AMELIORATIVE EFFICACY OF Moringa oleifera AND Tephrosia purpurea ON CADMIUM INDUCED SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY IN ALBINO RATS
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Date
2014
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Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of Moringa oleifera and
Tephrosia purpurea against cadmium induced sub-acute toxicity in albino rats and their
effects on serum bio-markers, haematological parameters, blood concentrations, tissue
concentration and oxidative stress indices in rats. Histopathological study of liver, kidney
and brain was also done. For sub-acute toxicity study 30 Wistar albino rats of either sex
were randomly divided into 5 groups of 6 rats in each group. Group-I was kept as control,
group- II was treated with cadmium chloride (200 ppm) alone, group-III was treated with
cadmium chloride (200 ppm) along with Moringa oleifera (500 mg/kg, oral), group-IV was
treated with cadmium chloride (200 ppm) along with Tephrosia purpurea (500 mg/kg, oral),
group-V was treated in combination with cadmium chloride (200 ppm), Moringa oleifera
(500 mg/kg, oral), and Tephrosia purpurea (500 mg/kg, oral)
1. There was significant decrease in body weight gain in rats (group II) after single
daily oral administration of cadmium chloride @ 200 ppm as compared with other
treatment groups.
2. There was significant decrease in the weight of kidney, liver and brain in rats of
group II. However, the weight of kidney, liver and brain in group III, IV and V
increased in treatment groups as compared to rats of group II. No significant changes
was observed in lung, heart and spleen of all the groups.
3. Hematological parameters such as total erythrocyte count and haemoglobin % was
significantly decreased while total leucocyte count was significantly increased in
group II as compared to control group. Group III, IV and V showed increased values
of total erythrocyte count and haemoglobin % and decreased total leucocyte count in
treatment group as compared to group II.
4. Biochemical alterations were observed in cadmium chloride treated group. Increase
in levels of AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, creatinine, glucose and decrease in levels of serum
total protein and serum albumin was observed in group II and there was significant
improvement in these altered levels was observed in group III, IV and V.
5. Oxidative stress indices were determined on the basis of LPO and SOD values in
liver, kidney and brain. There was increase in LPO and decrease in SOD values in
liver, kidney and brain of group II whereas there was significant amelioration in
altered values in group III, IV and V.
6. There was significant increase in the concentration of cadmium in kidney, liver,
brain, lungs, heart, bone, muscles and spleen in group II as compared to control
group. There was no significant decrease in cadmium concentrations in organs of
group III, IV and V.
7. Histopathological studies of different vital organs also supported the above results.
a. Kidney of rats of group II revealed consistent changes of cellular degeneration along
with congestive, hemorrhagic and infiltrative changes. Cellular injury was
characterized by vacuolar, cellular swelling with marked changes of granular,
vacuolar and hyaline degeneration. Injured cells were showing changes of
irreversible injury as evident by pyknosis, karrheorexis, karyolysis and anucloeosis
along with features of cytoplasmolysis and desquamation of epithelial cells leading
to causing partial to complete occlusion of their lumen at one point while dilation
along with presence of granular and hyaline cast at other. Multifocal mononuclear
cell infiltration with features of few fibroblast cells also evident in interstitial spaces
whereas reduction in the microscopic changes in kidney of cadmium chloride with
MO and TP alone caused decrease in severity of these lesions which was found to be
maximum in rats treated in combination with both MO and TP evident by decrease
in severity of granular, vacuolar, necrotic and disquamative changes with
simultaneous decrease in number of tubules so effected and number of cells therein
showing such changes. Degenerative changes were restricted to only outer cortical
tubules in this group of rats and congestive, hemorrhagic and infiltrative changes
were also milder.
b. Liver of rats of group II revealed consistent changes of hepatic degeneration along
with congestive, hemorrhagic, infiltrative and proliferative changes. Injuries in
hepatocytes were characterized by cellular swelling with marked granular and
vacuolar changes. The irreversibly injured cells were characterized by nucloeolar
changes of pyknosis, karrheorexis, karyolysis and anucloeosis, cytomegaly,
cytoplasmlysis, individualization and cell separation which were more pronounced
in periportal areas giving the appearance of periportal hepatic necrosis. Sinusoids
between those hepatic cords in which vacuolar changes were prominent were
observed to be compressed while between those in which necrotic changes were
prominent sinusoids appeared to be dilated and hepatic cords to be atrophied. There
was loss of histo architecture of both hepatic cord and hepatic lobules. Mononuclear
cell infiltration was also pronounced in portal areas. Treatment with MO and TP
alone caused marked decrease in severity of the lesions which was maximum in rats
treated in combination with both MO and TP evident by decrease in number of
hepatocytes in hepatic cords showing vacuolar changes with simultaneous decrease
in size of vacuoles therein. In a similar way there was decrease in number of cells
undergoing hepatic necrosis scattered within vacuolated hepatocytes. Decrease in
severity of hepatic necrosis was documented wherein more loss of histoarchitecture
of hepatic cord and congestive, infiltrative and proliferative changes also appeared to
be milder.
c. Brain of rat of group II revealed a very mild congestion from perineuronal oedema
and occasional neuronal degeneration exhibiting satellitosis and neuronophagia.
However, these changes appeared to be milder in treatment group evident by
decrease in number of microglial cells and there was no neuronophagia.
Description
AMELIORATIVE EFFICACY OF Moringa oleifera AND Tephrosia purpurea ON CADMIUM INDUCED SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY IN ALBINO RATS
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