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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur

The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad. The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966. The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter. HISTORICAL MILESTONE Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication. Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers 1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country... 1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country... 1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country... 1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension... 1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted... June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University... June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)... 20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... 1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State... 23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India... July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture... May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department... 7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga... 15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005... 26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007... 2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now... serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...

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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF FARMERS TOWARDS PESTICIDES IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) SREEKANTH, M.V.; TULASI DAS, V.
    The present study entitled “Buying behaviour of farmers towards pesticides in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh” was intended to examine the socio-economic profile, pesticides usage pattern, awareness towards pesticides usage, farmers’ buying behaviour towards pesticides and constraints faced by the farmers in purchasing of pesticides in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Guntur district was purposively selected for the study, as the district occupied a pride of place in consumption of pesticides, area and production of major crops like chilli and cotton in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The top three mandals having maximum area under cultivation of chilli and cotton crops were purposively selected. From the selected mandals all the villages having maximum area under cultivation were listed out and arranged in the descending order and top two villages from each mandal were purposively selected thus making a total of six villages. From the selected villages 15 farmers from each village were randomly chosen for the study and made the sample size to 90. The selected villages were Kandlagunta, Sirigiripadu from Veldurthy mandal, Gurajala, Madugula from Gurajala mandal and xiii Dachepalli and Tangeda from Dachepalli mandal. The data required were collected with the help of a pre-tested schedule for the year 2016-17 using survey method. The data collected was analysed to attain the stated objectives by using frequencies and percentages, Chi-square test, Garrett’s ranking technique and Likert’s scale. Majority of farmers in the study area were middle aged, educated up to 10th and below 10th class, were living in brick walled and tiled house, medium family sized, medium income grouped, had small operational land holding and medium level of farming experience. Cent percent of farmers used Acephate 75% SP and Monocrotophos 36% SL for cotton and 94.44 per cent used Difenthiuron 50% WP for chilli crop. Farmers had good knowledge regarding pesticide spraying techniques and pest enemies in their field. Chi-square test showed a significant association between educational status of the farmers and their level of awareness towards pesticides usage. Majority of farmers got information regarding pesticides from private dealers, purchased pesticides from private dealers, depended on credit purchases, opted to take credit from others if credit sales were not available, favoured low priced brands when prices changed, turned to other branded products during non-availability of required pesticides and felt that they did not mind changing the brand or dealer according to the situation. Intensity of pest and disease was the major factor influencing quantity of pesticides application and brand selection. Farmers’ level of satisfaction was high with the product availability with dealer and distance of pesticides dealer shops. Major constraint faced by the sample farmers during pesticides purchase from private dealer was high interest on credit and major constraint during purchasing from department of agriculture was untimely supply of pesticide products.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF CERTAIN FOOD PROCESSING COMPANIES IN INDIA
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) SUSHMITHA REDDY, CHEREDDY; PRABHAVATHI, Y
    The present study “A study on financial performance of certain food processing companies in India” was mainly aimed to study the financial performance of selected food processing companies, to analyze the efficiency of selected food processing companies and to estimate the business valuation of selected food processing companies in India. The study is based on secondary sources of data. Twenty six food processing companies listed in national stock exchange were purposively selected. The data pertaining to financial information of the selected food processing companies was obtained from published annual accounts and financial statements (balance sheet and profit and loss accounts) of the respective companies and data pertaining to estimate the valuation was obtained from the websites of moneycontrol.com, bseindia.com, rbi.com etc., The data was collected and analyzed to attain the stated objectives by using ratio analysis, factor analysis, logistic regression, data envelopment analysis and three stage free cash flow to equity model xvi The study revealed that for the company Manpasand Beverages Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated substantial improvement in liquidity position of the company, debt ratio inferred that the company’s dependency on outside lenders was very marginal. The total assets turn over showed decreasing trend as the company was in the phase of expansion. With respect to turnover ratios the average inventory and debtors turnover was nine times and seven times a year. The operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity were decreased. The market value of the share was higher compared to book value were showing an increasing trend. The study revealed that for the company Brittania Industries Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated substantial improvement in liquidity position of the company, debt ratio inferred that the company’s dependency on outside lenders was very marginal. The total assets turn over showed decreasing trend. With respect to turnover ratios the average inventory and debtors turnover was 18 times and 86 times a year. