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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access WEED MANAGEMENT IN WET DIRECT SEEDED RICE(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2018) PRINCE KUMAR GUPTA; Sheela BarlaDirect seeded rice coupled with early maturing variety has received much attention because of its low-input demand, encouraged many farmers in India to switch from transplanted rice to direct seeded rice culture. Weeds are considered to be limiting factor in harnessing full yield potentiality of rice. Hence present investigation was undertaken during kharif season of 2017 to evaluate the competing ability of different high yielding rice cultivar and methods of weed control to increase rice production. The present experiment was conducted in the Agronomical Research Farm of Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand during kharif season of 2017.The experimental soil was clay loam in texture with low organic carbon (3.6 g/kg), moderately acidic (pH 5.7), having low available nitrogen (190.76 kg/ha), high phosphorus (31.33 kg/ha) and medium potassium (182.27 kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with 4 weed management viz, weed free up to 15 days, weed free up to 30 days, weed free up to 45 days and weedy check. and 5 rice cultivar in sub plot i.e. DRR Dhan 44, DRR Dhan 45, DRR Dhan 46, RP Bio 226 and Swarna Shreya, altogether comprising 20 treatment combinations replicated three times. The crop was sown on 17 July 2017 with RDF 80:40:20 kg N:P2O5:K2O/ha and seed rate `60kg/ha. Weed free up to 45 days was found most effective in reducing weed density and weed dry weight, as it recorded 86.44% and 80.58 % lower than weedy check (210.44) resulting maximum weed control efficiency i.e. 80.53 per cent at maturity. Weed free up to 45 days recorded higher crop dry weight, grains/panicle, grain yield and harvest index to the tune of 58.32, 35.89, 60.70 and 8.65 percent higher as compared to their respective values under weedy check. Consequently recorded maximum net return (`61746/ha) and B: C ratio(1.63) and was 73.07% and 73.00% higher as compare to values under weedy check and also 15.64% and 15.33% higher as compared weed free upto 30 days. Rice cultivar DRR Dhan 46 recorded 38.28 and 20.40% reduced weed density and weed dry weight compared to cultivar Swarna Shreya resulting in maximum weed control efficiency i.e. 53.04 per cent at maturity. DRR Dhan 46 recorded higher crop dry weight ,grains/panicle, grain yield and harvest index to the extent of 29.84%, 16.37% , 30.26% and 3.25% as compare to Swarna Shreya i.e. 874.49 g/m2, 93.23, 3.41 t/ha, and 36.56% respectively consequently recorded higher net return (`59332 /ha) and B:C ratio(1.57). The combination of DRR Dhan 46 with weed free up 45 days recorded reduced weed dry weight to the extent of 88.96% as compared to lowest recorded with Swarna Shreya under weedy check, consequently maximum grains/panicle (138.17), 1000 grain weight (28.83g), yield (6.30t/ha), net return (`78082/ha) as well as B:C ratio (2.06). From the above findings it may be concluded that keeping Weed free up to 45 days in rice cultivar DRR Dhan 46 was found most suitable for obtaining maximum yield as well as profit in DSR method of cultivation.ThesisItem Open Access Isolation, Screening of Lignocellulose Decomposer and Its Impact on Crop Residue Decomposition, Soil Properties and Yield of Crops(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Shinde Reshma Bhausaheb; D.K. ShahiIn India, the top ten crops generating about 686 Mt of residues are estimated to hold the potential to supply 5.6 Mt of NPK nutrients to the soil. When left on the field, crop residues decompose into different organic substances through the action of various soil microbes over time. The isolation of native fast-degrading microbes from areas and their inoculation can potentially enhance crop residues' decomposition speed and nutrient release process. Considering this hypothesis, an experiment was conducted to study the isolation and screening of lignocellulose decomposer and its impact on crop residue decomposition, soil properties, and yield of crops at the research farm of ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, FSRCHPR, Ranchi, India. Fifteen strains of fungi and six bacteria were isolated as pure colonies from various sources, out of which seven isolated microbial cultures (IMC) were identified as lignocellulose decomposers. IMC 18 and IMC 4 had shown higher enzyme activities for decomposing cellulose and lignin and were identified as Trichoderma viridi and Aspergillus niger. The efficiency of these strains was tested through on-field trials to establish them as potential lignocellulose decomposers. The field experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with two factors, consisting of three crop residues [paddy (C1), black gram (C2), and ragi straw (C3)] and five microbial inoculation treatments [control (T1), A. niger (T2), T. viridi (T3), A. niger + (1%) nitrogen application (T4) and T. viridi + (1%) nitrogen application (T5)] for each crop residue. In total, there were fifteen treatment combinations with two replications each. The decomposition and nutrient release patterns of all three crop residues were studied using litter bag techniques. Among the three types of crop residues, black gram straw exhibited the highest decomposition rate, followed by paddy straw and ragi straw. In treatment T5, where microbial inoculation was applied, over 90% of black gram straw decomposed within six months of field placement, while for paddy and ragi straw, this occurred within eight and nine months, respectively. Contrastingly, in the control treatment (T1) without microbial inoculation, over 90% decomposition of black gram straw occurred in eight months, while for paddy and ragi straw, it took ten and eleven months, respectively. The highest decomposition t99 period of 23.25 months was observed for ragi straw in the control treatment, while the shortest t99 period of 10.55 months was noted for black gram straw in treatment T5. In treatments with microbial inoculation, decomposition rates were 8.5-25% higher compared to the control. The sequence of straw decomposition rates in the microbial treatments followed the order: control < T2 < T3 < T4 < T5. Furthermore, the release rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were higher in the microbial-inoculated treatments compared to those without inoculation. N, P, and K release rates followed the order K > P > N. The application of crop residues led to an increase in available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the soil. Treatment C1, involving paddy straw application at 5.0 t ha-1, exhibited the highest available N (264.0 kg ha-1) and P (34.0 kg ha-1). In contrast, treatment C3, with ragi straw at the same rate, showed the highest available K (337.3 kg ha-1). Among microbial treatments, the inoculation of Trichoderma culture with nitrogen supplementation (T5) resulted in a significant rise in available NPK (267.34, 35.99, and 340.73 kg ha-1, respectively) in the soil. Applying crop residues (paddy or ragi straw at 5.0 t ha-1) enhanced the yield of field pea, moong bean, and maize cropping systems by 5-12%. In microbial-inoculated treatments, notably higher grain yields were observed for field pea (4.21-11.7%), moong bean (4.35-11.6%), and maize (4.91-10.39%) compared to the control. Among microbial treatments, T5 demonstrated significantly higher grain yields (10.39-11.7%) and straw yields (7.37-19.67%) across all three crops. The present study illustrated that inoculation of Trichoderma and Aspergillus spp. culture, along with nitrogen supplementation, can be a practical approach for in situ residue management, leading to the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms that hasten the degradation process of crop residues. Adding crop residues (paddy or ragi straw @ 5.0 t ha-1) not only increased the yield of field pea, moong bean, and maize cropping system but also improved the other soil fertility parameters such as organic carbon, available NPK, DTPA-Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn content, soil microbial count and soil enzyme activity like dehydrogenase and FDA. These factors are necessary to achieve sustainable production and minimize soil nutrient depletion. The application of crop residues and inoculation of Trichoderma spp. or Aspergillus spp. and nitrogen supplementation has the potential of this environment-friendly technology for in situ straw management and nutrient sources in the low input cropping system.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE MARKET POTENTIAL OF HYBRID SUMMER VEGETABLE SEEDS OF VNR SEEDS PVT. LTD. IN RANCHI DISTRICT(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2022) Sneha Dodray; Dr. Md. Naiyar AliSeed is the most fundamental and important component for agriculture. Quality seed functions as a catalyst for all other inputs, such as fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides, to reach their full potential. To a considerable part, the response of all inputs is determined by the quality of seeds. The present study “A study on the market potential of hybrid summer vegetable seeds of VNR seeds Pvt. Ltd. in Ranchi district” was carried out in the Kanke, Nagri, Burmu, Itki, Bero Block of Ranchi district to see the awareness and use of hybrid seeds in the selected area. With the different objectives, to study the preferences of hybrid vegetable seeds among the farmers, to assess the market share of the hybrid summer vegetable seeds in the district, the marketing strategy used by the seed companies with reference to VNR seeds Pvt. Ltd. for selling hybrid vegetable seeds in the district. Lastly to identify the problem and prospects of marketing by retailers and adoption by the farmers of hybrid vegetable seeds in the district. Farmers were randomly selected for the study forming a sample size of 50. Most of the farmers use hybrid vegetable seeds in their fields. Retailers were the major source of the purchase of hybrid vegetable seeds. Farmers are happy with the outcome of using hybrid seeds. Few of the farmers are still unaware about the benefits of using hybrid seeds which should be looked upon by both government, seed companies and other organizations in the field.