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Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur
The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established on 12th June 1964 at Hyderabad.
The University was formally inaugurated on 20th March 1965 by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India. Another significant milestone was the inauguration of the building programme of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi,the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India on 23rd June 1966.
The University was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on 7th November 1996 in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga, who rendered remarkable selfless service for the cause of farmers and is regarded as an outstanding educationist, kisan leader and freedom fighter.
HISTORICAL MILESTONE
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) was established under the name of Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) on the 12th of June 1964 through the APAU Act 1963. Later, it was renamed as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University on the 7th of November, 1996 in honour and memory of the noted Parliamentarian and Kisan Leader, Acharya N. G. Ranga. At the verge of completion of Golden Jubilee Year of the ANGRAU, it has given birth to a new State Agricultural University namely Prof. Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University with the bifurcation of the state of Andhra Pradesh as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014. The ANGRAU at LAM, Guntur is serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication.
Genesis of ANGRAU in service of the farmers
1926: The Royal Commission emphasized the need for a strong research base for agricultural development in the country...
1949: The Radhakrishnan Commission (1949) on University Education led to the establishment of Rural Universities for the overall development of agriculture and rural life in the country...
1955: First Joint Indo-American Team studied the status and future needs of agricultural education in the country...
1960: Second Joint Indo-American Team (1960) headed by Dr. M. S. Randhawa, the then Vice-President of Indian Council of Agricultural Research recommended specifically the establishment of Farm Universities and spelt out the basic objectives of these Universities as Institutional Autonomy, inclusion of Agriculture, Veterinary / Animal Husbandry and Home Science, Integration of Teaching, Research and Extension...
1963: The Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) Act enacted...
June 12th 1964: Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University (APAU) was established at Hyderabad with Shri. O. Pulla Reddi, I.C.S. (Retired) was the first founder Vice-Chancellor of the University...
June 1964: Re-affilitation of Colleges of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Hyderabad (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Osmania University), Agricultural College, Bapatla (estt. in 1945, affiliated to Andhra University), Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati and Andhra Veterinary College, Tirupati (estt. in 1961, affiliated to Sri Venkateswara University)...
20th March 1965: Formal inauguration of APAU by Late Shri. Lal Bahadur Shastri, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
1964-66: The report of the Second National Education Commission headed by Dr. D.S. Kothari, Chairman of the University Grants Commission stressed the need for establishing at least one Agricultural University in each Indian State...
23, June 1966: Inauguration of the Administrative building of the university by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, the then Hon`ble Prime Minister of India...
July, 1966: Transfer of 41 Agricultural Research Stations, functioning under the Department of Agriculture...
May, 1967: Transfer of Four Research Stations of the Animal Husbandry Department...
7th November 1996: Renaming of University as Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University in honour and memory of an outstanding parliamentarian Acharya Nayukulu Gogineni Ranga...
15th July 2005: Establishment of Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) bifurcating ANGRAU by Act 18 of 2005...
26th June 2007: Establishment of Andhra Pradesh Horticultural University (APHU) bifurcating ANGRAU by the Act 30 of 2007...
2nd June 2014 As per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act 2014, ANGRAU is now...
serving the students and the farmers of 13 districts of new State of Andhra Pradesh with renewed interest and dedication...
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ThesisItem Open Access SUSTAINABILITY OF CHICKPEA FARMERS IN ADOPTING Y.S.R. FREE CROP INSURANCE SCHEME IN PRAKASAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, 2023-11-08) KATARI AYODHYA RAMAIAH; V. SITARAMBABUCrop insurance provides the financial support to the farmers in the events of failure of crops due to natural calamities, pests and diseases. It stabilizes income of farmers during various uncertainties which farmer encounters during production and marketing of crop. Y.S.R Free Crop Insurance Scheme was launched on December 2020, is the crop insurance scheme currently availing in Andhra Pradesh without any premium charged from farmers and covers around 15 lakh farmers, claiming ₹ 1820.23 crores for around 56 lakh hectares of land covering around 22 notified crops. Andhra Pradesh is one of the leading states in chickpea cultivation with an area of 0.46 million hectares, production of 0.56 million tonnes and productivity of about 1218 kg/ha. Among 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, Prakasam district occupied second position with an area of 0.092 million hectares, production of 0.138 million tonnes and productivity around 1494 kg/ha. Multistage purposive sampling technique was adopted for selection of sample at different levels of State, district, mandals and villages, thereafter simple random sampling was employed for selection of farmers. Trends of climatic variability analysed by Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator revealed that variation in monthly values of maximum temperature was in the range of 27.10C to 46.40C, whereas, the same for minimum temperature is between 10.10C to 26.70C. The Compound Annual Growth Rate revealed that there was significant and positive growth rate of area, production and productivity of chickpea in Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh was reflected by 11.38, 13.18 and 1.62, from 1990-91 to 2020-21. The Farmer Sustainability Index values ranged between 23.81 to 71.43, with mean value of 51.50. Among the sampled farmers only eight farmers were found sustainable which fall in the range of >70.00 on a scale of 0 – 100 while, majority of farmers 59 were found to be intermediate sustainable which fall in the range of 50.10 – 70.00. Data Envelopment Analysis results revealed that the mean technical efficiency score of chickpea production before availing the Y.S.R Free Crop Insurance Scheme was 