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Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi
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ThesisItem Embargo Studies on effect of herbicide mixtures and dormancy breakers for weed management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).(Department of Agronomy Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, 2022) Singh, Anurag Kumar; Singh, J. P.The present investigation entitled “Studies on effect of herbicide mixtures and dormancy breakers for weed management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was conducted during the rabi season of 2018-19 and 2019-20 at the Agriculture Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications assigning five weed management treatments comprising of (H1) Clodinafop-propargyl 60 g a.i. ha-1 + Carfentrazone-ethyl 20 g a.i. ha-1, (H2) Sulfosulfuron 25 g a.i. ha -1 + Metsulfuron-methyl 4 g a.i. ha-1, (H3) Isoproturon 1000 g a.i. ha -1 + 2,4-D 500 g a.i. ha-1, (H4) Weedy check and (H5) 2-Hand Weeding (25 and 45 DAS) in main plot. Each main plot was further divided into four sub plots to accommodate sub plot treatments i.e. dormancy breakers [(D0) Control, (D1) Potassium nitrate (KNO3) @ 24 kg ha-1, (D2) Sodium azide (NaN3) @ 11.2 kg ha-1 and (D3) Gibberellic acid (GA3) @ 160 g ha-1]. Wheat variety HD-2967 was used for test crop. The treatments were allocated randomly to each plot. Urea, single super phosphate, muriate of potash and zinc sulphate monohydrate were used as a source of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and zinc. The crop was uniformly fertilized with 120 kg N, 60 kg P2O5, 60 kg K2O and 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 giving a full dose of phosphorus and potassium as basal and nitrogen and zinc applied as basal as well as top dressing. Other crop management practices were followed as per the recommendation of the area. Among the herbicide mixtures, Sulfosulfuron 25 g a.i. ha -1 + Metsulfuron-methyl 4 g a.i. ha-1 had a significant influence on crop growth, yield attributes and yield, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio of wheat with minimum weed infestation during both the years. In case of dormancy breakers, control minimum weed density and weed dry biomass. However, Gibberellic acid (GA3) 160 g ha-1 exerted significantly higher crop growth, yield attributes and yield, nutrient uptake, during both the experimental years. Economically, higher gross returns was noted under (D3) Gibberellic acid (GA3) 160 g ha-1 treatment. However, higher net returns was recorded under (D2) Sodiun azide (NaN3) 11.2 Kg ha-1 over rest of the treatments. Whereas, significantly higher B: C ratio was exerted under (D0) control treatment.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of sowing time, nitrogen and zinc management on growth, yield and grain zinc concentration in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.).(Department of Agronomy Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, 2022) Barik, Bandana Rani; Singh, YashwantThe present investigation entitled “Effect of sowing time, nitrogen and zinc management on growth, yield and grain zinc concentration in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.)” was conducted during the 2018-19 and 2019-20 at the Agriculture Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University. The field experiment was laid out in a split plot design assigning two sowing times and two nitrogen management in the main plot. Sowing time iscomprised of(i) D1 (Sowing in the second fortnight of November) and D2 (Sowing in the first fortnight of December) and Nitrogen management is comprised of N1(150 kg ha-1 Nitrogen [ 75 kg basal + 37.5 kg at Z20 (main shoot only) + 37.5 kg at Z37 (flag leaf visible)]) and N2(150 kg ha-1 Nitrogen [ 70 kg basal + 35.4 kg at Z20 (main shoot only) + 35.4 kg at Z37 (flag leaf visible) + 9.2 kg as 2% urea application at Z60 (beginning of anthesis stage)]).Fourzinc management in subplots are comprised ofi.e., (i) Z1(No zinc) (ii) Z2(Zinc @ 5kg ha-1), (iii) Z3(1.7 kg ha-1 Zinc as basal + 0.50% ZnSO4 spray at Z31(stem elongation) + 0.50% at Z75 (milking)), and (iv) Z4(1.7 kg ha-1 Zinc as basal + 0.50% ZnSO4 spray at Z60 (Anthesis) + 0.50% ZnSO4 spray at Z85 (Dough stage)).Significantly higher growth attributes, yield and yield attributing character, nutrient content of plant and grain after harvest, and economics of wheat(gross return, the net return, and B:C ratio) were recorded with sowing in the second fortnight of November, N2 (150 kg ha-1 Nitrogen [ 70 kg basal + 35.4 kg at Z20 (main shoot only) + 35.4 kg at Z37 (flag leaf visible) + 9.2 kg as 2% urea application at Z60 (beginning of anthesis stage)) and Z3 (1.7 kg ha-1 Zinc as basal + 0.50% ZnSO4 spray at Z31(stem elongation) + 0.50% at Z75 (milking)). While zinc concentration was more in Z4 treatment and protein content was more in D2. The nitrogen effect remained nonsignificant in most of the parameters.ThesisItem Embargo A Comprehensive Study on Farmer Producer Companies of Eastern Uttar Pradesh.