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3’)and 1492R (5’-TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3’) and was used for seed treatment. The spore suspension of TrichodermaasperellumT42 and Pseudomonas aeruginosawere prepared separately with sterilized distilled water at 1×106 and 1×108 spore per ml, respectively, while 0.2% carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) acted as a sticker. Surface sterilized seeds were taken and put into the prepared spore suspension of Trichoderma and PGPRseparately for 4 to 5 h. Then, this treated seeds were used for sowing. Twenty days after seed sowing salinity was induced by NaCl and maintained at electrical conductivity of 4, 8 and 12 dSm-1 weekly. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP- 100 µM) was used as NO donor and sprayed 21 days after seed sowing (once) as foliar application at the stress condition. Number of treatments was 19 with 3 replication used under different level of salinity stress where: T0 = Control,T1 = NaCl (4 dSm-1),T2 = NaCl (4 dSm-1) + SNP (100 µM),T3 = NaCl (4 dSm-1) + T. asperellum T42,T4 = NaCl (4 dSm-1) + P. aeruginosa,T5 = NaCl (4 dSm-1) + T. asperellum T42 + P. aeruginosa,T6 = NaCl (4 dSm-1) + SNP (100 µM) + T. asperellum T42 + P. aeruginosa,T7 = NaCl (8 dSm-1),T8 = NaCl (8 dSm-1) + SNP (100 µM),T9 = NaCl (8 dSm-1) + T. asperellum T42,T10 = NaCl (8 dSm-1) + P. aeruginosa,T11 = NaCl (8 dSm-1) + T. asperellum T42 + P. aeruginosa,T12 = NaCl (8 dSm-1) + SNP (100 µM) + T. asperellum T42 + P. aeruginosa,T13 = NaCl (12 dSm-1),T14 = NaCl (12 dSm-1) + SNP (100 µM),T15 = NaCl (12 dSm-1) + T. asperellum T42,T16 = NaCl (12 dSm-1) + P. aeruginosa,T17 = NaCl (12 dSm-1) + T. asperellum T42 + P. aeruginosa,T18= NaCl (12 dSm-1) + SNP (100 µM) + T. asperellum T42 + P. aeruginosa. Data are in the form of mean ± SEM and means followed by the same letters within the columns are not significantly different at P≤0.05 using Duncan’s multiple range test. Three plants of each treatment from each replication were selected random at the time of recording the data on various characters. Data of three plants were averaged replication-wise and mean data was used for statistical analysis. The observations were recorded at 40, 60 an 8 days after sowing (DAS). Salinity is considered a significant factor affecting crop production and agricultural sustainability. Results showed that pea plants on exposure to salt stress (4, 8 and 12 dSm-1) experienced significant reduction inmorpho-physiological and biochemical parameters such as shoot length, root length,shoot dry weight, root dry weight, biological yield, leaf area, membrane stability index, salt tolerance efficiency, chlorophyll, protein and sugar content as compared to control. These morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters were significantly increased with application of Trichodermaasperellum T42, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and sodium nitroprusside (SNP), when used singly or in combination, showed ameliorating effect at all the salinity levels as compared to control. Salinity stress induces oxidative responses on plant’s cellular structure and their metabolism, resulting in increased Electrolyte leakage,O2.-,H2O2and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Treatments with Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and SNP, alone or in combination, reduced these concentrations, under salinity stress that resulted in stable plant membrane.Proline is also an important component which contributes to reduction of injurious effects of stress and accelerates the restoration processes. It was slightly increased under salt stress but significantly increased with application of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and SNP, as compared to respective salinity controls (4, 8 and 12 dSm-1). Activity of two antioxidant enzymes measured i.e., superoxide dismutase and catalase and alsonitrate reductase (NR) activity, nitrite (NO2-) and Leghemoglobin content increased significantly by the application of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and SNP as compared to respective salinity controls. Yield and yield attributes such as number of pods plant-1,average grains pod-1, grain yield plant-1, seed index, and quality parameters such as protein and sugar content present in grains significantly declined with increasing of salinity stress as compared to control. But the application of TrichodermaasperellumT42, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and SNP improved all the parameters significantly. Combined application of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and SNP (100 µM) was more effective than the single application. In most cases the combined treatment showed the best results in various morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters under each level of salinity stress (4, 8 and 12 dSm-1) followed by Trichoderma + Pseudomonas. Single application