0.895, but after availing the Scheme was 0.911. Mean TECRS (overall technical efficiency) and mean scale efficiency were found increased for the farmers after availing Y.S.R Free Crop Insurance Scheme. Results from Analysis of Covariance model revealed that crop insurance (0.0414), educational level (0.0346), and access to extension agents (0.1505) had exerted positively significant influence on technical efficiency of chickpea farmers. The major challenges faced by farmers in adopting Y.S.R Free Crop Insurance Scheme were lack of awareness, do not covered the farmer who make no visits to RBKs and delay in claim settlementsThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF INLAND FISH PRODUCTION IN WEST GODAVARI DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(2023-11-08) MANGALAPURI PAVANI; K. S. R. PAULIndia is the third largest fish-producing and second largest aquaculture nation in the world after China which has a capacity of about 14.16 Metric million tonnes of fish production per annum. The percentage contribution of the fisheries sector to the Indian economy and Agriculture sector are 1.24 per cent and 7.28 per cent (GVA) respectively. In India, Andhra Pradesh is the highest inland fish-producing state with a production of 3.61 million tonnes and with an area of 0.33 million hectares. In Andhra Pradesh, West Godavari district was the leading producer of inland fisheries with 1.28 million tonnes and area of 0.06 million hectares. In the study area, different types of inland fish species were cultivating by the farmers. The major species growing are Rohu (Labeo rohita), Catla(Catla catla), Mrigal(Cirrhinus mrigala), Silver Carp (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix), Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and Pangasius(Pangasius pangasius). In order to understand whether inland fish farming is economically viable for inland fish farmers in West Godavari district, it is prudent to conduct a study on “Economic Appraisal of Inland Fish Production in West Godavari District of Andhra Pradesh”. A multistage sampling design was adopted for the selection of 90 sample respondents. Primary and Secondary data were collected and analyzed by using descriptive statistics, growth rates, profitable ratios, economic appraisal techniques, stochastic frontier production function and Garrett’s ranking technique. The growth rates revealed that the area and production of inland fisheries in Andhra Pradesh were growing significantly and the major share of GVA of fish production in Agricultural GDP was increased during the study period (2011-12 to 2019-20). The total cost of fish farming was Rs.597123.16/ha from xiii that the major cost occupied by the variable costs (Rs. 407105.87/ha) followed by the fixed costs (Rs.1,90,017.29/ha). The Break-even analysis showed profitability. The profitable ratios like ROR were 0.13, ESR was 0.45 and GRR was 0.80 which were found economically viable. The NPV was Rs.3,08,056.10/ha which was positive and greater than zero. The BCR was 1.09 which was greater than the one. The IRR was 31.12 per cent which was greater that the existing interest rate i.e., 10 per cent. Hence, investment was considered as economically viable for inland fish farmers. The stochastic frontier production function was employed to estimate factors influencing. It concluded that fingerlings and labour-man days showed positively significant at one per cent and 10 per cent levels respectively, while the cost of fertilizer was negatively significant at one per cent level. In the inefficiency factors, age was positively significant at one per cent while, education and extension contacts showed negatively significant at one per cent level. The main constraints faced by the inland fish farmers were the non-availability of quality fingerlings, high disease attacks, and high cost of feed. By making availability of quality fish fingerlings to inland fish farmers the establishment of standardized and regulated fish fingerlings agencies to certify the quality of fish fingerlings.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF A.N.G.R.A.U RELEASED RICE VARIETIES IN GODAVARI ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH.(2023-10-12) SANDRA PRASANTHI; K. SUSEELAIndia is the world's second largest producer of rice. India has 439.03 lakh hectares of area with a production of 1158.9 lakh tonnes and with a productivity of 2647 kg ha-1 (TE 2019-20). The major rice-growing states are West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Bihar, and Chhattisgarh, which collectively produce 75 per cent of India’s rice and constituting 72 per cent of the nation’s rice growing area. In India, Andhra Pradesh stands third in rice production. It is a leading rice producer with a production of 12 per cent of total rice produced in the country. Andhra Pradesh has 22.61 lakh hectares of area under rice with a production of 129.18 lakh tonnes and with a productivity of 5711 kg ha-1 (TE 2019-20). Godavari zone is considered as rice bowl of Andhra Pradesh due to high fertile soils in Godavari delta. In Godavari zone, rice is grown in 7.81 lakh hectares with a production of 51.17 lakh tonnes with a productivity of 6552 kg ha-1 (TE 2019-20). In Godavari zone, Swarna (MTU-7029) is the leading rice variety in kharif season. Swarna (MTU-7029) is cultivated in 1.85 lakh ha (51.67 per cent). In order, further to understand whether the Swarna (MTU-7029) has any significant impact on yield and income of famers in Godavari zone it is prudent to conduct study on “Impact Assessment of A.N.G.R.A.U Released Rice varieties in Godavari Zone”. Multistage sampling design was adopted for the selection of sample and the total sample was 160 respondents comprising of 80 adopters and 80 non-adopters. Primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed by using xiii descriptive statistics, logistic regression, tobit regression, decomposition analysis and Garrett’s ranking technique. The logistic regression showed that the determinants for adoption of Swarna (MTU-7029) rice variety in kharif season was positively influenced by education, labour availability, average annual farm income and yield. The tobit model revealed that the extent of adoption of Swarna (MTU-7029) rice variety in kharif season was positively influenced by education, seed availability and yield. The decomposition analysis was used to study the impact of Swarna (MTU-7029) rice variety on yield and income of the farmers. The results indicated that i) the per hectare yield of Swarna (MTU-7029) rice variety of adopter farmers was 26.53 per cent higher than that of non-adopter farmers. The technology component contributed 18.04 per cent and the difference in levels of input use between the two groups contributed 8.48 per cent to the total increase in output. ii) the per hectare income of Swarna (MTU-7029) variety of adopters was 15.15 per cent higher than the non-adopter respondents. The technology component contributed 9.35 per cent to the total increase in income. Input use to the total income difference between the two groups was 5.80 per cent. The contributions in cultivation of Swarna variety in Godavari zone, the share in GVA and GDDP were 1.21 and 1.01 per cents respectively. At state level, the share in AGVA, GVA, GDSP were 0.70, 0.20 and 0.22 per cents respectively. The main constraints faced by the farmers in the adoption of Swarna (MTU-7029) rice variety were lack of Swarna seed availability on right time, Swarna variety is susceptible to lodging. Considering the high demand for Swarna (MTU-7029) seed during kharif season sufficient quantity of seed should be made available at the A.N.G.R.A.U seed outlets. The extension networks of A.N.G.R.A.U should penetrate much deeper into the farming societies and increase the awareness on adoption of Swarna (MTU-7029) rice variety through high promotion at digital and print media.