(Department of Extension Education Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, 2022) Roy, Himadri; Jirli, BasavaprabhuCollectivization of small and marginal farmers into a formal structure of Farmer Producer Companies has been emerged as a potential approach to address various agrarian issues. After the Government’s emphasis to promote the Farmer Producer Companies in several budgetary sessions, a huge number of Farmer Producer Companies have been registered within few years in Uttar Pradesh but many of them lack sustainability and efficient participation of members in different stages of organizational development. Hence, the present study was conducted to get a brief idea regarding the basic profile of the FPCs along with their role performance and financial performance. Furthermore, the basic profile of the FPC members, their attitude towards the FPC and constraints faced by them while associating the FPC were studied. A combination of Descriptive and Analytical research design along with mixed sampling method was used for the present research. The prime findings from the study were, majority of the FPCs (42.86 %) were belonged to category A as per the NABARD rating tool, the BoDs expressed their requirement for training in following all statutory compliances regarding the producer company, deriving benefits from various schemes, strategic planning for FPC activities, preparation of business plans and in pricing strategy of the products. While assessing the basic profile, it was found that majority of the respondents belonged to middle age group, had education level up to intermediate, had medium level of annual income, had Agriculture as major occupation, with medium level of experience in occupation and low level of social participation. IAPCL and PPPCL were perceived as average performing FPCs, while SKPCL and SCIPCL were perceived as excellent performing FPCs. Financial performance revealed that all of the FPCs were profitable in terms of business. The overall attitude of the members varied based on the role-performance of the respective FPCs. Less capacity building activities for the members, inadequate and untimely supply of inputs, and lack of credit supply from the FPC were some of the major constraints faced by the FPC members.ThesisItem Embargo An Analysis Of Dry Grape Producers In Karnataka State.(Department of Extension Education, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 2022) Yarazari, Shivananda P.; Singh, Arun KumarThe present study was undertaken in the Vijayapura district of Karnataka during 2020-21 to measure the entrepreneurial behaviour of dry grape producers. A sample of 200 respondents were purposively selected from Vijayapura and Indi taluks by using random sampling method. The data was collected by personal interview method with help of structured schedule. The results revealed that more than half numbers of the respondents (57.00%) belonged to medium innovativeness category whereas 54.00 per cent of the respondents were under medium risk orientation category. High percentage (60.50%) of the respondents belonged to medium decision making ability category while 53.00 per cent of the respondents belonged to medium leadership ability category. As high as 47.00 per cent of the respondents were under medium economic motivation category and more than half numbers of the farmers (51.00%) belonged to medium achievement motivation category. More than two fifth of the farmers (44.00%) were under medium management orientation category while 60.00 per cent of farmers belonged to medium entrepreneurial behaviour category. More than two fifth of the farmers (46.00%) were under medium adaptability category whereas 45.00 per cent of farmers belonged to medium sustainability category. Higher percentage of the farmers (67.00%) had medium satisfaction in their dry grape production. Majority of the farmers (50.50%) had medium prestige earned while more than two fifth of the farmers (44.00%) had medium success-failure category. 45.00 per cent of respondents were using “Producers -Consumer” marketing channel. Entrepreneurial behaviour of dry grape producers was positively and significantly correlated with independent variables such as education, land holding, annual income, mass media exposure, extension contact, social participation, training received, cosmopoliteness, market orientation, credit orientation and scientific orientation. The Multiple Linear Regression Analysis indicated that all the fifteen independent variables could explain a variation of 37.55 per cent in influencing entrepreneurial behaviour of dry grape producers. Heavy investment on inputs and no standard package of practices available from Agriculture or Horticulture Universities were the major constraints faced by the dry grape producers.ThesisItem Embargo A Study on e-Readiness of Extension Service Providers of Various Agriculture Research and Development Institutes in Telangana.