of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas also showed better result as compared to respective salinity controls i.e. 4, 8 and 12 dSm-1 but Trichoderma performed better up to 8 dSm-1 level of salinity only, beyond this level, most of the parameters decreased as compared to other treatments. On the basis of present investigation, it is concluded that salinity stress (4, 8 and 12 dSm-1) significantly reduced the morpho-physiological, biochemical, yield and yield attributes as compared to control. These parameters were improved under salinity stress with the combined application of Trichoderma, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and SNP (nitric oxide donor) showing best response in each salinity level in comparison to respective salinity controls. Overall, treatment T6 (combination of Trichodermaasperellum T42, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and SNP) performed the best among all the ameliorative treatments by reducing salt induced stress responses in pea plants, in terms of morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes, besides yield performance. This was followed by treatment T5 (Trichodermaasperellum T42 and Pseudomonas aeruginosain combination). Therefore, it is recommended that combined use of Trichodermaasperellum T42, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and SNP can help mitigate salt stress in soil.ThesisItem Open Access Ameliorative effect of proline and gibberellic acid on morphological and biochemical properties of salt-stressed Mustard (Brassica juncea) genotypes.(Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi., 2022) Arsey, Shivani; Srivashtav, VishalIncreasing salinization of cultivable soil is a critical problem asit has been shown to reduce yield and production of many crops of economical importance such as Brassica juncea. Therefore, it is necessary to explore solutions to improve salinity tolerance in plants. One approach is the exogenous application of chemicals like gibberellic acid and proline to mitigate the negative impacts of salinity stress.A pot experiment of15 days old seedlings of three mustard variety i.e.,CS54, RH749 and Giriraj were treated with 100mM and 200mM of NaCl solution at every two days interval for one week.Application of GA3 and proline, for a month at seven days interval after one week of the last salt treatment successfully mitigated the salt stress effects. Gibberellic acid at 5 µM was comparatively more effective than proline. GA3increased chlorophyll content, shoot height, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root diameter, root length while decreasedactivity of APX, GPOX, CAT and MDA content. However, proline at 0.8 mM performed better than 1 mM as excessive proline content has negative impact on plant. CS54 was comparatively better mitigated than RH749 and least mitigation was observed in Giriraj.ThesisItem Open Access AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF PUTRESCINE AND TRICHODERMA ASPERELLUM T42 ON MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES IN CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) SUBJECTED TO FUSARIUM WILT(Department of Plant Physiology,Institute of agricultural Science,B.H.U. Varanasi, 2017) Singh, Ravi Shankar; Dwivedi, Prof. PadmanabhThe present investigation entitled “Ameliorative effect of Putrescine and Trichoderma asperellum T42 on morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) subjected to Fusarium wilt” was undertaken with a view to find the effect of Trichoderma asperellum T42 and Putrescine seed treatment on growth parameters, disease incidence of wilt, its role for induction of defense related enzymes. The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri was isolated from infected roots of chickpea. The pathogenicity of wilt pathogen was proved by soil inoculation method with variety Pusa-362. Disease symptoms were characterized by drooping of leaves, petioles and rachis. The infected seedlings collapsed, retained normal green color and when uprooted showed uneven shrinking of stem above and below the collar region. The growth parameters of chickpea viz., root-shoot length, number of leaves, leaf area and Root length were significantly increased with Trichoderma asperellum T42 seed treatment. The variety Pusa-362 showed 100 per cent susceptibility towards Fusarium wilt at 20-25 DAS in wilt sick soil. Trichoderma asperellum T42 @ 1×106 spores ml-1 of seed tratment gave maximum control of chickpea wilt. Exogenous application of Putrescine significantly enhanced growth parameters viz., plant height, shoot-root dry weight and antioxydent enzymes such as CAT, SOD, APX by decreasing H2O2 content in leaves Thus, it is concluded that seed treatment of Trichoderma asperellum and Putrescine positively affects the growth parameters of chickpea and acts as a biocontrol agent for chickpea wilt.ThesisItem Open Access AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE AND TRICHODERMA ON MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME ACTIVITY IN CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) GENOTYPES UNDER DROUGHT STRESS(Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 2016) Khushboo Gupta; Prof. P. DwivediDrought stress is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and productivity globally. Keeping this in mind, the present investigation was undertaken in net house of Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi during winter session 2015-2016 to study the influence of PEG 6000 (10%) either alone or in combination with SNP and Trichoderma in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD), which consisted of 8 treatments, 3 replication for each treatment, 2 varieties, and plants were subjected to these chemicals in the pots at two different growth periods- 35 and 70 DAS. Drought stress is considered a major abiotic stress affecting plant growth and productivity. PEG 10% reduced most of the morpho-physiological and biochemical attributes viz. Shoot length, root length, number of leaf per plant, root shoot length ratio, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, nitrate reductase activity, protein content etc, but plants could sustain up drought stress when SNP and Trichoderma alone or in combination given. Length of root (cm) increased significantly with SNP (100_M), and Trichoderma (106cfu), alone or in combination, showing ameliorative effect against drought stress. Among various treatments, the maximum root length was recorded in combination of both SNP (100_M) and Trichoderma (106cfu) at 70 DAS. Length of shoot (cm) increased significantly with SNP (100__) and Trichoderma (106cfu) alone or in combination. These showed ameliorative effect against drought stress, however, SNP alone led to increase shoot length by 31.33% and 32.88% at 70 DAS in both the varieties viz. Pusa 262 and Pant G-114, respectively as compared to control. Number of leaves per plant increased significantly in combined treatment of SNP (100_M) and Trichoderma (106cfu) which showed ameliorative effect against drought stress. Among treatments, the maximum number of leaves was recorded in combination of both SNP and Trichoderma at 70 DAS. Root shoot length ratio decreased significantly with PEG 10%. And it increased significantly with SNP (100_M) and Trichoderma (106cfu), alone or in combination. These showed ameliorative effect against drought stress. Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b and Total Chlorophyll decreased significantly with PEG 10 %. SNP and Trichoderma recorded maximum chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll at 35 DAS compared to PEG 6000 (10 %). Significant increment in proline content was observed in PEG 6000 (10%). Among treatments, SNP and Trichoderma in combination showed maximum 56.29% and 56.02% reduction in proline content 70 DAS. Protein content significantly decreased under drought stress. Among treatments, maximum reduction in protein content was recorded at 70 DAS in PEG 10% as compared to SNP and Trichoderma, when given in combination. There was a significant increment in H2O2 content in PEG 10%. SNP and Trichoderma alone or in combination, showed reduction of H2O2 contents at 35 DAS against drought stress. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity significantly decreased with drought stress, the maximum 61.29% and 68.75% reduction in NR activity was recorded at 70 DAS under drought stress. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity increased in PEG 10% and this activity significantly increased by the application of SNP (100_M) in combination with PEG 10%. The minimum APX activity was recorded with SNP treatment at 35DAS. Based on the above results, it is concluded that combined treatment of SNP (100_M) and Trichoderma (106cfu) showed better response in comparison to PEG 10%, thereby ameliorating drought stress in chickpea. These results can be applied in field condition to combat drought stress. The studies could further be done to include treatment’s effect on yield attributes in chickpea.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF BANANA PRODUCTION IN KHAGARIA DISTRICT OF BIHAR(Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 2012) Rajesh Kumar; Prof. Chandra SenThe propagation of a plant by using a plant part or single cell or group cell in a test tube under very controlled and hygienic conditions is called "Tissue Culture". The study conducted in Khagaria district of Bihar. Two blocks from district, six villages and sixty sample farmers were chosen from eliciting information. The study revealed that, in crop-I, per hectare production cost of sucker banana was Rs. 86,635 and tissue culture banana was Rs. 1, 06,958.33 the gross returns obtained were Rs.1,70,320.09 and Rs. 2,01,952 respectively. The net returns obtained were Rs. 83,685.00 and Rs.94, 993.72 respectively. In crop – II, production cost of sucker banana was Rs. 60465.11 and for tissue culture banana was Rs. 