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF A.N.G.R.A.U RELEASED SALINE RESISTANT RICE VARIETIES IN KRISHNA DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2023-10-12) TEJASRI BALLA; B. APARNAIndia has the world’s largest area under rice cultivation i.e., about 430 million hectare and the second highest production i.e., about 110 million tonnes at productivity of 2.56 t ha-1 as per 2019-20 statistics. The leading rice producing states are West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. West Godavari, East Godavari and Krishna are three most important rice producing districts in Andhra Pradesh. The major constraints of production accounts mainly due to biotic/abiotic constraints, which hinder the cropping system affecting crop production. Salinity is one of the most critical abiotic constraints which obstruct production in many areas. India harbours 2.95 million hectares of saline area and Andhra Pradesh stands at 7th place in India with a share of 6.2 % of total saline soil. Krishna district stands first in the saline soil coverage in Andhra Pradesh with 42,796 ha out of 77598 ha. The two major saline resistant rice varieties which are widely being cultivated in Krishna district are MTU-1061 (2006) and MCM-100 (2018). The research study entitled “Impact Assessment Of A.N.G.R.A.U Released Saline Resistant Rice Varieties in Krishna District Of Andhra Pradesh” was taken up. Three stage Purposive and probability proportion to size sampling technique was adopted for the study. Andhra Pradesh and Krishna district were selected purposively for the study. Two mandals and two villages were selected based on the highest area under coverage with saline resistant rice varieties. From each village, based on probability proportionate to size, a representative sample of 70 adopters and 140 non-adopters of saline resistant rice variety, MTU-1061 were selected, making a total sample of 210.The data pertains to the year 2021-22. Primary and secondary data were collected and analysed using descriptive xiii statistics, compound growth rates, annual growth rates, data envelopment analysis, propensity score matching, contingent valuation method and Garrett’s ranking technique. In Krishna district, BPT-5204 rice variety has highest area coverage with 164961 ha with a share of 64.18 per cent. While the saline resistant rice varieties, MTU-1061 has a coverage of 14676 ha and MCM-100 has a coverage of 1082 hectares out of the total rice cultivated area of 256994 ha. The results of Markov chain analysis showed that there has been a notable shift from high yielding varieties MTU-7029 and BPT-5204 to MTU-1061, by 88.1 per cent and 36.6 per cent respectively over the period, 2010-2020 in Krishna district. The data envelopment analysis results showed that the mean scores of technical, allocative and economic efficiency for adopters and non-adopters were 0.871, 0.748, 0.648 and 0.669, 0.634, 0.425 respectively. The average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) analysed from propensity score matching method was observed as 11.72-12.71 quintals/ha for yield and Rs19705.69 – Rs 20946.59 per ha for net income. The contingent valuation method results showed that the mean willingness to pay for adopters and non-adopters was Rs 1267.06 and Rs 976.02 for one bag of saline resistant rice variety seed. The problems faced by non-adopters of saline resistant rice varieties were, relatively higher price of seed, high input cost, pest and disease infestation and inadequate supply of seed in local markets, etc. Due to severe salinity, the sample farmers are willing to shift to aquaculture due to low yields from the conventional varieties. Agriculture department should act as a catalyst in educating the farmers regarding saline resistant rice varieties. The seed price of the saline resistant rice varieties is relatively higher than local and conventional varieties, it is recommended to make the prices of the saline resistant rice seed, more affordable to the farmers. The rice varieties under study were bred with the intent of salinity resistance, yet it was observed that they remained susceptible to several pests and diseases. In this regard, an extensive breeding programme to develop multi-faceted resistance against all extraneous threats is suggestible.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON PADDY PRODUCTION AND MARKETING IN WEST GODAVARI DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(ACHARYA NG RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2023-07-13) ANTHONY, REMALLI; SUSEELA, K.The sudden imposition of the lockdown, with very little grounding or scheduling, has impacted agriculture and the food systems in many different ways. Rice is an important food crop and it has greater economic importance among the food crops, rice was majorly affected by the restrictions during COVID-19 since the harvesting period coincided with the restrictions on the movement of people and machinery. Andhra Pradesh is the major rice-producing state in India, especially West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh with highest area of 1.7 million hectares, with a production of 2.65 million tonnes production and with 6723 kg ha-1 productivity (Agricultural Statistics at a glance, 2019-2020) too got affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The problems Viz., lack of accessibility to market, timely and non-availability of inputs, high wage rate and scarcity of labour due to social distancing measures, high transporting costs and restrictions on transport, high input cost and non-availability of the required information on price in other markets were also experienced by the rice farmers of West Godavari district. Keeping in view of the above problems the research study was designed “Impact analysis of covid-19 pandemic on paddy production and marketing in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh” with the following objectives examined the factors determining paddy production and marketing during COVID-19 regime. 1. to study the socio-economic conditions of the paddy farmers. 2. to analyse the factors determining production and marketing of paddy during COVID-19 Regime. 3. to analyse the challenges faced by the farmers both in paddy production and marketing during COVID-19 regime. 