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT BLACKGRAM VARIETIES UNDER BIJASAL (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) BASED AGRISILVICULTURE SYSTEM(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Mini Bharti; P.R. Oraon)The gains of agroforestry research till date are certainly impressive. There are good number of success stories where tree based cropping systems have yielded good results. Keeping above facts in view, the present investigation entitled “Comparative study of different Blackgram varieties under Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) based Agrisilviculture System” was carried out at Agroforestry Research Field, RVC Campus, B.A.U. Kanke, Ranchi during kharif season 2022. Objectives of the research; evaluate the performance of the different varieties of Blackgram under Pterocarpus marsupium based agrisilviculture system, to study the growth performance of Pterocarpus marsupium and assess the soil fertility status before sowing and after harvest of Blackgram under Pterocarpus marsupium based agrisilviculture system. The field was laid out with Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 4 replication and 9 treatments viz.T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1), T2 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-2), T3 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. WBU-109), T4 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Uttara), T5 - Sole Pterocarpus marsupium, T6 - Sole Birsa Urd-1, T7 - Sole Birsa Urd-2, T8 - Sole WBU-109 and T9 - Sole Uttara. Growth of Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) was influenced positively with intervention of intercrops as it is seen in the growth parameters the increment in height (52.42 cm) of Pterocarpus marsupium was maximum and observed significantly superior in treatment combination T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1) which was statistically at par with treatments T4and T2 with minimum value recorded in treatment T5. The maximum increment in collar diameter (0.69 cm) and number of branches (3.52) showed better results in T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1). The maximum canopy spread (54.65 cm) and (55.17 cm) in EW and NS direction was achieved in treatment combination T1 Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1). The Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) with intercrop showed better results than sole plant. The yield parameters of black gram (Vigna mungo) crops were found maximum (13.76 q ha-1) in T6 - Sole Birsa Urd-1which was significantly higher than T9, T7, T1 and T4. Here crops growth was also influenced positively under woody component but yield attributes and yield of crops were found more in sole crop treatment than under woody component might be due to initial age of Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) plants. The soil of intercropping showed significantly better than the sole crop. There was significant effect on soil pH (5.3), available nitrogen (356 kg ha-1) and available phosphorus (11.6 kg ha-1) was recorded maximum in treatment T1 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. Birsa Urd-1)with intercropping and were found in increasing order which is expected to further increase the growth of the system. Benefit cost ratio was maximum in T6 - Sole Birsa Urd-1 (2.76) and minimum was found in T3 - Pterocarpus marsupium + Urd (Var. WBU-109) (1.45). In future Intercrops will be a source of additional income to the growers rather keeping the interspace fallow. The financial benefits were more in the intercropping system as compare to the sole cropping systems, and it may reduce the risk of crop failure and compensate the return from the trees. So, based on the findings of my present investigation, Bijasal (Pterocarpus marsupium) in its initial age gives so much positive results under leguminous crops. It will surely beneficial through intercrop for long years. Black gram cultivation, strengthens the soil nutrients as black grams are known for imparting nitrogen content to soil and improve the soil fertility. Therefore, significant effects were seen on soil pH, available nitrogen and available phosphorus with intercropping and were found in increasing order which is expected to further increase the growth of the system. These results are only indicative and require further experimentation to derive more consistent and final conclusion.However, further studies are needed to screen various other cultivated crops of the region to find out compatible crops, which could be complementary in this system.Furthermore, there is a need to evolve Blackgram varieties suitable for inter cultivation in such a system as the trees matures and attains harvestable age. By combining suitable complementary variety along with tree farming the production level of both grain and timber can be sustained.