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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    VALIDATION OF IDENTIFIED QTLs IN RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES FOR STAGNANT FLOODING TOLERANCE IN RICE.
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) SRIKANTH KUMAR, G; GIRIJA RANI, M
    The present study was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Maruteru, West Godavari district of Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) during Kharif 2018-19 to validate identified QTLs in Recombinant Inbred Lines for stagnant flooding tolerance in rice, to study character association and also effect of one character on the other character for 19 characters. Phenotypic data were recorded for physiological traits (plant survival %, stem elongation at 30 DAT, stem elongation at 60 DAT, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, kneeing ability), lodging related traits (basal internode length, culm diameter, culm thickness, culm strength, per cent of lodging) and yield traits (plant height, days to 50 % flowering, ear bearing tillers plant-1, number of grains panicle-1, panicle length, spikelet fertility, 1000 grain weight and grain yield plant-1). The analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences among checks, checks vs genotypes for all 19 characters denoting variability among genotypes. The result implies that RILs exhibit superiority over the susceptible parent Indra for the characters studied. Screening of 167 RILs for stagnant flooding using augmented randomized block design revealed the survival of 146 RILs. Among them, two RILs (SF 7, SF 75) exhibited 100 % plant survival % and 93 RILs exhibited less than 50 % plant survival. These results indicated that plant survival % is essential to realize considerable yields under stagnant flooding. Character association studies revealed that stem elongation at 60 cm, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, basal internodal length, culm diameter, plant height, days to 50 % flowering, ear bearing tillers plant-1, number of grains panicle-1, panicle length, spikelet fertility, 1000 grain weight exhibited positive significant correlation with grain yield plant-1 denoting selection of these traits helps in realizing potential yields under stagnant flooding. Per cent of lodging and kneeing ability showed negative correlation with grain yield plant-1 suggesting that lower per cent of lodging, lower values of kneeing ability are essential to achieve higher yields under stagnant flooding. xii Path analysis revealed that all the yield parameters exhibited positive direct effect on grain yield, all the physiological traits except kneeing ability showed negative direct on grain yield and all the lodging related parameters except per cent of lodging expressed negative direct effect on grain yield. Selection of plants with higher plant survival %, moderate plant height and elongation, high tillering ability having wider and strong culms with longer panicles would be useful for varietal improvement under stagnant flooding. The QTL qSF10.1 affecting plant survival % under stagnant flooding was validated between flanking markers RM 304 and RM 6737 on chromosome 10 with a LOD score of 1.60 explained by phenotypic variance of 7.56 % and additive effect of 7.71 during kharif 2018-19. Fine mapping of previously identified QTL region (RM 304 – RM 6100) using more SSR markers resulted in reduction of QTL region from 166 to 62 kbp. These results implies that QTL region (RM 304 – RM 6737) confers for plant survival %. In addition to validation of QTL qSF10.1, we have also identified 17 QTLs for physiological, lodging related and yield traits with in QTL region. These results were supported by correlation of plant survival % with the physiological, lodging related and yield traits. Out of 17 QTLs, qSE10.1 for stem elongation at 30 DAT, qLOD10.1 for per cent of lodging, qNG10.1 for number of grains panicle-1 and qGY10.1 for grain yield plant-1 with higher values of phenotypic variation can be exploited as major QTLs for yield improvement apart from validated QTL qSF10.1 for plant survival under stagnant flooding.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON ASSOCIATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS WITH YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENT CHARACTERS IN RICE FALLOW BLACKGRAM [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) ANUHYA, VALLURI; NAGENDRA RAO, K
    The present investigation was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Ghantasala, Krishna Dt., Andhra Pradesh during Rabi 2018-19 to generate information on the nature and extent of the genetic variability, genetic divergence, correlation and path analysis in 50 genotypes of blackgram for 18 characters viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seed per pod, 100 seed weight (g), pod length (cm), seed yield per plant (g), specific leaf weight (g cm-2), leaf nitrogen content (g m-2), total biomass per plant (g), harvest index (%), number of nodules per plant, weight of nodules per plant (mg), leaf area index and specific leaf area (cm2 g-1). Analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant differences among the 50 genotypes for all the traits studied. The genotypes viz., MBG 1069, TGBG 136, VBG 4-14, Buttaminumu and OBG 40 showed higher mean values, high GCV and PCV, high heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean for yield contributing characters viz., number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant among yield characters and total biomass per