4. to suggest the coping strategies to be followed by the farmers during COVID-19 regime. Multistage sampling design was used for selection of sample at different levels of district, mandal and village for the present study. West Godavari district that positions highest paddy production in Andhra Pradesh was selected. Three mandals were selected based on the highest area under paddy cultivation from West Godavari district were Tadepalligudem, Ungutur, Pentapadu. Two villages with xi maximum area of paddy and production were selected from each mandal, thus making a total of six villages selected for the present study. Twenty farmers from each of the selected villages were randomly selected, thus comprising a total of 120 farmers from six villages for collecting necessary information related to the objectives of the present research study. The data pertains to the year 2019-20. Primary and secondary data were collected and analysed through tabular analysis using descriptive statistics, ordinal logistic regression and Garrett’s ranking technique were followed. Socio-economic conditions of the paddy farmers were analysed by using descriptive statistics and results revealed that the majority of the respondents were belonged to age 31-50 years category. About 22.50 percent of the respondents were illiterate, majority of the respondents were belonged to primary school and high school i.e., 57.50 per cent, 20 per cent were in high school category. Majority of the respondents i.e., 71.67 per cent were had the experience between 11-30 years, it was observed that 85 per cent of the respondents belongs to the nuclear family. Half of the respondents were belonged to small size (1-4) family i.e., 50.83 per cent followed by 34.17 per cent belonged to medium size (5-7). Average annual income of the farmer respondents per year from the paddy crop was about 40.93 per cent of the total household annual income. From agricultural labour it was about 38.98 per cent. The average annual income of the farmer respondents from other occupations was about 20.10 per cent of the total household annual income. Large portion of the respondents were belonged to marginal (<1 ha) and small (1 ha – 2 ha) category i.e., 20.83 percent and 38.33 percent respectively. About 20.83 per cent of respondents were tenants. Among the respondents, 65.00 per cent were agricultural labour and 17.50 per cent of the respondents were involved in dairy activities as secondary occupation. About 57.50 per cent of the sample farmers had access to institutional credit and 50.83 per cent of the farmers had access to non-institutional credit. Significant source of water structure of rice crop was observed to be canals 88.11 per cent followed by bore wells 11.71 per cent. The factors determining production of paddy during COVID-19 regime was analysed using ordinal logistic regression and results revealed that the availability of machinery to the farmers had positive marginal effect implies that, other things remains constant, a unit increase in availability of machinery the probability of being in the low yield loss category was increased by about 26.06 per cent, whereas, the probability of being in medium and high yield loss category was decreased by about 7.87 per cent and 18.17 per cent respectively. The shortage of the inputs to the farmers had negative marginal effect implies that, other things remain constant, a unit increase in shortage of inputs the probability of being in low yield loss category was reduced by 11.58 per cent, whereas, the probability of being in medium and high yield loss level was increased by 3.75 per cent and 7.82 per cent respectively. The increase in wage rate of labour had negative marginal effect implies that, other things remain constant, a unit increase in wage rate of labour the probability of being in low yield loss category was reduced by 78.41 per cent, whereas, the probability of being in medium and high yield loss category was increased by 41.20 per cent and 37.20 per cent xii respectively. The labour scarcity had negative marginal effect implies that, other things remain constant, a unit increase in labour scarcity the probability of being in low yield loss level was reduced by 78.21 per cent, whereas, the probability of being in medium and high yield loss category was increased by about 19.63 per cent and 58.59 per cent respectively. The increase in cost of inputs had negative marginal effect implies that, other things remain constant, a unit increase in cost of inputs the probability of being in low yield loss level was reduced by about 16.30 per cent, whereas, the probability of being in medium and high yield loss category was increased by about 7.68 per cent and 8.62 per cent respectively. Marginal effects of education, extension contacts, experience and size of the land holding implies that, other things remain constant, a unit increase in education, extension contacts, experience and size of the land holding increase the probability of being low yield loss category by about 6.22 per cent, 16.37 per cent, 0.58 per cent and 0.78 per cent respectively. The factors determining marketing of paddy during COVID-19 regime was analysed using ordinal logistic regression and results revealed that the non-availability of storage facility had negative marginal effect implies that, other things remain constant, a unit increase in non-availability of storage facility the probability of being in low income loss level decrease by 24.89 per cent, whereas, the probability of being in medium and high income loss level increased by about 9.36 per cent and 15.53 per cent respectively. The restrictions on movement of produce had negative marginal effect implies that, other things remain constant, a unit increase in restrictions on movement of produce the probability of being in low-income loss level decreased by 82.89 per cent, whereas, the probability of being in medium and high-income loss level increased by about 49.36 per cent and 33.53 per cent respectively. The labour scarcity had negative marginal effect implies that, other things remain constant, a unit increase in labour scarcity the probability of being in low-income loss level decreased by 37.36 per cent, whereas, the probability of being medium and high-income loss level increased by about 16.01 per cent and 21.35 per cent respectively. The availability of transportation facility had positive marginal effect implies that, other things remain constant, a unit increase in availability of transportation facility the probability of being in low-income loss level increased by 17.64 per cent, whereas, the probability of being medium and high-income loss level decreased by about 2.70 per cent and 14.94 per cent respectively. The access to market information had positive marginal effect implies that, other things remain constant, a unit increase in access to market information the probability of being in low-income loss level increased by 30.81 per cent, whereas, the probability of being in medium and high-income loss level decreased by about 15.65 per cent and 46.46 per cent respectively. Challenges faced by farmers both in paddy production and marketing during the