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin were increased. Return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of the share was higher compared to book value. The study revealed that for the company Nestle India Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated substantial improvement in liquidity position of the company, debt ratio inferred that the company’s dependency on outside lenders was very marginal. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The turnover ratios with respect to the inventory turnover and debtors turnover on an average was 10.9 times and 103 times a year. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity ratios indicated varying trend. The market value of ratios showed varying trend. The study revealed that for the company American Dry Fruit (ADF) Foods Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated substantial varying trend in liquidity position of the company, debt ratio inferred that the company’s dependency on outside lenders was decreased. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The turnover ratios with respect to the average inventory and debtors turnover was 6.3 times and 4.9 times a year. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity ratios indicated varying trend. The market value of ratios showed varying trend. xvii The study revealed that for the company GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2012 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated substantial liquidity position of the company, debt ratio inferred that the company’s dependency on outside lenders was decreased. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The turnover ratios with respect to the average inventory and debtors turnover was 9.5 times and 16.5 times a year. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity ratios indicated varying trend. The market value of ratios showed varying trend. The study revealed that for the company Tasty Bite Eatables Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the current ratio and quick ratio indicated substantial varying trend in liquidity position of the company. The debt ratios of the company indicated the company dependency on outside lenders was declining. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The turnover ratios with respect to the average inventory turnover and debtors turnover was 10.9 times and 10.5 times a year. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity ratios indicated varying trend. The market value compared to book value showed increased trend. The study revealed that for the company Kwality Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the current ratio and quick ratio indicated substantial varying trend in liquidity position of the company. The debt ratios of the company indicated the company dependency on outside lenders was declining. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The turnover ratios with respect to the average inventory and debtors turnover was 28.9 times and 4.2 times a year. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin showed increasing showed varying trend. The profitability ratios related to investment i.e., return on investment, return on equity showed the decreasing trend. The market value of ratios showed increased trend. The study revealed that for the company Prabhat Dairy Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) liquidity ratios indicated varying trend in liquidity position of the company. The debt ratios of the company indicated the company dependency on outside lenders was declining. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The turnover ratios with respect to the average inventory and debtors turnover was 34 times and 14.4 times a year. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin showed increasing showed varying trend. The profitability ratios related to investment i.e., return on investment, return on equity showed the decreasing trend. The market value to book value showed increasing trend. xviii The study revealed that for the company Coffee Day Enterprises Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the current ratio and quick ratio indicated varying trend in liquidity position of the company. The debt ratios of the company showed that the company dependency on outside lenders was varying over a five year period. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The inventory was not maintained by the company and on an average debtors turnover was 45 times a year. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin showed varying trend the net profit margin remained negative. Return on investment showed varying trend. The return on equity remained negative. The market value to book value showed increasing trend. The study revealed that for the company Apex frozen Limited the financial ratios assessment over a two year period (2016 to 2017) the current ratio was decreased and quick ratio was increased indicating varying trend in liquidity position of the company. The debt ratios of the company showed that the company dependency on outside lenders was slightly increased. The turnover ratios with respect to inventory and debtor turnover was 34.6 times and 11.5 times a year. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin showed increasing trend Return on investment showed and return on equity showed increasing trend. The study revealed that for the company Heritage Foods Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios current ratio and quick ratio revealed varying trend in liquidity position of the company. The debt ratios of the company showed varying trend. The turnover ratios with respect to inventory and debtor turnover was 17.2 times and 116 times a year. The total assets turnover ratio showed varying trend. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin showed decreasing trend. The return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of shares compare to book value was increased The study revealed that for the company DFM foods Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) liquidity position of the company was increased till 2016 and decreased in 2017. The debt ratios of the company showed varying trend. On an average the inventory turnover was 19 times and debtors turn over showed varying trend. The total assets turnover ratio showed varying trend. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. The return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of shares compare to book value was increased. xix The study revealed that for the company Hatsun Agro Products the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) liquidity position of the company was varying. The debt ratios indicated that the company dependency on lenders was decreasing. On an average the inventory turnover and debtors turnover were 16.6 and 146 times a year. The total assets turnover ratio showed varying trend. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. The return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of shares compare to book value was increased over a five year period. The study revealed that for the company Future Consumer Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) liquidity position of the company showed varying trend. The debt ratios indicated that the company dependency on lenders was less. On an average the inventory turnover and debtors turnover were 13 times and 12.76 times a year. The total assets turnover ratio showed varying trend. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. The return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of shares compare to book value was increased over a five year period. The study revealed that for the company Khushi Ram Behari Lal (KRBL) Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) liquidity position of the company showed varying trend. The debt ratios indicated that the company dependency on lenders was decreased. On an average the inventory turnover and debtors turnover were 1.6 times and 11.4 times a year. The total assets turnover ratio showed varying trend. The profitability ratios with respect to operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. The return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of shares compare to book value showed varying trend. The study revealed that for the company Varun Beverages Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) liquidity position of the company showed varying trend. The debt ratios indicated that the company dependency on lenders was decreased. On an average the inventory turnover and debtors turnover were 19.08 times and 50 times a year. The total assets turnover ratio showed varying trend. The operating profit margin showed the increasing trend and net profit margin showed varying trend. The return on investment was decreased and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of shares compare to book value showed decreasing trend. xx The study revealed that for the company LT Foods Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) liquidity ratios indicated varying trend liquidity position of the company. The debt ratios showed that the company dependency on outside lenders was decreased. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. With respect to turnover ratios the average inventory and debtors turnover was 2.7 times and 7.1 times a year. The operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of the share was higher compared to book value were showing an increasing trend. The study revealed that for the company Lakshmi Energy and Foods Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated varying trend liquidity position of the company, The debt ratios showed that the company dependency on outside lenders was varying. With respect to turnover ratios the average inventory and debtors turnover was 1.5 times and 6.79 times a year. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of the share was higher compared to book value were showing an increasing trend. The study revealed that for the company Parag Milk Foods Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated varying trend liquidity position of the company, The debt ratios showed that the company dependency on outside lenders was in decreasing trend. With respect to turnover ratios the average inventory and debtors turnover was 5.86 times and 7.27 times a year. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of the share was higher compared to book value were showing an increasing trend. The study revealed that for the company SKM Egg Products Exports (India) Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated that the liquidity position of the company improved up to 2016 and decreased in 2017. The debt ratios showed that the company dependency on outside lenders was varying. With respect to turnover ratios the average inventory and debtors turnover was 6.4 times and 33.7 times a year. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of the share was higher compared to book value were showed varying trend. xxi The study revealed that for the company Vadilal Industries Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated that the liquidity position of the company showed varying trend. The debt ratios showed that the company dependency on outside lenders was decreased. With respect to turnover ratios the average inventory and debtors turnover was 4 times and 23.6 times a year. The total assets turn over showed increasing trend. The operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of the share was higher compared to book value were showed increasing trend. The study revealed that for the company Kovilpatti Lakshmi Roller Flour Mills (KLRF) Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated that the liquidity position of the company showed varying trend. The debt ratios showed that the company dependency on outside lenders was decreased. With respect to turnover ratios the average inventory and debtors turnover was 1.7 times and 11.45 times a year. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of the share was higher compared to book value were showed varying trend. The study revealed that for the company Umang Diaries Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated that the liquidity position of the company showed varying trend. The debt ratios showed that the company dependency on outside lenders was decreased. With respect to turnover ratios the average inventory and debtors turnover was 5.8 times and 50.44 times a year. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of the share was higher compared to book value were showed varying trend. The study revealed that for the company Kohinoor foods Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated that the liquidity position of the company was varying. The debt ratios showed that the company dependency on outside lenders was varying. With respect to turnover ratios the average inventory and debtors turnover was 1.16 times and 7.83 times a year. The total assets turn over showed increasing trend. The operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of the share was higher compared to book value were showed increasing trend. xxii The study revealed that for the company Usher Agro Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2013 to 2017) the liquidity ratios indicated that the liquidity position of the company was decreasing. The debt ratios showed that the company dependency on outside lenders was increasing. With respect to turnover ratios the average inventory and debtors turnover was 7.4 times and 3.2 times a year. The total assets turn over showed varying trend. The operating profit margin and net profit margin showed varying trend. Return on investment ratios showed decreasing trend and return on equity showed varying trend. The market value of the share was higher compared to book value were showed varying trend. The study revealed that for the company Rei Agro Limited the financial ratios assessment over a five year period (2012 to 2016) the liquidity ratios indicated that the liquidity position of the company was decreasing. The debt ratios showed that the company dependency on outside lenders was varying. With respect to turnover ratios the average inventory and debtors turnover was 16.79 times and 2.55 times a year. The total assets turn over showed decreasing trend. The operating profit margin and net profit margin showed decreasing trend. Return on investment ratios showed varying trend and return on equity showed decreasing trend. The market value of the share was higher compared to book value were showed decreasing trend. The three subsequent high performing and low performing companies for the year 2013 were Future Consumer Limited, Kwality Limited, Nestle India Limited and KLRF Limited, Kohinoor Foods Limited, Coffee Day Enterprises Limited, for the year 2014 were Future Consumer Limited, Glaxo SmithKline Consumer Healthcare Limited, Kwality Limited and Lakshmi Energy and Foods Limited, KLRF Limited, Coffee Day Enterprises Limited, for the year 2015 were Brittania Industries Limited, ADF Foods Industries Limited, Glaxo SmithKline Consumer Healthcare Limited and Coffee Day Enterprises Limited, Lakshmi Energy and Foods Limited, Rei Agro Limited for the year 2016 were Prabhat Dairy Limited, Brittania Industries Limited, Kwality Limited and Rei Agro Limited, Coffee Day Enterprises Limited, Usher Agro Limited and for the year 2017 were Manpasand Beverages Limited, Brittania Industries Limited, Nestle India Limited and Umang Dairies Limited, Kohinoor Foods Limited, Usher Agro Limited. The results of the logistic regression revealed that there exists a positive relationship between performance of food processing companies with inventory turnover ratio and return on investment. xxiii The selected food processing companies were operating under variable returns to scale. For the year 2107 the average pure technical efficiency score of the food processing companies were ranging between 0.85 and 1.00. From 2008 to 2017 the pure technical inefficiency (PTIE) was lowest in Britannia (2 per cent) followed by companies Nestle India Limited (5 per cent), Glaxo Smithkline Consumer Healthcare Limited (7 per cent), and ADF Food Industries Limited (15 per cent) and the scale inefficiency (SIE) was lowest in Britannia (2 per cent) followed by companies ADF Food Industries Limited (3 per cent), Glaxo Smithkline Consumer Healthcare Limited (4 per cent), Nestle India Limited (6 per cent) and Manpasand Beverages Limited (16 per cent). The stock price of Britannia industries limited and Glaxo SmithKline Consumer Health Care Limited were overvalued while the stock of Nestle India Limited was undervalued. Hence Nestle is a good investment compared to Britannia industries limited and Glaxo SmithKline Consumer Health Care Limited
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF FARMER PRODUCER ORGANISTIONS (FPOs) IN KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) SUNEESHA, G; BHAVANI DEVI, I
    The present study entitled “A Study on Performance of Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh” was intended to examine various economic activities, technical efficiency, marketing practices, price spread and constraints of production and marketing on FPO and non-FPO farms. Kurnool district was purposively selected for present study as the district is having nine actively functioning FPOs (six under NABARD and three under SFAC). The list of the mandals along with corresponding number of FPO farmers was prepared. One mandal from the district with maximum number of FPO farmers was selected purposively. The selected FPO was found xii covering four villages in Dhone mandal. Hence all the four villages in the mandal were purposively selected for present study. All the FPO farmers in selected villages were listed out and 40 farmers were randomly selected. Another sample of 40 non-FPO farmers from the same villages were also randomly selected to serve as a control group. The information related to the present study was collected using a well-defined and pre-tested schedule through personal interview method. Detailed information was collected from the sample farms and it pertained to the agricultural year 2016-2017. Tabular analysis and linear programming technique (DEA) were employed to analyse the set objectives. The average size of the farm was 2.375 ha on FPOs and 2.6 ha on non- FPOs. The per hectare value of assets for FPOs was Rs.13,13,069 and the same for non-FPOs was Rs. 13,35,00. Total human labour utilized was 171 and 161.2 man days per hectare on onion FPO and non-FPO farms. On an average the total cost of cultivation per hectare of onion was Rs. 1,07,958 on FPO farms and Rs. 1,05,031 on non-FPO farms. The price per quintal was more on FPO farms with Rs. 920 compared to Rs.831 on non-FPO farms. The gross income realized on FPO farms was higher with Rs. 1,97,800 as against Rs. 1,61,600 on non-FPO farms., The net income was higher on FPO farms with Rs. 89,842 compared to Rs. 56,568 per hectare on non-FPO onion farms. Total human labour utilized was 104.38 (100 per cent) and 100.4 (100 per cent) man days per hectare on groundnut FPO and non-FPO farms respectively. The total cost of cultivation per hectare of groundnut was Rs. 58,142 on FPO and Rs. 57,526 on non-FPO farms. The price per quintal was slightly more on FPO farms with Rs. 4482 against to Rs.4380 on non- FPO farms. In groundnut the gross income realized on FPO farms was slightly higher with Rs. 78,804 as against Rs. 74,030 on non-FPO farms. The xiii net income was higher on FPO farms with Rs. 20,661 compared to Rs. 16,503 per hectare on non-FPO farms. Between FPO farms and non-FPO farms of onion and groundnut, FPO farms were better off in respect of OTE, PTE and SE than non-FPO farms in both onion and groundnut crops. The analysis of price spread in onion marketing revealed that the producer was getting higher share of consumer’s rupee in Channel I (80.29 per cent) than that of Channel II (58.1 per cent). The same trend was observed in the case of groundnut also, where the producer was getting higher share of consumer’s rupee in Channel I (80.71 per cent) than that of Channel II (78.4 per cent). Major problem putforth by both FPO farmers and non-FPO farmers was labour shortage during the crop growth period. Pests and diseases was another problem as ventilated by 70 per cent of FPO farmers and 72.5 per cent of non-FPO farmers.