plant, harvest index, number of nodules per plant and leaf area index among physiological characters suggesting an ample scope for selection of these characters in rice fallow blackgram. Genetic divergence estimated by using Mahalanobis‟ D² statistic, grouped the 50 genotypes into 17 clusters. Out of 17 clusters, cluster I was the largest comprising of 32 genotypes followed by cluster X with three genotypes and the clusters II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI & XVII are solitary (one genotype). The genotypes MBG 1069, TGBG 401, MBG 1050, VBG 13-003 and TADTU 45 have showed maximum inter-cluster distance in Mahalanobis‟D2 analysis, while PCA analysis revealed the genotypes, MBG 1069, TADTU 45, OBG 40 and Buttaminumu as more divergent genotypes. Combining both D2 and PCA, the genotypes MBG 1069 and TADTU 45 are viewed as more divergent. xiv Genotypic correlations in general were higher than phenotypic correlations indicating that the apparent associations are largely due to genetic reasons. The traits days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, pod length, leaf nitrogen content, harvest index, number of nodules per plant, weight of nodules per plant and leaf area index were found to possess significant positive association with grain yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels, thus revealing the possibility of simultaneous selection of all these characters for yield improvement. Path coefficient effects can be concluded as high direct effects were shown by days to 50% flowering, number of pods per plant, total biomass per plant, harvest index and number of nodules per plant at phenotypic level. High direct effects for days to maturity, plant height, number of seeds per pod, total biomass per plant, harvest index, weight of nodules per plant are shown at genotypic level. The character number of pods per plant showed high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, high heritability, high genetic advance as per cent of mean, higher positive significant correlations with seed yield per plant and higher positive direct effects. Hence, number of pods per plant could be considered as most efficient selection criteria for yield improvement in rice fallow blackgram.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ELITE GENOTYPES FOR SALINITY TOLERANCE IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) HRUDAYA RAJ, K; SRINIVAS, T
    The present investigation was carried out to evaluate and characterize 80 rice genotypes for seedling and reproductive salinity tolerance and also to study character association for reproductive salinity tolerance parameters, namely, grain yield and yield components and salinity score at seedling stage under saline conditions. The investigation was undertaken at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru during kharif 2016. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all characters studied. Phenotyping of the genotypes for reproductive and seedling salinity tolerance revealed the superiority of Nonabokra and Pokkali. Hence, these genotypes are identified as promising salinity tolerant lines with both seedling and reproductive salinity tolerance. The results on character associations between reproductive salinity tolerance parameters, namely, grain yield and yield components and seedling salinity scores revealed positive and significant association of grain yield with panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, ear bearing tillers per plant and 100-seed weight under saline conditions. The study of 80 genotypes for their molecular diversity with 14 SSR markers revealed that banding pattern of MCM-41, MCM-48, MCM-100, MCM-223, MLT-5, MLT- 7, MTU-1064, MTU-2077, MTU-3626, MTU-1078, MTU-1153, MTU-1156, FL-478 was analogous to Pokkali (wild donor) and Nonabokara (salinity tolerant variety) at 180bp with RM10793on chromosome 1. The genotypes, MCM-41, FL-478, CST-9, MTU-1078, Pokkali and Nonabokra showed similar amplicon size of 210 bp and were distinct from banding pattern of remaining genotypes with the SSR marker, RM10964. xiii Among the markers used for study of diversity, marker RM 10793 reported highest PIC value of 0.838 followed by RM 10694 (0.763), RM 20224 (0.637) and RM 518 (0.603). RM 10793 showed maximum number of four alleles along with RM 10694 (4) followed by RM 20224 (3), RM 492 (3). Cluster analysis and dendrogram for the 80 genotypes by UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages) revealed distribution of the 80 genotypes into two major clusters. Cluster I comprised of three sub clusters, while, Cluster II comprised of two sub clusters. Most of the salt tolerant varieties viz.,Pokkali, Nonabokra, CSR -27 were grouped in sub cluster II B. It is concluded that Pokkali and Nonabokra, genotypes can be used as donor for varietal improvement or for introgression of salinity tolerance into a susceptible variety.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON GRAIN QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY INHIBITION OF LEAF SENESCENCE IN BLACKGRAM (Vigna mungo (L.) HEPPER)
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) NANIBABU, CHOPPA; SREEKANTH, B