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Comparative Growth and Yield performance of Bamboo species propagated through different modes(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Adity Isha Prachi Tirkey; B.C. OraonBamboo is a perennial plant belonging to the Poaceae (sometimes called Gramineae) family. In terms of taxonomy, it is considered as a giant grass. Bamboo is regarded as one of the most important non-timber forest products in terms of total production. Bamboo was used to produce a variety of household and light construction applications at a low cost, earning it the moniker "poor man's timber". Keeping above facts in view ,the present investigation entitled “Studies on Comparative Growth and Yield performance of Bamboo species propagated through different modes” was carried out at in Forest Conservation, Afforestation, Research and Evaluation at Garkhatanga, Namkum in Ranchi district between the months of July and December, 2022. Objective of the Research were: 1. To study the comparative growth and yield performance of different bamboo species grown in acidic soil 2. To study the comparative soil physical and chemical properties under bamboo species clumps 3. To study the comparative economics of different bamboo species. The experimental design used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) , consisting of 3 replication and 8 treatment viz. T1 –Bambusa vulgaris; T2- Melocana bacifera; T3- Bambusa bambos; T4- Dendrocalamus strictus; T5- Dendrocalamus longispathus; T6- Phyllostachys aureosulcata; T7- Dendrocalamus giganteus and T8-Bambusa balcooa. There were significant as well as non-significant differences for various growth and yield parameters. The maximum height increment after six month was noticed 7.14m in T1-Bambusa vulgaris. The order of increment % at 6 month interval of height of bamboo culms was found as T2T2 >T5>T3>T6>T8>T7. So, based on the above findings, The most effective result for the growth parameter i.e. height, diameter, no. of culm, new emerging shoot and volume (yield) was found best in T1- Bambusa vulgaris. The increment percentage (%) in term of height, length of internodes, basal area was found best in T4-Dendrocalamus strictus as compared to other bamboo species. The soil physical character i.e. soil pH, soil organic carbon content (%) was found best in T4-Dendrocalamus strictus, available nitrogen and available potassium was found best in T1-Bambusa vulgaris and available phosphorus was found best in T3-Bambusa bamboo. The economics of bamboo cultivation in term of net return and benefit cost ratio was observed best in T1-Bambusa vulgaris and T4-Dendrocalamus strictus. Bambusa vulgaris and Dendrocalamus strictus were found to be well suited to the Ranchi climate. Further research needs to be followed for more details and more no. of Bamboo species to be compatible to Ranchi climate. Implementation of these researches will be beneficial to uplift the rural economy of farmers and living standard of farmers.ThesisItem Open Access SOIL AND RAINFALL BASED CROP PLANNING OF DHANBAD DISTRICT IN JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Chandan Kumar Mandal; Ramesh Kumarn have adverse effect on agricultural production. Jharkhand is located in the eastern region of India and agriculture is the mainstay for the people. The primary source of irrigation for agricultural production in most parts of Jharkhand is rainfall. Therefore, the temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall plays a vital role in the agriculture activities. keeping these facts in view the present study was undertaken for crop planning based on soil and rainfall characteristics of Dhanbad district in Jharkhand. Soil samples collected from 10 blocks of Dhanbad at a depth 0-30cm were analyzed for various physical properties (viz. soil texture, bulk density, field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water capacity) and chemical properties (pH, organic carbon, available N, P and K). Daily rainfall data for 20 years (2002-2021) collected for all blocks of Dhanbad district were analyzed for weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual distribution and other, viz. meteorological drought, initial and conditional probabilities, agricultural drought, and incomplete gamma probability, were computed using software (Weather Cock v1.0) developed by the coordinating unit of AICRP on Agrometeorology, CRIDA, Hyderabad. The soils were nearly coarse in texture, mostly sandy loam in all of the blocks were