COVID-19 regime were analysed by using Garretts ranking technique and results revealed that major were high input cost (rank I) followed by High wage rate of labour (rank II), High Transportation cost (rank III), Delay in crediting the amount by govt. after procurement (rank IV) and Nonavailability of farm labour (rank V). Constraints can be mitigated with the following suggestions xiii i.e., Government should make arrangements to establish custom hiring centers on cluster basis and thus, enable the farmer to mechanize the farm operations, Government should make arrangements to provide adequate inputs to the farmers through Rythu Bharosa Kendras (RBKs) at judicious time and prices, periodical trainings should be provided to the farmers on low-cost mechanization techniques developed by various research agencies, labour scarcity issue should be addressed by diverting MGNREGA workers towards farm operations, Government should promote Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in a big way to disseminate correct and reliable market information to the farmer in right time, Government should encourage the construction of scientific warehouse facilities at rural/mandal level and these should be integrated to e-NAM for efficient marketing, Government should promote marketing linkages by establishing paddy FPOs and linking these FPOs with e-NAM there by promoting online marketing of paddy, farmers should enter into contractual arrangements with the millers/processors so as to procure the farm produce at farm gate in view of COVID-19 pandemic, link roads should be strengthened to transport the produce efficiently to the nearby markets.ThesisItem Open Access ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY MISSION (NFSM) - PULSES PROGRAMME IN PRAKASAM DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(ACHARYA NG RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, 2023-07-14) SRI SAI AKHILA PRATHYUSHA, RAVIPATI; SUSEELA, K.Pulses are an important source of dietary protein for developing and under developed countries. Farmers in India are known to cultivate more than a dozen and a half pulse crops for consumption in various seasons across the country. In India, per cent share of pulses to the total food-grain basket in terms of area and production was 19.62 and 16.55 per cent, respectively, during 1950-51. From 1950-51 to 2006-07, the total acreage under pulses had almost been stagnated. As a result of stagnant pulse production and continuous increase in population, the per capita availability of pulses has decreased considerably. Due to this, during XIth Plan (2007-08 Rabi), in pursuance of the resolution adopted in the 53rd meeting of National Development Council, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme on National Food Security Mission was launched. In India, pulses are grown in 29.4 million ha area with a production of 23.92 million tonnes and with a productivity of 816 kg ha-1. The current initiative is an effort to bridge the above gap between production and consumption. In Andhra Pradesh, production of pulses is less than one million tonnes (0.96 MT) and the productivity is also less even after implementing NFSM-Pulses programme which needs critical examination. Hence, the present study on “Analysis of National Food Security Mission (NFSM) - Pulses programme in Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh” was designed. The present investigation was to study all factors which affect the participation of farmers in NFSM-Pulses programme and also to identify the constraints faced by farmers in implementation of NFSM-Programme, besides analysing the impact of NFSM-Pulses programme on production of pulses. xiii The research study entitled “Analysis of National Food Security Mission (NFSM) - Pulses programme in Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh” was taken up with the following objectives. 1. to compare the socio-economic conditions of beneficiary farmers and non-beneficiary farmers of NFSM-Pulses programme. 2. to study the impact of NFSM-Pulses programme on production of pulses. 3. to evaluate the implementation of NFSM-Pulses programme. 4. to analyse the factors influencing farmers participation under NFSM-Pulses programme and 5. to identify the constraints and suggest means for better implementation of NFSM-Pulses programme. Multistage sampling technique was adopted for the selection of sample at different levels in the present study. Andhra Pradesh was selected purposively. In Andhra Pradesh, Prakasam district was selected purposively for the study. Three mandals were selected and from each mandal, two villages were selected based on the highest area under Pulses. From each village, 10 beneficiary and 10 non-beneficiary farmers were selected, making a total sample of 120 farmers comprising 60 beneficiaries and 60 non-beneficiary farmers. The data pertains to the year 2020-21. Primary and secondary data were collected and analysed through tabular analysis using descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression and Garrett’s ranking technique were followed. Descriptive statistics results showed that participation of women farmers (8.33 per cent) is lesser than male farmers (91.67 per cent) in NFSM-Pulses programme. Average family size of the respondent households was 4 members. About, 51.31 per cent of total respondents’ household members were engaged in farming. Most of the respondents belongs to 25-50 years age group. Majority of respondents were found to be small farmers. Majority of the beneficiary respondents were literates with primary level of education. Majority of the non-beneficiary respondents were illiterates. Institutional credit sources were highly preferred by respondents. The main source to obtain credit was PACS. As far as cropping pattern of beneficiary and non-beneficiary respondents were concerned, red gram and bengal gram were found to be dominating crops in kharif season, while in rabi season cropping pattern of beneficiary and non-beneficiary respondents is dominated by green gram and black gram, respectively. In Prakasam district, pulses production recorded a positively significant growth during 8th (19.18 per cent), 9th (72.95 per cent), 10th (15.21 per cent) and 12th FYP (11.99 per cent). But, during 11th FYP pulses production was negatively significant with -5.85 per cent due to decline in area under pulses crop. xiv The overall progress of physical and financial achievement of NFSM-Pulses programme during the period of 2016-17 to 2020-21 were 68.60 and 62.46 per cent, respectively. The physical achievement progress had increased from 22.48 per cent (2016-17) to 78.15 per cent (2020-21) and financial achievement progress has increased from 26.39 per cent (2016-17) to 88.71 per cent (2020-21). The results of decomposition analysis showed that per hectare returns of beneficiary farmers was 17.01 per cent higher than that of non-beneficiary farmers. The NFSM-Pulses technology component was contributing 11.49 per cent to the total increase in output. The total contribution of changes in the levels of input use to the outcome differences between