    The present investigation entitled “Physiological studies on grain quality improvement by inhibition of leaf senescence in blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)” was undertaken at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla during kharif, 2018. Three different concentrations of kinetin (10-2, 10-3 and 10-4 M), potassium nitrate (5 and 10 g L-1) and urea (10 and 20 g L-1) along with untreated control and water application control were imposed as foliar treatments on blackgram cv PU-31 in a randomized block design with three replications. Treatments were applied at three different times of reproductive growth viz., 10 days before 50% flowering, 50% flowering and 10 days after 50% flowering. Leaf senescence was studied by measuring chlorophyll content, APX acitivity, NR activity and urease acitivity. Kinetin at 10-4 M concentration appeared to be better in inhibiting leaf senescence during the reproductive phase of blackgram. Results also showed that lower concentrations of nitrogen sources (0.5% KNo3 and 1% urea) were better in decreasing the leaf senescence in black gram. Nodule senescence was studied by estimation of Lb content, APX activity and soluble nitrogen in black gram. Results showed that foliar application of kinetin at lower concentration (10-4 M) and higher concentrations of nitrogen sources i.e., potassium nitrate (1%) and urea (2%) decreased the nodule senescence most effectively. Inhibition of leaf senescence by kinetin resulted in the inhibition of nodule senescence, showing the association between leaf and nodule senescence. Mobilization of nitrogen between leaf, stem and root nodules in black gram was complex during reproductive phase since the treatments resulting in significant soluble nitrogen content changes differed in each organ during the reproductive phase of black gram. xii Foliar application of urea at 1% and kinetin at 10-4 M though on par with each other significantly increased the grain yield per plant in blackgram, while potassium nitrate had no significant effect. Foliar application of both the nitrogen forms (KNO3 and urea) in the current experiment with black gram enhanced the test weight of seeds significantly over controls, while the effect of kinetin was non-significant on the same. Increasing concentrations of both potassium nitrate and urea increased the grain protein content significantly, while with kinetin there was a decrease with 10-2 M from 10-3 M. Urea at both the concentrations (1% and 2%) and lower concentration of kinetin (10-4 M) significantly enhanced the harvest index of black gram in the current experiment, while potassium nitrate didn‟t affect it in any significant manner.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUsM SOLUBILISING BACTERIA ON POTASSIUM DYNAMICS AND YIELD OF SWEET CORN
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) BLESSY SUSANNA, KADARI; PRASAD, P. R.K.
    A field experiment entitled “Influence of potassium solubilising bacteria on potassium dynamics and yield of sweet corn” was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla using sweet corn hybrid Sugar-75 as a test crop. The experiment comprised of 8 treatments viz., T1 : Control ( No K), T2 : 100% RDK, T3 : 75% RDK, T4 :50% RDK, T5: 100% RDK+KSB, T6 : 75% RDK+KSB , T7 : 50 % RDK+KSB, T8 : KSB (where N, P and FYM were applied to all the treatments as per recommended dose) laid out in completely randomized block design and replicated thrice. The experimental soil was non saline and neutral in soil reaction, medium in organic carbon (0.51%), low in available nitrogen (158 kg ha-1) and high in available P2O5 (64 kg ha-1)and sufficient in sulphur and micronutrients. The soil was sandy loam in texture with a bulk density of 1.41 Mg m-3 and water holding capacity of 38.7 per cent. Along with inorganic potassium fertilizer levels KSB was also added to the soil. The available nutrient status of soil under sweet corn cultivation showed improvement with level of potassium fertilizer in combination with KSB significantly with N, P, S and Fe but non-significantly with Zn, Cu and Mn. The influence of K-Fertilization and KSB also showed remarkable effects on the potassium dynamics in the soil. The solution K and exchangeable K which is readily available in the soil varied significantly and more amount was xvi present in treatment where K fertilizer and KSB was applied, the decrease in the WS-K was observed from kneehigh to harvest stage. The slowly available or non-exchangeable K also decreased with the stages of crop growth and highest was recorded in the treatment where more inorganic fertilizers (100% RDK) was applied. The total K content in the soil was not significantly affected with or without the application KSB. All the treatments are on par with each other, slight decreasing trend was observed with the age of the crop. With respect to the biological properities (microbial count and enzymatic activity) it was clearly observed that with K-fertilization and KSB in combination significantly increased in all the treatments. Due to increased K levels along with KSB in T5 (100%RDK+KSB) both concentration and uptake of nutrients in sweet corn were improved significantly among all the treatments at three different stages of crop growth. The growth parameters (plant height and dry matter accumulation), yield (kernel and stover) and yield attributes (number of kernels per cob and 100 kernel weight) of sweet corn were better with increasing levels of potassium fertilizer and KSB. It is clear that combined application was effective than alone application. The quality parameters (protein and starch content) in sweet corn was markedly and positively influenced by K and KSB treatments at all the three stages of the crop.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL QTLs FOR BPH TOLERANCE IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.) USING RESISTANT DONOR BM 71 (MTU ITJ 206-7-4-1)
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) SUNEEL KUMAR, GANTA; RAVI KUMAR, B. N. V. S. R.