63886.27 the gross returns were Rs. 187196.35 and Rs. 216089.05 net returns were Rs. 126731.00 and Rs. 152202.70 respectively. In crop – III, production cost of sucker banana was Rs. 58946.90 and for tissue culture banana was Rs. 61721.84 the gross returns were Rs. 155346.62 and Rs. 192262.96 net returns were Rs. 96399.27 and Rs. 130541.12 respectively. In sucker banana regression coefficient of FYM and fertilizers was significant at 5 percent, and coefficients of plant protection chemicals and machine labour were non-significant. The regression coefficient of human labour was significant at 1 percent. In tissue culture banana the regression co-efficient of plantlets was significant at 5 percent level and coefficients of plant protection chemicals, human labour and bullock were significant at 1 percent level. The technical, allocative and economic efficiency of sucker banana were 79.40, 69.30 and 55.02, and tissue culture banana were 75.80, 55.60 and 42.14 respectively. The non availability of adequate labour, destruction of plants due to high wind, fluctuation in market prices, avaibality of planting material were the major problems identified. Adoption of drip irrigation was suggested to save labour in banana cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis of beta-casein variation and nutritional profile of Gangatiri cow milk(Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 2021) Singh, Manish Kumar; ArvindGangatiri is an elite breed of cattle that belongs to Bos indicus origin (Zebu cattle) among the 50 well-being defined indigenous breeds of cattle in India. Milk casein is a heterogeneous protein having four distinct gene products named as alphaS1, alphaS2, beta (BC) and kappa-caseins. Beta-casein in bovine milk occurs in several genetic variants, where BC- A1 and BC-A2 are the most frequent. This study deals with a method based on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (15%) to analyse the type of BC variant present in Gangatiri milk. Well defined BC bands were obtained from different casein samples of Gangatiri milk. Proteins from these bands were sequenced by HPLC-quadrupolemass spectroscopy, showing the presence of only BC-A2 variant. Further the fat%, SNF% , density, protein concentration ,lactose concentration and ash% were also analyzed for the Gangatiri cow milk. The results have been shown high levels of nutrients in the milk of this breed.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis of Chemical Composition and Nutritive Potential of Grasses, Fodder Crops, Weeds & Tree Tops of Vindhya Region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh(Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, 2018) Umratkar, Priyanka; Paswan, V.K.The present investigation was conducted at Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India during 2016-18 with a view to investigate the Chemical Composition and Mineral Profile of Forage Crops, Tree Tops and Weeds in Vindhya Region of Uttar Pradesh.Although India possess world’s largest livestock population and is world’s number one milk producer, the average production of animals is comparatively low. The poor production potential of Indian animals is the most challenging factor, it may be recalled, is influenced both by heredity and environment. It is possible to improve the milk production by 50% by providing proper feeding and management. Keeping in view the importance of grasses, weeds, crops, vegetables, forages and tree tops as feed resources for better production the present study was under taken. These investigations include analysis of grasses and other feeds to know the percentage of major minerals on the basis of which different economic combination of grasses, weeds, vegetables and trees could be made and utilized as balanced rations for various types of livestock.During the course of current investigations representative samples of grasses and weeds, field crops, forage crops, and trees tops were collected at random taking all sampling precautions from the Vindhya region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The collected samples were oven dried for analysis and Feed stuffs analysed for their dry matter, total ash, acid insoluble ash, calcium and phosphorus. Sapmles were also studied for their cell wall compositions i.e. NDF, ADF, ADL, Cellulose and Hemicellulose on dry matter basis. Out of 10 grasses and weeds, 7 fodder crops, 9 field crops and 29 tree tops analyzed during present investigation, Aeglemarmelos is found to be highly rich in ash (19.38±0.08)%, calcium (4.73±1.4)% and phosphorus (0.25±0.04)% composition.The mean values for NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose and ADL were found to be (49.09±12.2)%, (32.87±8.57)%, (16.22±8.24)%, (21.45±8.82)% and (11.42±6.75)%, respectively. Bambusa vulgaris possessed the highest (77.52±2.02)% NDF level while Brassica oleracea had the lowest (26.87±7.26)%.From the studies undertaken, it may be concluded that grasses, weeds, fodder crops, and other non-conventional forages like tree tops bear a great potential as livestock feeds as they contains high amount of beneficial sources like minerals and fibres.ThesisItem Embargo An Analysis Of Dry Grape Producers In Karnataka State.