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF OIL PALM PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING IN EAST GODAVARI DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) SUDHEER VARMA, A; TULASI DAS, V
    The present study entitled “Economic analysis of oil palm production and processing in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken mainly to study costs and returns, economic viability and processing aspects of oil palm and consumer preference for Ruchi Gold palmolein oil. East Godavari district was purposively chosen for the study as it has considerable area of 26,522 hectares under oil palm. All the mandals in East Godavari district growing oil palm orchards were listed out and and arranged in descending order of their area under oil palm cultivation and the top 2 mandals were selected purposively. Two villages from each mandal based on criterion of highest area under oil palm were purposively selected. The list of farmers in the selected villages was prepared and 40 farmers were randomly selected. The information pertaining to the oil palm processing was collected from the selected processing unit located at East Godavari district for the year 2016-17. The primary data regarding the consumer preference for Ruchi Gold palmolein was collected randomly from the 50 consumers using simple random sampling technique. Tabular analysis was used to analyse the costs and returns of oil palm. Project appraisal techniques (NPW, BCR and IRR) were employed to test the economic feasibility of oil palm orchards. An opinion survey was conducted to study the processing and marketing constraints of oil palm xiii processing. Likert’s scale and Garrett’s ranking techniques were used to know the consumer preference for Ruchi Gold palmolein oil. Total labour utilization during economic life span of oil palm orchard stood at 1968.18 man days of which harvesting operation took 734.42 man days (37.31 per cent) followed by watch and ward 506.25 man days (25.72 per cent) and fertilizer application 176.9 man days (8.98 per cent). The oil palm orchadists in the study area spent on an average Rs. 2799460.24 towards the cultivation of one hectare of oil palm during its life span of 25 years. The gross income realized by the oil palm orchardists during its lifespan amounted to Rs. 3916960 per hectare from oil palm fruit bunches from fourth year onwards. The respective net income received by the farmer stood at Rs. 1117499.76. NPV at 12 per cent and 28 percent discount rate for the entire life period was found to be Rs. 386046 and 9889.73 respectively. The benefit-cost ratios were 1.81, 1.58, 1.38, 1.20 and 1.04 at 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28 per cent discount rates respectively. The internal rate of return was found to be 29.30 per cent indicating that the investment on oil palm orchards was economically viable. The main constraint in the cultivation of oil palm was harvesting followed by lack of remunerative market price, lack of availability of labour, high input cost, pests and diseases and lack of HYV and early bearing varieties. The total costs incurred to produce one tonne oil was Rs. 51915.35. The gross and net returns worked out to be Rs. 68,950 and Rs. 17034.65 per tonne of palm oil respectively. Availability and quality of raw material were major processing constraints faced by the oil palm processing industry. Imitations and negative image on oil palm were the major marketing constraints faced by the processing industry. With regard to consumer preference for Ruchi Gold palmolein oil, more than 86 per cent of the respondents had a monthly income below Rs. 10,000. About 80 per cent of the respondents were married. 62 per cent of the respondents were daily labour and 34 per cent were doing small business. 72 per cent of the respondents were using Ruchi Gold palmolein oil for more than 3 years and 76 per cent of the respondents have stated their frequency of purchasing Ruchi Gold palmolein as “weekly”. For 60 per cent of the consumers, retailer was the source of knowledge for purchasing Ruchi Gold palmolein oil and 52 per cent of the respondents consumed 4-6 kgs/ month. Brand image was the most preferred attribute of the Ruchi Gold palm oil. Price was the next attribute to catch the consumer’s attention and then taste element. Colour and aroma were the other attributes that influenced the consumers’ choice.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    STUDY OF PRICE BEHAVIOUR OF SOYBEAN IN MAHARASHTRA STATE
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) WALKE SHIVAJI SUDAM; BHAVANI DEVI, I
    The present study entitled “Study of price behaviour of soybean in Maharashtra state” was undertaken to study the price trends of soybean, price forecasts and to estimate price volatility. The study was conducted in major soybean markets of Maharashtra state. Four markets i.e., Latur, Khamgaon, Hinganghat and Nagpur were selected based on maximum arrivals. The data pertained to the period from 2001-02 to 2017-18. Apart from using simple linear trend method, twelve months ratio to moving average method, ARIMA, ANN, ARCH and GARCH models were also used. There was an increasing trend in the prices of soybean in all the selected markets and were found to be highly significant at 1 per cent level of significance. The annual increase in prices of soybean was found to be highest in Latur market (Rs.14.49 /qtl), whereas lowest in Higanghat market (Rs.12.85 /qtl). In all these markets, the contribution of independent variable time to the change in prices was to the tune of 73 per cent to 77 per cent. There was not much variation in the extent of increase in prices of soybean in the