    The current research study was carried out during kharif, 2018 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru, Andhra Pradesh with one hundred and forty two RILs and two checks to study the variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield contributing traits and to identify QTLs for BPH tolerance. The ANOVA explained significant differences among the RILs for all traits viz. days to fifty percent flowering, plant height (cm), number of ear bearing tillers per plant, panicle length (cm) and grain yield per plant (g) indicating sufficient genetic variability among the RILs. Both GCV and PCV were higher for grain yield (g) per plant and high heritability accompanied with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed indicating presence of additive gene action in inheritance of this trait and therefore direct selection is effective. Moderate heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for plant height (cm) and ear bearing tillers per plant indicating presence of both additive and non additive gene actions. Moderate heritability with low genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for days to 50% flowering and panicle length (cm) indicating non additive gene action and selection may not be effective for the above traits. Evaluation of one hundred and forty two RILs for BPH tolerance was done in both lab and filed conditions. The results revealed that in lab screening forty four RILs were resistant, sixty two were moderately resistant, thirty were moderately susceptible and six were susceptible, whereas in field screening sixty seven RILs were resistant, thirty four were moderately resistant, twenty one were moderately susceptible, twenty were susceptible. Construction of linkage map and QTL analysis, using seventy seven polymorphic markers, revealed that composite interval mapping and interval mapping has identified three QTLs for BPH tolerance viz., qmbph2.1, qmbph4.1 and qmbph12.1 on chromosomes 2, 4 and 12 respectively. In addition to above three QTLs, two more QTLs, qmbph5.1 and qmbph7.1 were identified by interval mapping on chromosomes 5 and 7 respectively. Fine mapping of the above QTLs and identification of putative genes will be the future line of the present study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDIES ON URDBEAN LEAF CRINKLE DISEASE ONURDBEAN [Vigna mungo (L.) HEPPER]
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) USHA RANI, L; MANOJ KUMAR, V
    The present investigation on “Studies on urdbean leaf crinkle disease on urdbean [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]” was carried out at Agricultural College, Bapatla, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh during 2018-19. Blackgram cv LBG 752 belonging to Leguminosae tested for their reaction to Urdbean leaf crinkle disease(ULCD) by sap incoulation method, the disease symptoms with crinkling and curling of infected leaves . Seed treatment with hot water (500C for ten min) significantly lowered the incidence (10%) of ULCD followed by seed treatment with 16% trisodium orthophosphate (20.00%) when compared to untreated control (28.33%). Aphid (Aphis craccivora) transmitted ULCD with an acquisition access period of ten minutes (10.00%) and inoculation access period of 24 h (20.00%). Maximum ULCD incidence was noticed with 20 aphids per plant (13.33%). Beetle (Henosepilachna dodecastigma) transmitted ULCD with an acquisition access period of six hours (3.33%) and inoculation access period of 12 hours (6.67%). ULCD infected sample showed the highest protein content when compared to healthy samples. Phenol content was also the highest in ULCD infected plants when compared to healthy plants. When the healthy leaf tissues were assessed, the highest protein content was observed at 40, 55 and 70 DAS in MgSO4 @ 0.2% + ZnSO4 @ 0.2% with 1.43, 1.71 and 2.35 mg/100mg of leaf tissue respectively and the lowest was in check 1.34, 1.41and 1.63 mg/100 mg of leaf tissue at the respective interval 15 days from 40 DAS and in infected maximum was observed in ZnSO4 @ 0.2% (1.97, 2.18 and 2.34 mg/100 mg at 40, 55 and 70 DAS) of leaf tissue and minimum was observed in check (1.44, 1.69 and 1.85 at 40, 55 and 70 DAS). 13 The maximum phenol content in healthy leaf tissue at 40, 55 and 70 DAS in MgSO4 @ 0.2% + ZnSO4 @ 0.2% with 0.60, 0.66 and 0.72 mg/100mg of leaf tissue sprayed plots while minimum was in check (0.34, 0.40 and 0.45 mg/100mg respectively). In infected tissues the highest phenol was observed at 40, 55 and 70 DAS inMgSO4 @ 0.2% + ZnSO4 @ 0.2% with 0.89, 0.92 and 0.97 mg/100mg and the lowest was observed in check (0.51, 0.55 and 0.59 mg/100mg). Presence of auxins was tested using TLC plates and the Rf values are recorded as 0.92, 0.896 and 0.901 in stranded, infected and healthy leaf samples respectively. Among the micronutrients tested, spraying of MgSO4 @ 0.2% + ZnSO4 @ 0.2% recorded significantly lowest AUDPC value (466.97) of ULCD followed by ZnSO4 @ 0.2% (567.84) as against unsprayed control (955.92). The highest B:C ratio was found in MgSO4 @ 0.2% + ZnSO4 @ 0.2%(2.11) and lowest in control (1.42).