(Department of Extension Education Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, 2022) Shilpa, Bolleboina; Jirli, BasavaprabhuICT is a blend of the concepts of technology and communication. Technology is a tool or piece of software used to create or perform an action. Cyber extension is the extension of agricultural knowledge that occurs through digital technology in a virtual network of connected computers.Institutional e-Readiness is the degree to which an institution possesses infrastructure, network accessibility, policy support and affordability to acquire and effectively utilize ICTs. Also it should possess sufficient skilled manpower to efficiently and effectively utilize the available ICT infrastructure. To gain deep insight into the topic Ex-post facto research design was used. The study was conducted in the state of Telangana because it is one of the major states where a number of ICTs projects are being implemented. A total of 268 extension service providers (whole enumeration) serving in KrishiVigyanKendras ,District Agriculture Advisory Transfer of Technology Centre and ICAR institutes ,Professor JayashankarTelangana State Agricultural University were considered for the study. 39.56 per cent of the total respondents were middle age followed by 33.20 per cent young age and 27.24 per cent of the respondents were old age. more than half 56.36 per cent of the respondents were holding Doctoral degree followed by 26.11 per cent of respondents done their graduation and 17.53 per cent of the respondents completed post graduation. Out of the total respondents 54.10 per cent of them have medium willingness to pay for ICTs, followed by low (36.56%) and high (9.32%). Out of the total respondents 42.92 per cent had medium level of e-Readiness followed by high (30.59%) and low (26.49%). The coefficient of correlation was calculated in order to determine the relationship between the selected independent variables. Out of all the respondents Age, Experience, Job satisfaction, Job performance, and Mass media exposure was found positively correlated and significant at one percent level of significance. The outcome of this study shows that some of the institutions were quite less active on social media due to lack of infrastructure, insufficient funds. Also it was found that frequency in updating videos, information found to be low. The ICT usage and produce efforts of scientists should be suitably rewarded for career advancements and appointments.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of nutri-priming on physiological, biochemical parameters and yield attributes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for mitigation ofterminal heat stress using salts of boron.(Department of Plant Physiology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, 2022) Chakraborty, Payal; Chakraborty, Payal; Dwivedi, P.; Dwivedi, P.The present experiment was carried out in three stages, stage one was named as experiment 1 in which screening was done to determine the ideal concentration of the two boron salts, boric acid and borax for two wheat varieties, HUW-468 (Temperature sensitive, V1) and HUW-510 (Temperature tolerant, V2). Except for germination percentage, which was determined at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after germination, data for each morpho-physical and biochemical parameter were recorded at 3, 5, 7, and 9 days of investigation.In experiment I, treatments included non-primed, hydroprimed, 2, 4, 8 10mM boric acid, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2mM borax salts represented as P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9 and P10, respectively. After screening it was found that P5 and P10 showed best result for both the wheat varieties HUW-468 and HUW-510. Stage two and three were named as experiments II and III, which were conducted during Rabi season during 2019-20 and 2020-21, respectively in pots kept inpolyhouse. Two different sowing conditions, i.e., timely and late sown conditions, with two different genotypes of wheat, HUW-510 and HUW-468 were considered for the study.Crop planted too late (IInd fortnight of December)caused heat stress condition for the experiments. The best concentrations of boric acid (P5) and borax (P10) from experiment I were considered for priming in experiment II and III to evaluate the effect of nutrient priming on physiological, biochemical, antioxidants and yield properties of wheat during heat stress condition. For experiment II and III, treatments includedC1; non-primed seed (control), C2; hydro-primed, C3; 8mM boric acid primed and C4; 2mM borax primed ones.At 30, 60, and 90 days