(Department of Extension Education, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 2022) Yarazari, Shivananda P.; Singh, Arun KumarThe present study was undertaken in the Vijayapura district of Karnataka during 2020-21 to measure the entrepreneurial behaviour of dry grape producers. A sample of 200 respondents were purposively selected from Vijayapura and Indi taluks by using random sampling method. The data was collected by personal interview method with help of structured schedule. The results revealed that more than half numbers of the respondents (57.00%) belonged to medium innovativeness category whereas 54.00 per cent of the respondents were under medium risk orientation category. High percentage (60.50%) of the respondents belonged to medium decision making ability category while 53.00 per cent of the respondents belonged to medium leadership ability category. As high as 47.00 per cent of the respondents were under medium economic motivation category and more than half numbers of the farmers (51.00%) belonged to medium achievement motivation category. More than two fifth of the farmers (44.00%) were under medium management orientation category while 60.00 per cent of farmers belonged to medium entrepreneurial behaviour category. More than two fifth of the farmers (46.00%) were under medium adaptability category whereas 45.00 per cent of farmers belonged to medium sustainability category. Higher percentage of the farmers (67.00%) had medium satisfaction in their dry grape production. Majority of the farmers (50.50%) had medium prestige earned while more than two fifth of the farmers (44.00%) had medium success-failure category. 45.00 per cent of respondents were using “Producers -Consumer” marketing channel. Entrepreneurial behaviour of dry grape producers was positively and significantly correlated with independent variables such as education, land holding, annual income, mass media exposure, extension contact, social participation, training received, cosmopoliteness, market orientation, credit orientation and scientific orientation. The Multiple Linear Regression Analysis indicated that all the fifteen independent variables could explain a variation of 37.55 per cent in influencing entrepreneurial behaviour of dry grape producers. Heavy investment on inputs and no standard package of practices available from Agriculture or Horticulture Universities were the major constraints faced by the dry grape producers.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis of essential minerals and heavy metals in feed ingredients and farm produce of dairy animals in Varanasi(Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, 2018) Yadav, SatyaPrakash; Paswan, Vinod KumarThe study was planned with the two-faceted broad aims of analyzing the feedstuffs, tree tops and weeds of the Varanasi district of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Analyzed of Seventy-nine samples of 8 different grasses, 86 samples of 8 different fodder crops, 70 samples of 8 different crop residue based dry roughages, 70 samples of 13 different concentrate feeds from dairy farms were analyzed for proximate composition and fibre fractions.170 samples of 20 different tree tops were analyzed for proximate composition, fibre fractions, polyphenolic components and mineral composition.146 samples of 21 different weeds were collected from the fields of the study area and were analyzed for proximate composition, fibre fraction and mineral profiling. 14 cow milk samples and 12 buffalo milk samples were analysed for chemical composition, mineral profile and heavy metals in cattle manure slurry. The prevalence of heavy metals viz., As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn and Fe was found in ground water samples and in municipal supply water samples.Analysis of proximate composition and fibre fractions revealed that fodder crops, tree tops, concentrates of the study area have nutritive value within the normal range. Even the weeds have comparable nutritive potential in terms of proximate principles and fibre fractions. However, utilization of weeds as feed resource is recommended only after investigating its anti-nutritional potential. All the major and trace minerals are invariably present in concentrates, fodder crops, tree tops and even in weeds. Some of the samples contain particular minerals in such a large quantity, that it may be considered good source of that mineral. Strategic supplementation of different feed resources can meet all the mineral requirement of livestock with minimum extra supplementation of mineral mixtures.Total phenol and tannin content of tree leaves revealed that some of the tree was truly tanniferous with large quantities of