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ENERGY USE IN ZERO BUDGET NATURAL FARMING, ORGANIC FARMING AND CONVENTIONAL FARMING IN RICE PRODUCTION IN VISAKHAPATNAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH STATE
    (ACHARYA N G RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, GUNTUR, 2019) SHRINE, SUTTI; UMADEVI, K
    Energy use in agriculture increased with the increase in population, limited supply of arable land and desire for better standard of living. Effective energy use in agriculture is one of the conditions for sustainable agricultural production, since it provides financial savings, resource preservation and reduction in air pollution. Application of integrated production methods are recently considered as a means to reduce production costs, efficiently use human labour and other inputs and to protect the environment. The research study entitled “An economic analysis of energy use in zero budget natural farming, organic farming and conventional farming in rice production in Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh state” was taken up with the following objectives. 1. to study the energy use pattern in ZBNF, organic farming and conventional farming in rice production 2. to work out the economics of energy use in ZBNF, organic farming and conventional farming in rice production 3. to analyse the energy use efficiency in ZBNF, organic farming and conventional farming in rice production 4. to identify the factors influencing energy use efficiency in ZBNF, organic farming and conventional farming in rice production. Multistage sampling technique was adopted for selection of sample at different levels in the present study. In Andhra Pradesh, Visakhapatnam district was selected as rice is cultivated in different farming methods like zero budget natural farming, organic farming and conventional farming. The criteria for selection of mandals and villages xii was the presence of maximum number of farmers belonging the three categories. Four mandals and from each mandal, two villages were selected. From each village, samples were selected proportionately from the three farming categories, making a total sample size to 136. The data pertains to the production year 2017-18. Primary and secondary data was collected and analysed through tabular analysis, costs and returns, data envelopment analysis (DEA) and regression analysis. The per hectare energy consumption was highest in conventional farming (23055.60 MJ/ha) followed by ZBNF (14260.50 MJ/ha) and organic farming (13978.84 MJ/ha). The fertilizer and manures energy consumed was highest amount of energy in all the three farming methods which accounts 33.01, 63.11 and 66.58 per cent of the total energy consumption in ZBNF, organic and conventional farming respectively. Under, three farming methods, human energy is the costliest source of energy which accounts to 81.87, 35.01 and 63.02 per cent of the total energy consumption in ZBNF, organic and conventional farming respectively. The energy use efficiency was highest in organic farming (5.42) followed by ZBNF (4.83) and conventional farming (2.80). The net energy was highest in organic farming (61818.87 MJ ha-1) followed by ZBNF (54645.75 MJ ha-1) and conventional farming (41716.27 MJ ha-1). The specific energy was highest in conventional farming (5.57 MJ kg-1) followed by ZBNF (3.22 MJ kg-1) and organic farming (2.63 MJ kg-1). The energy productivity was highest in organic farming (0.38 kg MJ-1) followed by ZBNF (0.31 kg MJ-1) and conventional farming (0.17 kg MJ-1). The technical efficiency was highest in organic farming (0.95%) followed by ZBNF (0.92%) and organic farming (0.89%). The total saving energy was highest in conventional farming (939.99 MJ ha-1) followed by ZBNF (498.87 MJ ha-1) and organic farming (389.24 MJ ha-1). Mechanical energy was positive and significantly contributed to energy use efficiency (EUE) in all the three farming methods. Seed energy was positive and significantly related to EUE in ZBNF and conventional farming. As the energy use efficiency, technical efficiency in energy terms and net energy were highest in organic farming when compared to ZBNF and conventional farming, organic farming is the best recommended farming method for rice production. To save human energy in the preparation of fertilizers and biocides in ZBNF, the inputs should be made available in the villages through cooperative societies. ZBNF and organic rice production may be certified to help the farmers to earn better prices in the domestic as well as in international markets.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ENTREPRENEURIAL BEHAVIOUR OF COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE NURSERY OWNERS IN KADIYAM OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2019) UDAY BHASKAR, M; SRINIVASA RAO, M