the two groups was 5.51 per cent. The binary logistic regression showed that farmers participation in NFSM-Pulses programme was influenced positively by number of exposure visits, adoption of certified seed, adoption of IPM practices, number of trainings received, use of bio-fertilizers and mechanization of farm. The problems faced by NFSM-Pulses beneficiary farmers were long time gap between purchase of inputs and receiving the subsidy amount, non-availability of comprehensive information on NFSM-Pulses, technical advice is not provided under the programme, etc. The government should ensure the close monitoring of flow of funds in order to ensure that the interventions reach the target beneficiaries on time. Government should be taken appropriate measures for increasing the area, production and productivity under pulses by providing incentives to farmers. The time gap between inputs purchased and the subsidy received by the NFSM-Pulses beneficiaries should be minimized. The awareness about the NFSM-Pulses programme needs to be increased through holding gram sabha and group meetings. More number of training programmes and exposure visits should be conducted to the beneficiary farmers to increase their knowledge base on improved technologies. This could have a synergistic effect on the efforts of NFSM-Pulses programme. KVK, DAATTC and ARS of Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University should play a major role to ensure the adoption of interventions under NFSM-Pulses programme by the beneficiary farmers in Prakasam district. Exposure visits/ trainings at national and international organizations like IIPR, ICRISAT could be organized in-order to enrich the knowledge base of technical personnel involved in the NFSM-Pulses programme which intern may be useful to the NFSM –Pulse beneficiary farmers in better adoption of interventions.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF VEGETABLES IN GUNTUR DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(guntur, 2022-08-04) VYSHNAVI, VUDUMULA; SITARAMBABU, V.Horticulture in India contributes about 30 per cent to Agricultural GDP. Total horticulture production in 2019-20 is 0.84 per cent higher than 2018-19. In Andhra Pradesh area under horticulture crops is 17.48 lakh hectares with a production of 312.34.73 lakh metric tonnes. In Guntur district total area under vegetable crops in 2019-2020 is 8739 hectares and production is 281240 million tonnes. The Covid-19 pandemic has emerged as a significant health risk, and countries around the world have responded with partial shutdowns of their economies to slow the pace of infections. These measures have reportedly led to massive disruptions in the global and domestic supply chains. Among all countries, India implemented one of the most stringent lockdowns to contain Covid-19 which could have put a strain on its supply chains. The first nationwide lockdown which was announced on March 24, 2020, was unanticipated, both in terms of timing and duration. Though the lockdown helped to keep the infections under control, it has disrupted the value chains of the high-value crops that are connected to regional and global markets. This disruption in the value chain could have serious ripple effects on the agricultural economy. It curtailed all economic activities, including transportation of goods, except those deemed essential like food and medical supplies. The reduction in freight services combined with the restrictions on inter-state transportation could have disrupted the food supply chains, with a larger impact on products that are procured from far. Wholesale prices of key seasonal vegetables have declined sharply by up to 60 per cent across the country, mainly due to higher production, compression of demand and market disruption amid COVID-19crisis. Keeping in view of disruptions caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the present study on Impact of covid 19 on supply chain management of vegetables in guntur district of Andhra Pradesh is proposed with the following objectives. xiii 1. to map the value chain mapping and analyse the degree of value addition by market players in transacting selected vegetables during pre-COVID-19 vs post COVID-19 scenario 2. to analyse the determinants of supply chain preference among selected farmers in transacting the vegetables 3. to identify the disruptions caused in supply chain of selected vegetables to different stakeholders due to COVID-19 4. to analyse the economic effect due to the disruptions in supply chain of vegetables to different stakeholders and 5. to identify various mitigating strategies adopted by different stakeholders in supply chain management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Guntur district was purposively selected for the research study. A total 360 farmers were selected at the rate120 farmers for each vegetable crop. Twenty wholesalers and 30 retailers were selected for the study. Primary data was collected through personal interview method from vegetable farmers. The secondary data of the study area were collected from the District Chief Planning Officer, Mandal Horticulture Officers, Village Horticulture Assistants and Village Agriculture Assistants. Three marketing channels were identified for bhendi, cucumber and ridge gourd they were channel I: Farmer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer, Channel II: Farmer-Retailer-Consumer and Channel III: Farmer- Consumer (Rythu bazar). Channel-III was found to be the efficient channel during both pre and post covid period. Marketing costs increased during lockdown for all stakeholders in all the three channels for three vegetables. Marketing margin was increased for retailers during lockdown in Channel I and Channel II. Price spread was increased during lockdown in all the three channels. Marketing efficiency decreased during lockdown in all the three channels. Degree of value addition increased for retailers during lockdown. COVID-19 lockdown had caused negative impact on all stakeholders, farmers had more impact and although margin had increased for retailers, they had negative impact because of lower volume transactions. The multinomial logit regression analysis was used to estimate the determinants of supply chain preference. The level of education, price offered, quantity of vegetables sold, family size and farming experience were significant in retail channel in bhendi and ridge gourd whereas level of education, price offered, quantity of vegetables sold were found to be significant in rythu bazar channel. In cucumber level of education, price offered, quantity of vegetables sold and family size were significant in retail channel while the level of education, price offered, quantity of vegetables sold were found to be significant in rythu bazar channel. xiv The major marketing disruptions faced by farmers during COVID-19 lockdown were high cost of transportation, perishable nature of the product, price fluctuations, less demand, lack of market information, non-availability of packaging materials and middlemen malpractices. The economic disruptions faced by the farmer were high cost of inputs, unawareness of credit facilities, no financial assistance and Lack of price policy. The technical disruptions faced by the farmer were non-availability of labour, lack of storage, lack of timely availability of inputs and lack of adequate extension support. The major disruptions faced by wholesaler were transportation cost, high cost of labour, and non-availability of labour. The major disruptions faced by the retailers were transportation cost, high labour cost and non-availability of labour. Majority of farmers experienced decline in sales and income during the pandemic. Over 32.5 per cent farmers lost half of their sales. The farm income decreased more than half for 61 per cent farmers. Almost 80 per cent of farmers realised decline in prices. 