condensed tannins. However, limited inclusion of these tree leaves in livestock feed poses little risk. In fact, it has been proved that tannin content up to 4% in leaves and 1-2% in total feeds have beneficial role of protein protection from ruminal degradation and thus more utilization of protein will happen. It was concluded that weeds are equivalent source of major nutrients including various macro and micro minerals and other beneficial components and can be used for livestock feeding. The weeds can be fed to animals in partial replacements with other feed sources because some of them contain antinutritional factors which may cause harmful effects on the livestock health. Even the partial inclusion of weeds in livestock feeding will reduce the feeding cost by providing animals with equivalent nutrition. In addition it will aid in environmental protection by acting as the natural or biological weed control agent by minimizing the use of harmful weedicides and herbicides.Significant fraction of manure, milk and water samples contained heavy metals like, As, Pb, Cd and even Hg. Arsenic content was invariably more in water and particularly in ground water of the study area, which may be due to Gangetic zone of the study area. Heavy metal content in milk and water pose risk to human population also through its transfer via feed-food chain.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis Of Food Consumption Pattern And Its Impact On Nutritional Security In Tamil Nadu(Department of Agricultural Economics Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, 2021) Appasmandri S; Sen, ChandraFood is the fuel of live life forms, it gives us each thing that we have in our life like body mass, kids, and so on. Proper balanced nutritious diet means it should contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and crude fibre. Tamil Nadu agricultural Production of food crop is converted into as available nutrient. The consumption pattern converted into nutrient Consumption. Gini coefficient is used to study the inequality in nutrient Consumption and Optimized the cost of nutrient uptake with budget constraint by using Goal Programming.Consumption of carbohydrate is showing decreasing trends for both rural and urban.Comparatively Perfect equality in intake of nutrient is observed in Protein and Energy.Relative nutrient intake equality observed in crude fibre, carbohydrate, minerals like calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamins like Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folic acid, and Vitamin C.Big Nutrient intake gap is observed in Fat, Carotin and Vitamins like Thiamine, and Choline. There is high poverty led malnutrition and unnecessary high nutrient consumption, dual problem across income group and region of nation. Inequality is higher in urban than rural and the overall inequality in consumption of protein is higher. In case of energy the inequality was lesser and equal in both rural and urban. This is a good sign of development because, three vital nutrients such as Protein, Fat and Energy, and its level of inequality was lesser except Fat. The Fat consumption inequality was responsible for obesity in part of the population and underweight and stunted in another case. Though the ration programme eliminated the hungry of poor people but it’s not extended to the view of nutrient security even in the state of Tamil Nadu where universal Public Distribution System is running. Dependency of Public Distribution System is decreasing day by day due to its poor quality of produce, but the government spending is too much towards procurement of food from the Food Corporation of India and expenditure for processing of it is huge. The cost is much higher than the market price of some reasonable quality rice. So, there is mismanagement in this programme so the government may give the food subsidy as direct money transfer to the beneficiaries.As we see above there is enough produce available to the people but distribution is the major problem, we encountered major shock from demand side because it was influenced by many things like income, etc.Optimization of nutrient intake for low expenditure category was performed- the nutrient intake is optimised to the actual intake and proposed new basket of food commodity with same budget constraint.New plan is converging to the RDA recommendation by ICMR at exiting budget.ThesisItem Open Access An Analysis of Food Price Fluctuations in India.