observed. Bulk density and other soil moisture retention parameters (FC, PWP and Avl. water) followed the trend of mechanical separates and the textural class. Wide fluctuations in soil reaction were observed among the blocks. It varied from highly acidic (4.6) to neutral (7.7) in the blocks of Dhanbad. Fertility level in terms of organic carbon was in low to medium (1.7- 7.3 g kg-1 ), available N from low to medium (125 - 470 kg ha-1 ), available P from low to high (4.3-27.3 kg ha-1 ), and available K from low to medium (53.7 to 275.3 kg ha-1 ) was observed in all the block. Annual and Monsoonal rainfall showed an increasing trend ranging from 1.7 to 24.9 mm yr-1 and 0.4 to 18.9 mm yr-1 in most of the blocks, respectively. Among the seasons, monsoon received maximum rain 82.7 per cent, and only 17.3 per cent of rain was received in the remaining three seasons (post monsoon, winter & summer). Rainfall variability in (CV%) was noticed maximum in rabi season (172.9-237.9 %) than in Kharif (48.1-73.2 %). Initial and conditional probability in terms of P(W) and P(W/W) above 0.5 level for 20 mm rain has been observed from 25 to 39 SMW in most of the blocks. The 50 mm limit has been observed from 26-34 SMW in Topchachi and Govindpur whereas rest of the blocks have a limit of 27-38 SWM. The meteorological drought severity was analyzed for all 10 blocks indicated that Purvi tundi faced only 2 years of severe drought while other blocks had 1 year of severe drought. Moderate drought was observed maximum of 6 years in Tundi block, while (1-5 years) moderate drought was observed in the rest of the blocks. Between 13 to 18 years, no drought was observed in any of the blocks. Early (22-28 SMW), middle (29-35 SMW) and late (36-42 SMW) season agricultural drought was observed maximum in Baghmara (i.e., 12 years), Tundi and Purvi tundi (11 years) and Egarkund (10 years). The remaining blocks were experienced early, middle, and late agricultural drought (6 to 9 years). Early and late season agricultural drought was seen in all blocks of Dhanbad district. Gamma distribution of rainfall at five levels (90, 75, 50, 20 & 10 %) clearly indicated that annual rain is close to 50 percent probability in all blocks of Dhanbad. Crop growing environments in terms of soil characteristics and weather variables were analyzed separately for all 10 blocks. Planning of crops with suitable varieties was identified for normal, early, mid and late drought conditions based on rainfall characteristics, temperature, humidity, and soil parameters for kharif and early rabi season crops. Crop planning were classified according to early, mid and late drought conditions in each land situations (i e., upland, medium land & lowland). In the upland and medium land crops like Pigeon pea, Maize, Black gram, Green gram, Sesame, Horse gram, Cowpea, Dolichos bean, Brinjal, Chilli, Okra, Radish, have been suggested to grow as a sole or with intercropping. In the lowland situation majorly rice cultivation were suggested.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC STUDIES ON THREE F2 POPULATIONS OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) USING MOLECULAR MARKERS(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Jenny Priya Ekka; Krishna PrasadThe selection of superior genotypes highly depends on the genetic information obtained from the segregant’s relatives and some from their own performance for particular traits, which are expressed throughout their growth period. Any research stand firm on the building blocks of the variation observed in the raw materials and the knowledge of genetics. The phenotypic selection is directly proportional to the additively genetic basis of the observed variance, which Due to the manifold effects of the genes controlling the polygenic trait, the selection becomes complicated. As well as continuously changing climate, sometimes vague, and sometimes erroneously ideal, often causes the improvement resulting from selection to be much less effective than what could be achieved. The accumulation of genetic knowledge about the traits their interaction among themselves and the environment around them, justifies an exploration of better selection criteria for solving this problem for one trait at a time or for several traits with an independent culling level for each trait. The present work use of combined selection for assessment of F2 segregants using various indexes, estimators of individual additive genetic value, which consider the phenotypic value of the individual and the mean phenotypic value of the individual family and with view of the necessity of drought tolerant varieties, the present research programme is proposed utilizing new cross combination made between Naveen x IR64 Drt1, IR 36 x BVD 111 and IR 64 Drt1 x Vandana. Grown in three different blocks containing three different fertilizer dosage for identification of superior segregants that have lesser duration, consumer preferable