88 per cent farmers said that they spent more on transporting vegetables to the market, 69.5 per cent farmers faced labour scarcity, 11 per cent farmers faced more shortage of inputs, 61 per cent farmers said that the cost of inputs was increased, 69 per cent farmers harvested their produce later than normal, 75 per cent farmers spent more on harvest and 69 per cent farmers borrowed money to cope up with losses. About 50 per cent of wholesalers reported that their income had decreased during the COVID-19. Forty-five per cent reported that the price of the commodity decreased by more than half. Seventy-five per cent of wholesalers experienced labour scarcity, 85 per cent observed decreased demand of commodity and 25 per cent saw decreased supply. Similarly, 66.67 per cent of retailers reported that their income was decreased by less than half compared to pre covid times. About 20 per cent reported that the price of commodity decreased by less than half, 13.33 per cent reported that the price commodity decreased by more than half and 66.66 per cent reported that the price of the commodity increased. Majority of the retailers experienced labour scarcity, 20 per cent reported decreased demand of commodity and 36 per cent observed decreased supply. Most common strategy adapted by farmers was reduced price (60 per cent) followed by leave vegetables in the field (54 per cent), finding new markets (50 per cent), Compost vegetable (36 per cent), Feed to livestock (25 per cent), Plant less (20 per cent), Eat own produce (20 per cent), Sharing vegetables with others (15 per cent), Adapt crop choice (4 per cent). The major strategy adapted by wholesalers was less prices (80 per cent), followed by buying less (70 per cent) and storing more (20 per cent). The major strategy adapted by retailers was buying less (45 per cent) followed by storing more (30 per cent) and less prices (5 per cent).ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN NORTH COASTAL ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH STATE(guntur, 2022-08-04) MOHANA RAO, METTA; RAMA RAO, I. V. Y.India is the largest producer and consumer of sugar in the world. The sugar industry is second largest agro-based processing industry in the country that impact livelihood of about five crore farmers and their family members and five lakh workers directly employed with the sugar mills. Sugarcane cultivated farmers from North Coastal Districts are linked with sugarcane industries, operating under organized cooperative and private sectors nearer to rural areas. The present study entitled “ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF SUGAR INDUSTRY IN NORTH COASTAL ZONE OF ANDHRA PRADESH STATE” has been undertaken with the following objectives: 1. to analyze the economic and financial viability of sugar factories. 2. to identify the methods of backward integration adopted by sugar factories. 3. to identify the problems and suggest measures to enhance the financial performance of sugar factories. Probability proportionate sampling procedure was adopted for selection of respondents in the present study. In Andhra Pradesh, North Coastal Zone was selected based on highest area under sugarcane cultivation. In North Coastal Zone all three districts were selected. Based on the highest turnover, one factory from each district was selected Viz., Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Limited, Govada, The NCS Sugars Limited, Latchayyapeta and EID Parry (India) Limited, Sankili for Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam respectively. Thirty farmers from each factory were selected, making total of 90 respondents, in which marginal ( 2ha) were selected according to their proportions. The present study was based on xii both primary as well as secondary data. The primary data was pertaining to problems faced by farmers in sugarcane cultivation and marketing; and the problems faced by sugar factories was obtained through survey method by using a pre-tested and well-structured schedule. The secondary data pertaining to financial aspects, balance sheet, cash flow statement and profit or loss statements were collected from respective sugar factories audit reports for a period of 5 years from 2014-15 to 2018-19. Financial ratio analysis was employed for sugar factories to know about the financial strength of organization over the study period. The average current ratio was found highest (9.24:1) in EID Parry (India) Ltd., Sankili. Average debt equity ratio was positive in EID Parry (India) Ltd. (0.13) and negative in The NCS Sugars Ltd. (-5.27) and The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Ltd. (-8.31). Tests of profitability ratios revealed that the average net profit to total assets ratio and net profit to fixed assets ratio both were negative in The NCS Sugars Ltd. and The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Ltd. and positive in EID Parry (India) Ltd. i.e., 0.04 and 0.08 respectively. The average gross ratio was more than 100 in Chodavaram Cooperative sugars (153.59) and NCS sugars (132.67) indicating lower net profit and it was below 100 in EID Parry (India) Ltd. (28.11) indicating higher profits. The average operating ratio was lowest i.e., 19.02 in EID Parry (India) Limited. Tests of financial strength ratios revealed the highest average net worth in EID Parry (India) Ltd. and in remaining two factories it was negative. The average net capital was less than unity in The NCS Sugars Ltd. (0.82) and The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Ltd. (0.87) and it was more than unity in EID Parry (India) Ltd. (15.39). The project evaluation techniques viz., Net Present Value, Benefit-Cost Ratio and Internal Rate of Returns were employed to assess the economic viability of investment on sugar factory. Negative NPV and BC ratio below unity indicated that both the factories viz., The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Limited and The NCS Sugars Limited were economically not viable. Positive NPV and BC ratio of more than unity for EID Parry (India) Limited (3.488) indicated its economic viability. Internal Rate of Returns was 52.08, which was greater than the market rate of interest, so the project is considered as profitable and economically viable. Backward integration methods followed by sugar factories in NCZ of Andhra Pradesh is varying. The