after sowing (DAS), observations regarding physiological, biochemicaland antioxidant parameters weredetermined, whereas data regarding developing grains were observed at 70, 80 and 90 DAS, and regarding yield and yield attributes,data were recorded at the time of harvesting. Overall, from all these aforementioned parameters, late sown treatment declined in all the above mentioned parameters, and it was also found that C3 performed better for Variety V1, and C4 showed best result for variety V2; nutri-primed (C3 and C4) sets performed better than the non-primed (C1) and hydroprimed(C2) sets in both timely and late sown conditions.ThesisItem Embargo Effect of elevated fluoride levels on hydrolysis of starch during seed germination and alteration in antioxidant system in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants.(Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 2022) Dadrwal, Basant Kumar; Srivastava, J.P.Experiments were conducted during rabi 2019-20 and 2020-21to examine the influence of increased fluoride concentrations in growth medium on hydrolysis of starch and starch hydrolysing enzymes during seed germination, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidant systems, bio-membrane stability, chlorophyll stability at different stages of growth and yield and yield attributes of wheat genotypes HUW-234.Germination related experiments were carried out at 0 (T1), 100 (T2), 200 (T3) and 300 (T4) ppm fluoride and pot culture experiments were carried out at 0 (T1), 100 (T2), 200 (T3) and 300 (T4) mg fluoride kg-1 soil. It is nited that root and shoot lengths, fresh as well as dry weights of shoot and root reduced while root: shoot weight ratio increased with increased fluoride concentrations in germination medium. In germinating seeds increased fluoride concentrations decreased the activities of α-, β- and total amylases. Concentrations of soluble sugars in germinating seeds increased as fluoride levels in germination medium increased while starch and free amino acids concentrations decreased.Visible signs of fluoride toxicity were observed in the form of thinner stem and stunted growth. Total chlorophyll content in leaves was the maximum at 60 days after sowing (DAS), after which it declined. Nevertheless, increased fluoride levels in the root zone resulted in decrease in chlorophyll content.As fluoride levels in soil increased, activities of superoxide dissimulate, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase increased, however, activities of ascorbate peroxidase and catalase decreased.Proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased with increased fluoride toxcity.With advancement in growth and increase in fluoride concentrations in root zone chlorophyll stability index and membrane stability index declined. Days required for 50% spike emergence and 50% anthesis increased as fluoride concentration in soil increased, whereas days for physiological maturity decreased resulting in reduced grain filling duration.Total dry matter plant-1, number of effective tiller plant-1, spikelets spike-1, spike length, grains spike-1, test weight and harvest index decreased as fluoride levels in the soil increased. Major reduction in yield plant-1 was due to reduction in productive shoots plant-1 followed by grains spike-1 and grain size (1000 grain weight). It is conclude that fluoride toxicity reduces seedling germination and vigour in wheat by decreasing seed hydration. F toxicity induces seed stored starch hydrolysis but decreases utilization of soluble sugars by developing seedlings resulting in poor seedling vigour. Fluoride toxicity imposes oxidative stress to plants and it causes variable effects on ROS scavenging enzymes. NaF induced fluoride toxicity reduces N, P and K contents in wheat straw and seeds. F toxicity reduces grain yield by reducing productive shoots plant-1, grains spike-1 and grain size. It is concluded that ROS scavenging system is not able to efficiently scavenge fluoride induced increased ROS in wheat, resulting in membrane damage and decrease in CSI and MSI. It is also concluded that decrease in germination and seedling vigour causes poor plant stand in F rich soils and oxidative stress causes deleterious effects on metabolic processes and cellular functions, resulting in reduction in growth, yield and yield attributes. It is suggested large number of wheat genotypes may be screened for their tolerance/susceptibility to F toxicity to visualize traits/parameters associated with F tolerance crop and to develop F tolerant high yielding wheat genotypes.ThesisItem Embargo Impact of Climate Change on Crop Production and Adaptation Strategies in India(Department of Agricultural Economics Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi., 2022) Patel, Shubhi; Singh, RakeshAgriculture is directly affected by the impacts of changing climate. The ramifications of climate change