selected markets. xii In all the selected markets, seasonal variation in prices were observed. In Latur market the highest seasonal index was found in May (109.99), whereas lowest seasonal index was recorded in October with 84.89. In Khamgaon market highest seasonal index was found in May (108.63), whereas minimum seasonal index was recorded in October with 89.69. In Nagpur market highest seasonal index in May (108.46), whereas lowest seasonal index was recorded in October with 88.44. In Higanghat market highest seasonal index was found in June (106.32), whereas lowest seasonal index was recorded in October with 92.01. In all the markets the seasonal indices were highest in May and lowest in the month of October. It is inferred from the results of cyclical variations, that there were no cyclical variations of soybean prices in the selected soybean markets of Maharashtra. Irregular fluctuations did not exhibit any definite periodicity in their occurrence in Latur, Khamgaon, Nagpur and Higanghat soybean markets. The results of ARIMA model for soybean in selected markets of Maharashtra indicated that the prices predicted from April to September,2018 would be ranging from Rs.3,680 to Rs.3,744 in Latur market, Rs.3,433 to Rs.3,490 in Khamgaon market, Rs.3,538 to Rs.3,604 in Nagpur market and Rs.3,320 to Rs.3,414 in Higanghat market. With respect to price volatility, the results revealed that there was high volatility in Nagpur and Higanghat markets for soybean prices as the sum of Alpha and Beta values were 0.99 next followed by Latur market (α+β = 0.92) and Khamgaon market (α+β = 0.88) during the period from 2002-03 to 2017-18.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF TOBACCO NURSERIES AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION UNDER SHADE NETS IN VINUKONDA REGION OF GUNTUR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) KESANUPALLI. V.N.S.L. RUPA
    The present study entitled “Economic analysis of tobacco nurseries and vegetable production in Vinukonda region of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh” was intended to examine economics of tobacco nurseries and vegetables, technical efficiency of inputs, resource use efficiency under shade nets and conventional farms, price spread analysis under shade nets and response of the conventional farmers towards shade nets. Guntur district is one of the leading districts in growing tobacco nurseries (White Burley) and vegetables. Five mandals from Guntur district with maximum area under cultivation of tobacco nurseries and vegetables was selected. Based on this criterion, Vinukonda, Nujendla, Bollapalli, Mundlamuru and Ipuru were purposively selected. The selected villages were Bharathapuram, Sivapuram, Chikatigalapalem, Kotappanagar, Yogireddipalem, Tangirala, Kothanagireddipalli, Pathacherukumpalem, Kondramutla, Velaturu and Bheemavaram. There were 16 farmers under shade net cultivation in the selected villages, therefore all the farmers under shade net cultivation were purposively selected. Another sample of 30 conventional farmers from the same villages was also randomly selected to serve as a control group. Based on xv the information given by the farmers, ten wholesalers and ten retailers were randomly selected. The information related to the present study was collected using a well-defined and pre-tested schedule through personal interview method. Detailed information was collected and it pertained to the agricultural year 2017-2018. Apart from simple tabular analysis, Data Envelopment Analysis and Production function analysis were carried out. Total human labour employed was 846.18 and 780.15 man days per hectare by shade net farmers during cycle- 1 and 2 respectively and 285.37 man days on tobacco nurseries by conventional farmers. The total cost of cultivation per hectare of tobacco nursery under shade nets was Rs. 3,27,600.06 and Rs. 3,07,413.22 during cycle- 1 and 2 respectively and Rs. 1,30,113.08 on conventional nurseries. The price per 1000 seedlings was more on shade net nurseries with Rs. 500 in each cycle compared to Rs. 230 on conventional nurseries. The shade net and conventional nurseries realized a gross income of Rs. 17,27,748 and Rs. 17,37,748 during cycle- 1 and 2 (under shade nets) and Rs. 5,32,045.2 respectively. The net income was higher under shade net nurseries with Rs. 14,00,147.94 and Rs. 14,30,334.78 during cycle- 1 and 2 compared to Rs. 4,01,932.53 on conventional nurseries. Total human labour employment was 169.42 and 159.77 man days per hectare under shade nets and conventional tomato farms. The total cost of cultivation per hectare of tomato under shade nets was Rs. 1,14,173.45 and Rs. 80,121.77 on conventional farms. The price per quintal was more under shade nets with Rs. 1150.01 compared to Rs. 593.03 on conventional farms. The shade net and conventional farms realized a gross income of Rs. 2,42,159.37 and Rs. 1,12,681.86 respectively. The net income was higher under shade nets with Rs. 1,27,985.92 compared to Rs. 32,560.09 on conventional farms. On an average 205.73 man days were utilized per hectare by european cucumber. The total cost of cultivation per hectare of european cucumber was Rs. 2,61,816.20. The price per quintal was Rs. 1325.01. European cucumber farms realized a gross income of Rs. 3,96,034.38. The net income was high with Rs. 1,34,218.08. Total human labour employment in the cultivation of capsicum was 100.44 man days per hectare respectively. The total cost of cultivation per hectare of capsicum was Rs. 1,38,020.38. The price per quintal was Rs. 2400.23. Capsicum farms realized a gross income and net income of Rs. 2,10,764.64 and Rs. 72,744.36 respectively. On an average 110.59 man days were utilized per hectare by cabbage. The total cost of cultivation per hectare of cabbage was Rs. 83,150.47. The price per quintal was Rs. 730.02. Cabbage farms realized a gross income and net income of Rs. 1,63,211.21 and Rs. 80,060.74 respectively. xvi Total human labour requirement for the cultivation of green chilli was 119.89 man days per hectare. The total cost of cultivation per hectare of green chilli was Rs. 79,664.28. The price per quintal was Rs. 2500. Green chilli farms realized a gross income and net income of Rs. 1,45,025 and Rs. 65,360.72 respectively. Spinach was cultivated under two cycles. Each cycle lasts for about two months. On an average 78.41 and 56.2 man days were utilized during cycle- 1 and 2 per hectare by spinach. The total cost of cultivation per hectare of spinach was Rs. 37,637.63 and Rs. 25,910.38 during cycle- 1 and 2 respectively. The price per quintal was Rs. 700 and Rs. 750 during cycle- 1 and 2 respectively. Spinach