    The study was conducted to analyse the profile characteristics of commercial floriculture nursery owners and their entrepreneurial behaviour. The relationship between profile characteristics of nursery owners and their entrepreneurial behaviour was elicited. Marketing network of nursery owners was also examined. The constraints faced by nursery owners and suggestions given by them to overcome their constraints were elicited. Ex-post-facto research design was followed for the study. The investigation was purposively carried out at Kadiyam mandal in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh during the year 2018-19 as the locale is nationally and internationally known for commercial floriculture nurseries and was dominant with more area under floriculture among the mandals of East Godavari district. Three villages with highest number and area under commercial floriculture nurseries namely Kadiyam, Vemagiri and Veeravaram were purposively selected and later 120 nursery owners were selected randomly from the three villages in proportion to the number of nurseries in each village. The data was collected with the help of a structured interview schedule through personal interview method and data obtained was analyzed by using suitable statistical methods. The detailed analysis of the study have shown that majority of the nursery owners were in middle age, completed high school education, small farmers, had a medium level of experience in nursery business, training not undergone, medium family size, annual turnover less than 50 lakhs, medium mass media exposure, medium material possession, medium social participation, low level of extension contact, medium level of aspiration. Further it was also observed that major source of credit was from the commercial banks followed by its major utilization in nursery business itself. It was also revealed that majority of the nursery owners were marketing their plants to the local customers, local traders and other nurseries in Kadiyam. xvii The study revealed that majority of the nursery owners had medium entrepreneurial behaviour. Among components of the entrepreneurial behaviour, it was found that majority of them had medium innovativeness, decision making ability, leadership ability, achievement motivation, risk orientation, management orientation, scientific orientation, competition orientation, critical thinking, entrepreneurial selfefficacy and locus of control. Under different components of entrepreneurial behaviour, nursery owners possessed the highest leadership ability followed by management orientation, competition orientation, decision making ability, resiliency, scientific orientation, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, innovativeness, risk orientation, achievement motivation, critical thinking and locus of control. Factor analysis on components of entrepreneurial behaviour revealed that innovativeness and decision making are the two major components expressing a total variation of 58.72 towards entrepreneurial behaviour. The correlation analysis revealed that education, land holding, experience in nursery business, training undergone, annual turnover, marketing pattern, credit acquisition and utilization, mass media exposure, material possession, social participation, extension contact and level of aspiration had positively significant relationship with the entrepreneurial behaviour of nursery owners whereas family size and age had non-significant relationship with the entrepreneurial behaviour of nursery owners. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that, all the independent variables put together explained 69.90 per cent of the total variance with entrepreneurial behaviour of nursery owners. Path analysis revealed that the highest direct influence on entrepreneurial behaviour of nursery owners was exerted by land holding followed by material possession and extension contact, whereas the highest indirect effect was exerted by land holding followed by material possession and annual turnover. Highest substantial indirect effect on entrepreneurial behaviour was exerted by land holding through material possession and material possession through land holding. With regard to marketing network of commercial floriculture nursery owners it was revealed that customers themselves identifying the nursery was the major source of identification of the nursery followed by direct sale at the nursery as the major method of sale, credit as the major kind of payment in sale and good packaging as the major promotional strategy. It was also revealed that majority of nursery owners had face to face communication with the customers and with no delivery arrangement. Further it was also observed that major quantum of sale during 2017-18 was through agents and traders and major percentage of the customers who visited the nurseries during 2017-18 were diversified customers. Among the major constraints faced by nursery owners, scarcity of labour was the major constraint followed by unavailability of suitable soil, attack of pests and diseases, competition from new nurseries, marketing problems, lack of technical guidance, high labour wages and irregular supply of electricity. The major suggestions given by them were improved practices of mechanization followed by provision of appropriate potting mixture, proper market facilities and better price of the plants, timely technical advice, provision of demand driven knowledge about scientific cultivation practices in floriculture, regulation of nurseries, organisation of floriculture exhibitions and trade shows, periodical skill orientated training, provision of subsidies and finally establishment of communal solar and biogas plants.