(Department of Agricultural Economics Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, 2021) Yadav, Ankit; Kamalvanshi, VirendraThe present study was carried out to study the price instability in major food products of India, to study the relationship between prices and relevant factors and to study the integration among different food products markets in India. Rice, Wheat Flour, Potato, Sugar, Onion, Mustard Oil, Milk, Vanaspati Ghee, Salts And Tea were the selected food products for the study as they occupied a prominent place in the our daily food consumption. Data was collected on annual average retail prices, for a period of 12 years from 2009-2010 to 2019-2020. Secondary data of Monthly Average Retail Prices were collected for a period of 12 years from January 2009 to December 2020. The data was secondary and hence collected from Ministry of Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution Governmental of India. For evaluation of different objectives, Coppock’s instability index, least square trend line method, 12-months moving average method, coefficient of variation, moving average method, and correlation studies were carried out. Highest price instability during the entire study period was observed for onion and the lowest for tea. Long term trend of the monthly prices for all the selected food products showed an increasing trend. Seasonal variations showed that prices were low in their harvesting seasons and high in during their off seasons. The results of market integration for all food products suggested highest integration between all selected markets for different products. Though all the selected market pairs had positive relationship and showed significant relationship.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis of livelihood security of tribal farmers in dumka district.(Department of Agricultural Extension and Communication Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, 2022) Hembrom, Anna Alokita; Jirli, BasavaprabhuThe goal of the current study, "Analysis of the livelihood security of tribal farmers in Dumka district," was to examine the profile of tribal farmers and their livelihood security. It was shown that tribal farmers' livelihood security was correlated with their profile. The problems and opportunities for improving the security of the tribal farmers' means of subsistence were elicited. Ex post facto research design was followed in the present investigation. The Dumka district was purposively selected for the study since it the seventh most tribal dominated district in the Jharkhand State.Dumka comprises ten blocks, out of which, four blocks viz; Dumka, Kathikund, Jama, Shikaripara were randomly selected for the study.From each selected block, four villages were selected randomly, out of which 15 respondents’ tribal farmers were selected randomly from each selected village. Thus, total 240 respondents’ tribal famers were selected for the study.Fourteen independent variables and livelihood security of tribal farmers as the dependent variable were selected for the study. The data were collected by personal interview method through a structured interview schedule and analysed by employing suitable statistical methods. Major Findings • The majority of tribal farmers are small farmers with 4 to 7 animals, a medium-sized family, primary to secondary education, an agricultural + horticulture + animal husbandry farming system, and a medium-level yearly income. • The majority of the tribal farmers belonged to one organisation, used mass media to a moderate extent, were low to moderately inclined to scientific orientation, had medium levels of self-confidence and economic motivation, and exhibited moderate levels of innovative proneness and management orientation. • The majority of tribal farmers had medium levels of assets, medium levels of living amenities, medium to high levels of economic efficiency, medium levels of ecological security, medium levels of transformation over time, medium levels of coping mechanisms against stress, and medium levels of employment status when it came to the eight different components of livelihood security. • Out of a total of 14 independent variables, 12variables viz, age, education, land ownership, livestock ownership, farming system practised, annual income,mass media use, economic motivation, self-confidence, innovative proneness, scientific and managerial orientationshad a significant impact on the tribal farmers' livelihood security. • Major problems faced by the tribal farmers werelack of capital followed by high production cost, poor access to market, low rainfall, small size of land, lack of skill, high labour cost, declining soil fertility, post-harvest losses, price fluctuation of outputs, low education, pest infestation, poor access to resource, low productivity of livestock, occurrence of illness, poor quality of inputs, lack of farm implements, non-availability of certified seeds and fertilizer and large family size. • Major opportunities perceived by the tribal farmers olericulture followed by better market facilities, livestock husbandry, diversification of agriculture, skill enhancement, vocational training opportunities, ease of government policies for cumulative farming, cultivation of lemon grass, educated family members, technological innovations to raise agricultural productivity, organic farming, enhances soil quality, cultivation of medicinal herb, mushroom cultivation and subsidies on Agri machinery.