farms realized a gross income of Rs. 70,441 and Rs. 60,000 during cycle- 1 and 2 respectively. The net income was Rs. 32,803.37 and Rs. 34089.62 during the corresponding cycles. The technical efficiency of inputs in the production of tobacco nurseries and vegetables under shade nets were identified by using DEA analysis. Between tobacco nurseries and vegetables, tobacco nurseries were better off in all aspects of OTE, PTE and SE. Among vegetables capsicum was superior to european cucumber and tomato in respect of PTE and SE. Resource use efficiency analysis on conventional farms indicated that there was under utilization of fertilizers both on tobacco nurseries and tomato farms. Under utilization of human labour was noticed in the case of tobacco nurseries whereas it was machine power on tomato farms. Price spread analysis under shade nets indicated that producer's share in consumer's rupee was higher under channel III compared to channel II. Marketing costs for producer were completely absent under shade nets. Tobacco seedlings were directly sold to the consumer through which farmers received cent per cent share in consumer's price. Higher share in consumer's rupee was found in tomato followed by green chilli, spinach, capsicum, cabbage and european cucumber. Price spread was relatively more in channel II compared to channel III for green chilli followed by european cucumber, capsicum, cabbage, tomato and spinach. The major response of the conventional farmers towards shade nets as revealed by the opinion survey was remunerative price for their produce, reduced expenditure on weeding, scope of year round cultivation, efficient use of inputs, good quality produce with longer shelf life, pests and disease resistance, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, favorable micro-climate suitable for plant growth and good germination percentage
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ECONOMICS OF TOBACCO AND OTHER MAJOR CROPS IN WEST GODAVARI DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) ROHINDRA KUMAR, M; CHALAM, GV
    The present study entitled “Economics of tobacco and other major crops in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh” was intended to examine costs and returns of FCV tobacco and other major crops and also to assess technical efficiency of inputs in the production of FCV tobacco and other major crops. West Godavari is the leading district of Andhra Pradesh in the cultivation of FCV tobacco with an area 22,380 hectares. Hence, West Godavari district was purposively selected for present study. All the mandals of west Godavari district growing FCV tobacco were identified initially. The top five mandals based on area criterion was purposively selected. The mandals selected were Devarapalli, Gopalpuram, Koilyagudem, JRG-1 and JRG-2. The list of model villages in each mandal was prepared and one village from each mandal based on the criterion of highest area under FCV tobacco was purposively selected. The list of other than the model villages in the selected mandals having area under FCV tobacco was prepared and one village from each mandal was purposively selected based on the highest area criterion. xiii The list of farmers in the selected model villages was prepared and forty farmers were randomly selected. Analogously the list of farmers from the selected villages (other than model villages) growing FCV tobacco was prepared and forty farmers were randomly selected. For selecting the farmers growing other major crops the list of the farmers growing the said crops in all the selected eight villages was prepared and 40 farmers were selected randomly. The information related to the present study was collected using a well-defined and pre-tested schedule through personal interview method. Detailed information was collected and it pertained to the agricultural year 2016-2017. Tabular analysis and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) were employed to analyse the set objectives. Total human labour employed was 211.32 and 237.10 mandays per hectare of FCV tobacco on model and general village farms respectively. On an average the total cost of cultivation per hectare of FCV tobacco was Rs. 205906.58 on model village farms and Rs. 228749.84 on general village farms. The price per quintal of tobacco was in model village farms with Rs. 11600.00 compared to Rs. 11500.00 on general village farms. The gross income realized as well as general village farms more or less the same with Rs. 278400.00 as against Rs. 264500.00 on general village farms. Net income realized was higher on model village farms recording Rs. 72493.42 against Rs. 35750.16 by general village farms. Total human labour requirement was 105.98 (100%), 60.44 (100%) and 167.21 (100%) man days per hectare for paddy, maize and sugarcane respectively. The total cost of cultivation per hectare of paddy in Rs. 105219.86, Rs. 83286.46 on maize farms and Rs. 165970.86 on sugarcane farms. In sugarcane the gross income was realized higher with Rs. 201250 as against Rs. 139745 on paddy farms and Rs. 115187.50 on maize farms. Net income too exhibited similar trend, with sugarcane farms recording Rs. 35279.14 against Rs. 34525.14 on paddy farms and Rs. 31901.04 on maize farms. The technical efficiency of inputs in the production of FCV tobacco and other major crops were identified by using DEA analysis. Model village tobacco farms were better off in respect of overall technical efficiency (76 per cent) and pure technical efficiency (88 per cent), while, general farms were relatively better off in respect of scale efficiency (87 per cent). Between tobacco farms and other major crop farms, tobacco farmers were better off regarding all efficiency i.e. OTE, PTE and SE. The inputs wastage was also identified for the FCV tobacco farms on model village and general village farms which showed the overall wastage of inputs per hectare of FCV tobacco was higher on general village farms compared to model village farms considering overall technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    A STUDY ON IMPACT OF MUTUALLY AIDED COOPERATIVE SOCIETY (MACS) IN ANANTHAPUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) RAFI, D; BHAVANI DEVI, I
