WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT UNDER MAJOR LAND USES IN DHARAMSHALA REGION OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
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Date
2023-09-26
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
UHF,NAUNI
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The present investigation entitled “Water Quality assessment under major land uses in
Dharamshala region of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted in Dharamshala region of Himachal Pradesh by
selecting three dominant land uses viz. Urban/Peri-urban, Agriculture and Forest, two water sources (surface and
ground) and two seasons (winter and summer). The samples were analysed for different parameters viz.
temperature, turbidity, pH, EC, TDS, BOD, COD, anions (PO
4
3-
, SO
4
2-
, NO3
-) and heavy metals (Cd, As, Pb, Ni,
Cu, Cr). The water quality index was also calculated to express water quality. Highest temperature (10.80°C)
was recorded in surface water in summer season. Highest turbidity (2.00 NTU) was recorded under urban/periurban
land in summer season. pH of water sources ranged from 6.87 to 8.14. Highest EC (249μS cm-1) was
recorded in under urban/peri-urban land use during summer season. TDS of water sources ranged from 48.63 to
142.80 mg l-1 with highest TDS (142.80 mg l-1) recorded under urban/peri-urban land use during winter season.
Highest BOD (3.67 mg l-1) was recorded under urban/peri-urban land use during winter season. Highest COD
(127.33 mg l-1) was recorded under urban/peri-urban land use during winter season. SO4
2- content of water
sources ranged from 0 to 0.031 mg l-1 with highest SO4
2- (0.031 mg l-1) being recorded under urban/peri-urban
land use during summer season. PO4
3- content ranged from 0 to 0.031 mg l-1 with highest PO4
3- (0.031 mg l-1)
recorded under agriculture land use during winter season. NO3
- content of water sources ranged from 0.010 to
2.830 mg l-1, highest NO3
- content (2.830 mg l-1) recorded under agriculture land use. Copper content ranged
from 0 to 0.013 mg l-1 with highest content (0.013 mg l-1) recorded under urban/peri-urban land use during
summer season. Highest arsenic content (0.007 mg l-1) was recorded under urban/peri-urban land use during
both winter and summer season. Highest nickel content (0.004 mg l-1) was recorded under both urban/peri-urban
and agriculture land use during winter season. Highest lead content (0.003 mg l-1) under urban/peri-urban land
use during winter season. Highest WQI (48.63) was recorded under urban/peri-urban land in summer season
which was rated as good quality. In the region, the surface and ground water quality in all the three land uses
was found to be good.