grain types and high yield under water stress condition also. In the study the coefficient of variation was higher for yield characters like number of tillers, flag leaf area (cm2), number of panicles per plant, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of filled grains, number of unfilled grains, biomass, grain test (1000) weight (g) and yield per plant (g) in all the 3 crosses even in the 3 different blocks. For the root traits all the root characters under study like total root length (cm), projected root area (cm2), number of root tips per plant, number of root segments, average root diameter (mm), root volume (cm3) and root dry weight (g) also had wide range of variation. From the study of skewness characters like number of tillers, number of panicles per plant, number of chaffy seeds, biomass per plant, yield per plant, pulled root length, number of root tips, number of root segments, root volume and average root diameter showed complementary gene action through positive skewness for each of the cross. In all the cross number of tillers as found to had Platykutosis showing involvement of many genes. Among all the crosses number tillers, number of grains, total number of spikelets, projected root surface area and root dry weight were observed to have positive highly significant correlation with plant yield. The grain phosphorous observed to have lower and desirable grain content in F2 progenies of cross 3 (IR 36 xBVD11). From the molecular study there was an observed segregation distortion, due to which the deviation of the F2 progenies in the 3 crosses were deviated to either the maternal or the paternal side, which was observed for chromosome 6 and chromosome 2 for all the root length, root-shoot ratio, root volume, dry root weight, and fresh root weight for drought tolerances. The segregants having found homozygous or heterozygous for the concerned molecular marker for the root traits can be affirmative for the presences of the desirable gene and thus can be selected for superior root traits and similarity with only one parentsThesisItem Open Access GEO-REFERENCING AND ASSESSMENT OF MORPHO-BIOCHEMICAL DIVERSITY OF KALMEGH UNDER IN VIVO CONDITIONS IN JHARKHAND(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) MADHURA M S; Jai KumarIn light of the global utilization of wild medicinal plants for pharmaceutical purposes, it has become imperative to search for medicinal plants that yield high biochemical contents. The secondary metabolites produced in Kalmegh are the result of environmental and edaphic conditions in which it grows and it becomes essential to identify the reasons that contribute towards maximum biochemical production in Kalmegh. The agro climatic sub-zone V of Jharkhand is considered as relatively superior for higher yield and biochemical contents production of Kalmegh, hence the present research was undertaken to corroborate the hypothesis and assist the region in securing a Geographical Indication (GI) tag with the following objectives (i) To assess morpho-biochemical diversity of Kalmegh in all three agroclimatic zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions. (ii) To conduct geo-referencing of morpho-biochemical traits of Kalmegh in all three agroclimatic zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions. (iii) To analyze the traits association studies with local climatic and edaphic conditions to screen out striking factors contributing towards the uniqueness of Kalmegh. The experiment comprised a total of 50 treatments which consisted of three replications and 30 plant samples in each treatment. The number of treatments from agro climatic sub-zone V, IV and VI were forty, five and five respectively. For each location, the coordinates and altitude were recorded, plant growth and yield parameters were measured and soil samples were collected for further analysis. HPLC analysis of plant samples was carried out at CIMAP, Lucknow. Meteorological data was collected for the plant growth period until harvest. Geo-referencing and grid mapping of diversity was carried out using DIVA-GIS (Version 7.5). Statistical analysis was carried out using OPSTAT and INDOSTAT. Highly significant difference was observed in mean leaf length, mean leaf width, mean length of internodes, mean number of internodes, andrographolide percentage and neo-andrographolide percentage in Kalmegh germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone IV & VI while, significant difference was observed in mean plant height, mean stem diameter, mean number of primary branches, mean fresh weight/plant, mean dry weight/plant, mean leaf weight/plant, mean stem weight/plant, and mean leaf stem ratio between the germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone IV and VI. Highly significant difference was observed in mean number of primary branches, mean leaf length, mean leaf width and mean length of internodes in Kalmegh germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone V & VI while, significant difference was observed in mean number of internodes and neo-andrographolide content of Kalmegh between the germplasm collected from agro climatic sub-zone V and VI. Highly significant difference was observed in mean leaf lamina width between the germplasm collected at agro climatic sub-zone IV & V. Maximum plant height was recorded at T2-Kujram (71.14 cm) followed by T4-Kujram (66.36 cm), while maximum stem diameter was recorded at T2-Kujram (5.35 mm) followed by T1-Tarub (4.79 mm). Maximum number of primary branches/plant was recorded at T5-Dangiadagh (4.57) followed by T4-Kujram (4.40) and maximum leaf lamina length was recorded at T4-Kujram (4.72 cm) followed by T5-Dangiadagh (4.56 cm). Maximum leaf lamina width was recorded at T4- Kujram (2.04 cm) followed by T10-Remta (2.00 cm) and maximum length of internodes was recorded at T2-Kujram (4.43 cm) followed by T4-Kujram (4.35 cm). Maximum number of internodes was recorded at T5-Dangiadagh (17.40) followed by T4-Kujram (16.73) while maximum fresh weight/plant was recorded at T2-Kujram (61.17 g) followed by T4-Kujram (59.90 g). Maximum dry weight/plant was recorded at T2-Kujram (13.68 g) followed by T1-Tarub (13.29 g) and maximum leaf weight/plant was recorded at T1-Tarub (6.85 g) followed by T2-Kujram (6.35 g). Maximum leaf stem ratio was recorded at T36-Dulli (1.46) followed by T1-Tarub (1.43). Maximum andrographolide content was recorded at T1-Tarub (1.98%) followed by T3-Khunti-Taimara road (1.87%) and maximum neo-andrographolide content was recorded at T1-Tarub (0.41%) followed by T18-Chikor (0.30%). Correlation analysis of andrographolide content of Kalmegh with growth and yield parameters, climatic parameters, soil physical and chemical parameters revealed andrographolide content showed highly positive significant correlation with leaf stem ratio (0.762), leaf weight per plant (0.640), leaf width (0.578), dry weight per plant (0.567), stem weight per plant (0.550), fresh weight per plant (0.540), plant height (0.524), leaf length (0.512), and number of internodes (0.508). Highly significant positive correlation of andrographolide content was seen with the altitude of the collection area (0.485). Significant positive correlation of andrographolide content was observed with sand percentage of soil (0.399) and bulk density of soil (0.415), but significant negative correlation with water holding capacity of soil (-0.457). Further andrographolide content showed highly significant positive correlation with organic carbon (0.559) and available phosphorus of soil (0.631) and significant positive correlation with available nitrogen (0.427) and available potassium of soil (0.420). Regression analysis of growth parameters showed that the plant height, number of internodes, dry weight/plant and leaf weight/plant of Kalmegh had significant positive impact on its andrographolide content while, regression analysis of climatic factors with growth, yield and biochemical parameters showed significant impact of leaf weight/plant, mean temperature and altitude on its andrographolide content. Regression analysis of soil physical parameters showed significant impact of leaf width and leaf weight/plant on andrographolide content while, regression analysis of soil chemical parameters showed significant impact of plant height, leaf weight/plant, leaf stem ratio, organic carbon of soil and available potassium of soil on its andrographolide content. Path value analysis of biochemical factors with growth and yield factors of Kalmegh revealed the highest positive direct impact of dry weight/plant (5.178) followed by leaf weight/plant (4.161) on its andrographolide content. Again, path value analysis of climatic factors revealed maximum positive direct impact of leaf weight/plant (1.915) followed by altitude (0.514) on its andrographolide content. Path value analysis of soil physical parameters revealed maximum positive direct impact of leaf weight/plant (2.918) followed by plant height (0.436) on andrographolide content, while path value analysis of soil chemical parameters revealed maximum positive direct impact of leaf weight/plant (2.713) followed by plant height (0.559) on its andrographolide content. As regards to the first objective namely, morpho-biochemical diversity of Kalmegh in all three agro climatic sub-zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions, highly significant difference was observed between ACZ IV & VI in leaf lamina length, leaf lamina width, length of internodes, number of internodes, andrographolide content and neo-andrographolide content of Kalmegh, whereas, highly significant difference was observed between ACZ V & VI in number of internodes and neo-andrographolide content of Kalmegh. Significant difference was observed between ACZ IV & VI in plant height, stem diameter, number of primary branches/plant, fresh weight/plant, dry weight/plant, leaf