includereduced crop production, increased heat waves, negative impact on livestock, disease outbreak, economic losses, reduction in quality of crop being a few of them.Wheat is the staple diet of the country and an undeniable crop for economic and nutritional security of the nation. But temperatures higher than optimum and heat stress affect the yield, phenology and grain quality in terms of nitrogen content and mass. The development of suitable policies for developing climate resilience require not only the knowledge of the vulnerability of the crops but also the knowledge of the stakeholders i.e., farmers. The perception and awareness of farmers is plays a pivotal role in practise of adaptation and mitigation. This study was designed to assess the comprehensive overview of climate change at Uttar Pradesh, the agricultural state of India. The study was carried for the 9 agro-climatic zones. It analysed the observed weather variables, trends in weather parameters. The awareness and perception of farmers was assessed using pre designed survey schedule. And the response of wheat crop in future i.e., 2040-2069 and 2070-2099 was quantified using CERES wheat model. These findings were then used to develop suitable adaption strategies for each agro-climatic zone. The findings revealed that there will be rise in minimum and maximum temperature in future periods. This will lead to reduction in wheat yields and shortening of vegetative and crop growth period. The farmers were aware about climate change and their perceptions showed that negative impact of rise in temperature and alterations of rainfall. The development of resistant varieties, irrigation scheduling and robust awareness programmes were major adaptation strategies suggested.ThesisItem Embargo Economics of integrated farming systems for increasing income and mitigating risk in agriculture in Rajasthan.(Department of Agricultural Economics Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi., 2022) Sharma, Avdhesh; Sharma, Avdhesh; Badal, P.S.; Badal, P.S.India is the land of different cropping systems across different agro-climatic zones. More than 80 percent of the Indian population is directly or indirectly engaged with agriculture nowadays. An integrated farming system (IFS) helps farmers to gain profits from unique integrated components. The present study was undertaken with the broad objectives viz. to study the economics of Integrated Farming Systems, to examine the climatic and non-climatic risks to agriculture in the study area, to analyze the optimal enterprise mix planning for maximizing income and minimizing risk, and to identify constraints faced by farmers in an integrated farming system. Rajasthan state was purposively selected andHadoti region (Kota, Bundi, Baran and Jhalawar districts) was alsopurposively selected because of its higher rainfall and irrigation percentage in the Rajasthan.From each selected district two blocks were selected randomly. Out of eight selected blocks, two villages from each block was selected randomly and thus a total of sixteen villages spread over four blocks in four districts had been taken up. A list of farmers’ doing integrated farming was prepared and 7 farmers’ (5 percent) from each village were selected randomly. Total 112 respondents were selected from sixteen villages. The IFS of crop integration with goat and orange production (FS-VI) was highly beneficial farming system. This system was found high benefit-cost ratio and gave ` 323460.70 net returns per annum. Net return (INR) was very less in the case of only crop cultivation alone (FS-I) (` 20093.09/annum). Crop integration with goat, orange, and backyard poultry (FS-IX) was found second highly beneficial IFS.The odds are used through multinomial logit regression. Family size and non-climatic risk had a significant and positive impact on the diversification strategy of minimizing the risk. Non-climatic risk (price risk) had a significant but a negative impact on the adoption of off-farm income as a risk-minimizing strategy. In using both strategies, simultaneously for risk coping the variable. The variable family size, climatic risk and non-climatic risk were significant. In the study area farmer choosing diversification in enterprises on farm when having non-climatic risk and choosing off-farm income due to climatic risk. In goal optimization crop integration with goat and orange production (FS-VI) was highly beneficial with` 23606 over achieved by using resources optimally. The land is under used by 0.41 hectares, Capital is also under used ` 6402.70. Water is over used by 1375.60 cubic meters and 40 man-days employment was generated in this IFS. Lack of storage facilities for grain, medical facilities for animals, attack of predators to poultry and lack of processing facilities to horticultural production was the major constraints faced by the farmers in the study area.