cane was purchased directly from contract farmers and payment was made through online by The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Limited and The NCS Sugars Limited, whereas, the cane was purchased directly from the contract farmers (66.67%) and through middlemen from non- contract farmers (33.33%) by EID Parry (India) Limited. The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars, NCS Sugars Ltd. and EID Parry (India) Ltd. were provided seed upto, 66.67, 50 & 66.67; fertilizer/pesticides upto, 80, 0 & 43.33; technical guidance upto, 100, 50 & 60; transportation upto, 66.67, 50 & 100 percentages respectively. ID Parry (India) Ltd. provided credit facilities upto 40 per cent & mechanical harvesters upto 33.33 per cent farmers and remaining two factories did not provide any mechanical harvesters & credit facilities. The farmer’s xiii satisfaction was highest in EID Parry (India) Limited followed by The Chodavaram Cooperative Sugars Limited (33.33%). and The NCS Sugars Limited (0%). For the identification of most important problem faced by cane growers and factories, RPI was employed. The most important constraint in sugarcane cultivation in the North Coastal Zone was shortage of labour (RPI = 0.89) followed by cane price (0.62), delay in payments (0.51), pest and diseases (0.32), high cost of cultivation (0.30), long duration of crop (0.26) and irrigation (0.12).The sugar factories in North Coastal Zone faced high cost of production (0.93) as biggest constraint, followed by scarcity of labour (0.87), problems of faulty government policy (0.33), low rate of recovery (0.33), lower yields of sugarcane (0.27), import/export policy (0.20) and levy sugar obligation (0.07). The policy suggestions emerged from the study are; as there is poor liquid assets with the sugar factories, especially with cooperative factories, government should provide short term financial assistance. Similarily sugar factories should produce up-to their maximum installed capacity, if any shortage of cane is occurring in this process, the cooperative sugar factory should purchase cane from non-contract farmers also. The sugar factories should be regular in payments to cane growers. To overcome the shortage of labour during critical operation of sugarcane cultivation Government/ Sugar factories/ CHCs should provide farm machinery on subsidy basis.ThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF RABI JOWAR IN KURNOOL DISTRICT OF ANDHRA PRADESH(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2022-12-22) VASANTHA, K.; . APARNA, BThe current study entitled “study on production and marketing of Rabi jowar in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken to examine Kharif, Rabi and overall compound growth rates of area, production and productivity of jowar. To estimate costs and returns and to assess the resource use efficiency in cultivation of Rabi jowar. To identify different channels of marketing and to realize the efficient channel for marketing of Rabi jowar in Kurnool district and to evaluate the perception of farmer’s in production of Rabi jowar. The major jowar producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. In Andhra Pradesh the purpose of selecting Kurnool district was, because of its highest area and production under Rabi jowar when compared to other districts. Selection of mandals and villages was made based on the criterion of maximum area under Rabi jowar. Probability proportionate sampling was employed to select the number of farmers from the selected villages and the total sample constitutes to 120. The selected villages were B. palli, Hussainapuram, Tangutur and Nandavaram in Banaganapalli, Koilakuntla, Peddakoperla, chinnakoperla and vallampadu in Koilakuntla, P. chintakunta, Kotakandukur, Allagadda and Bathaluru in Allagadda. The data regarding marketing of Rabi jowar was collected from commission agents, wholesalers cum processors and retailers. Both primary and secondary data was collected and considered in the study. Data required for the study were collected from various unpublished and published sources. The data for calculating growth rates covered a period of 18 years commencing from 2000-01 to 2017-18. Growth rates of Rabi jowar in India and Kurnool district were negative for area and production and positive in case of productivity, increase in yield was observed because of application of fertilizers, irrigation and use of high yielding varieties. The growth rates of area, production and productivity were significant in Kurnool district. In Andhra Pradesh all growth rates of Rabi jowar were positive. Human labour is the most influencing component among various factors involved in the production process. The total cost of cultivation of Rabi jowar per hectare was calculated as ₹ 53,657.14. Among the total costs 75.42 per cent was xi i i occupied by variable costs and remaining 24.57 per cent was occupied by fixed costs. Cultivation cost of Rabi jowar according to cost concepts were calculated and they were, cost A1₹35066.94, cost B1₹35919.14, cost B2₹47169.14, cost C1 ₹42404.14, cost C2 ₹53654.14 and finally cost C3 ₹59019.55. Gross returns from per hectare of Rabi jowar was ₹78,000 and net return was ₹24,342.86. Farm income measures were worked out per hectare of Rabi jowar. The farm business income was worked out as ₹42933.06. Family labour income and farm investment income were ₹30830.86 and ₹31082.65 respectively. When Returns per rupee of investment were worked out they stood at 0.41. The independent variables included in the function expressed above 76 per cent of variation in the production of sorghum output on the farms considered. The production elasticity of seeds remained non-significant which is not the same in case of other independent variables. The MVP/MFC ratios indicate that human labour was underutilized, tractor power was over utilized, fertilizers were over utilized and pesticides were underutilized. Three marketing channels were identified in the marketing of Rabi jowar in the study area. Total costs incurred in channel-I, channel-II and channel-III were ₹199, ₹ 254 and ₹ 278 respectively. Producer share in consumer rupee in channel-I, channel-II and channel-III were 88.08 per cent, 86.96 per cent and 84.49 per cent respectively. Channel-I was most efficient for marketing Rabi jowar in the district. The major constraint faced by the farmer’s during cultivation of Rabi jowar was inadequate and untimely rainfall during the period of harvesting (76.33), the second constraint was high wage rate (66.32), the third constraint faced by the farmer’s was high rate of fertilizers and pesticides (55.72). The major constraint faced by the farmer’s during marketing was lack of storage facilities (78.32), which resulted in distress sale. Second constraint faced by the farmer was difficulties in transportation (64.31), due to this reason farmer was forced to sell his produce in the village at low prices. Third constraint faced by the farmer was unstable prices (59.75), jowar fetches less price during post harvest period due to high arrivals of produce to market and later it increases.