    The present study entitled “A Study on Impact of Mutually Aided Cooperative Society (MACS) in Ananthapur District of Andhra Pradesh” was intended to examine various economic activities, factors influencing member participation, income distribution among members and identification of new business plans on MACS and non-MACS farms. Ananthapur district was purposively selected for present study as it is the leading district in Rayalaseema regarding mutually aided cooperative societies (MACS) where 3472 mutually aided cooperative societies exist. The list of the mandals along with corresponding number of MACS farmers was prepared. One mandal from the district with maximum number of MACS farmers was selected purposively. The list of 25 villages covered by the MACS in selected mandal was prepared and 10 villages were randomly selected for the present study. The selected villages were Bugnepalli, Cherllopalli, Chapatla, Kothapalli.G, Gangulaguntla, Gollapalli, Gandlaparthy, Pallabavi, Pallacharla, Marrur from Rapthadu mandal. All the MACS farmers in selected villages were listed out and 60 farmers were randomly selected. Another sample of 40 non-MACS farmers from the same villages were also randomly selected to serve as a control group. The information related to the present study was collected xiii using a well-defined and pre-tested schedule through personal interview method. Detailed information was collected and it pertained to the agricultural year 2016-2017. Tabular analysis, Garrett’s ranking technique and Gini ratio were employed to analyse the set objectives. The average size of the farm was 4.68 ha on MACS and 5.12 ha on non-MACS. The per hectare value of assets for MACS farms was Rs. 10,87,554 and the same for non-MACS farms was Rs. 11,65,816. Total human labour was 75.75 and 72.50 man days per hectare on groundnut MACS farms and control farms. On an average the total cost of cultivation per hectare of groundnut was Rs. 46,883 on MACS and Rs. 47,699 on non-MACS farms. The price per quintal was more on MACS farms with Rs. 4,450 compared to Rs. 3,950 on non-MACS farms. The gross income realized on MACS farms was slightly higher with Rs. 71,195 as against Rs. 70,697 on non-MACS farms. Net income too exhibited similar trend, with MACS recording Rs. 24,312 against Rs. 22,998 by non-MACS groundnut farms. Total human labour was 45.40 and 49.00 man days per hectare on redgram MACS farms and redgram control farms. The total cost of cultivation per hectare of redgram was Rs. 25,216 on MACS and Rs. 25,605 on non-MACS farms. The price per quintal was slightly more on MACS farms with Rs. 5,450 compared to Rs. 4,900 on non-MACS farms. In redgram the gross income realized on MACS farms was slightly higher with Rs. 34,264 as against Rs. 29,091 on non-MACS farms. Net income too exhibited similar trend, with MACS recording Rs. 9,048 against Rs. 3,486 by non-MACS farms. The factors influencing the member participation in MACS were identified and presented by using Garrett’s rank technique. The major factor that was reported by the selected members was subsidized seed from Accion Fraterna (A.F). Avoiding middlemen while disposing the produce in the MACS was the next major factor influencing member participation. The Gini coefficient ratios for the households of MACS and non-MACS were 0.451 and 0.465 respectively. The Gini coefficient value was relatively less for households of MACS members against the members of non-MACS. The relatively low Gini coefficient ratio indicates that there were relatively less imbalance in the distribution of income among the members of MACS over those in non-MACS.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    ECONOMICS OF TOBACCO AND OTHER MAJOR CROPS IN PRAKASAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
    (Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, 2018) PRUTHVI KUMAR, K; CHALAM, GV
    The present study entitled “Economics of tobacco and other major crops in Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh” was intended to examine costs and returns of FCV tobacco and other major crops and also to assess technical efficiency of inputs in the production of FCV tobacco and other major crops. Prakasam district was purposively selected for present study as it is one of the leading districts in production of FCV tobacco. The top four mandals with maximum area under cultivation of FCV tobacco and two villages (one model village and one general village) from each mandal based on criterion of highest area under FCV tobacco was purposively selected. The selected villages were Narasayapalem, Lingamgunta, Vennuru, Chowdavaram, Vardinenipalem, Chinthapalem, Chekurupadu and N.G. Padu. All the farmers in selected model villages were listed out and 40 farmers were randomly selected. Another sample of 40 farmers from the general villages were also randomly selected to serve as a control group. For selecting the farmers growing other major crops, the list of the farmers xii growing other major crops from all the selected eight villages were prepared and 40 farmers were selected randomly. The information related to the present study was collected using a well-defined and pre-tested schedule through personal interview method. Detailed information was collected and it pertained to the agricultural year 2016-2017. Tabular analysis and Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) were employed to analyse the set objectives. Total human labour employed was 219.83 and 234.45 man days per hectare of FCV tobacco on model and general village farms respectively. On an average the total cost of cultivation per hectare of FCV tobacco was Rs. 143840 on model village farms and Rs. 153478 on general village farms. The price per quintal of tobacco was higher in model villages with Rs. 8750 compared to Rs. 8500 in general villages. The gross income realized on general village farms as well as model village farms with Rs. 192500 and Rs. 184875 respectively. Net income realized was higher on model village farms recording Rs. 48659.44 against Rs. 31396.73 by general village farms. Total human labour requirement was 34.62, 35.51 and 549.03 man days per hectare for bengalgram, redgram and chilli respectively. The total cost of cultivation per hectare of bengalgram was Rs. 65099.9, Rs. 43991.48 on redgram farms and Rs. 270442.33 on chilli farms. In chilli the gross income realized was higher with Rs. 309375 as against Rs. 103155 on bengalgram farms and Rs. 51875 on redgram farms. Net income too exhibited similar trend, with chilli farms recording Rs. 38932.67 against Rs. 38055.10 on bengalgram farms and Rs. 7883.52 on redgram farms. The technical efficiency of inputs in the production of FCV tobacco and other major crops were identified by using DEA analysis. Model village tobacco farms were better off in respect of overall technical efficiency (93%) and pure technical efficiency (95%), while, general farms were relatively better off respect of scale efficiency (99%). Between tobacco farms and other major crop farms, tobacco farmers were better off regarding all efficiencies i.e. OTE, PTE and SE.