weight/plant, stem weight/plant, and leaf stem ratio of Kalmegh. Significant difference was observed between ACZ V & VI in number of primary branches/plant, leaf lamina length, leaf lamina width and length of internodes of Kalmegh, whereas, significant difference between ACZ IV & V was observed only in leaf lamina width of Kalmegh. Superior germplasm of Kalmegh identified with high andrographolide content were T1-Tarub (1.98%), T20 -Bhanrra (1.96%), T3-Khunti-Taimara road (1.87%), T41-Patratu valley (1.87%). Superior germplasm of Kalmegh identified with high neo-andrographolide content were T1-Tarub (0.41%), T18- Chikor (0.30%), T19-Bhanrra (0.30%), T20-Bhanrra (0.30%). As regards to the second objective namely, geo-referencing of morpho-biochemical traits of Kalmegh in all three agro climatic sub-zones of Jharkhand under in-vivo conditions, it may be concluded through grid mapping of 50 Kalmegh germplasm that the agro climatic sub-zone V exhibited a higher level of superiority with respect to growth, yield and biochemical contents when compared to the other two sub-zones of Jharkhand. As regards to the third objective namely, traits association studies with local climatic and edaphic conditions, following conclusion can be drawn, andrographolide content of Kalmegh showed highly significant positive correlation with altitude (0.485), which shows that the biochemical content may be found in higher amount at higher altitudes. Andrographolide contents of Kalmegh showed positive significant correlation with bulk density (0.415) and sand percentage (0.399). The andrographolide content of Kalmegh showed highly significant positive correlation with organic carbon (0.559) and available phosphorus (0.631), and significant positive correlation with available nitrogen (0.427) and available potassium (0.420), whereas andrographolide content showed a negative non-significant correlation with soil pH, silt percentage and clay percentage of soil. Analysis of 50 Kalmegh germplasm revealed that the most significant factors contributing to the diversity of Kalmegh were fresh weight/plant (36.73%), dry weight/plant (11.76%), and leaf weight/plant (10.04%) respectively. The current study suggests that the agro climatic sub-zone V in Jharkhand exhibits superior growth & yield as well as biochemical production of Kalmegh. To strengthen these findings, further investigations, such as expanding the sample size in experiments and conducting molecular analyses on Kalmegh can be conducted. These analyses will contribute to the assertion that sub-zone V is the most suitable candidate for obtaining a Geographical Indication (GI) tag in relation to biochemical, growth and yield production of Kalmegh.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF WEATHER VARIABLES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA UNDER AGROCLIMATIC CONDITION OF RANCHI(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Bipin Sanjay; Pragyan KumaiWeather parameters impact crop growth and productivity, with each phenological stage having its own optimal conditions. Understanding these relationships is crucial for sustainable production and productivity, requiring agro-climatological knowledge of individual crops and locations. Agricultural production and productivity of any region is regulated by the prevailing weather and derived agrometeorologicial indices of that area through temperature, Rainfall, Light intensity, Radiation, Sunshine duration and their derived indices such as GDD, HTU and PTU etc. Sowing dates significantly impact chickpea yield, making optimal timing crucial for optimal environmental conditions. Delays in sowing reduce growth period, maturity, and yield. A field experiment entitled was conducted at experimental field at Birsa agricultural university research field. The treatment consist three growing environment viz. 10 November, 25 November, 10 December and 3 varieties viz. JG-14 GNG-1581 Birsa chana 3 were laid out in factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. During the entire crop growing period (45-18th SMW) weather condition. Tmax ranged between 21-39.2°C and Tmin ranged between 3·6-26.4°C with Relative humidity (RH) value of RH1 between 84-88% and RH2 between 68-70%. While the BSS ranged between 0-9.5 hrs/day. Wind speed was 2.5 km/hr having total rainfall of 130.4 mm. The result revealed that days taken for emergence was 11-12 days for Early and normal data and 15-16 days for late sown condition. The duration for attaining different phenophase curtailed to have shorter duration with delay in sowing. Birsa chana 3 has longest duration in all 3 dates of sowing 133, 125 & 116 days with GNG-1581 second least at 131, 124 & 114 days while shortest in JG 14 128, 120 & 110 days to attain physiological maturity. Accumulated growing degree days (GDD) was highest in early sown crop and decreased with delay in sowing. Similarly, the accumulated Helio Thermal Unit (HTU) and Photo Thermal Unit (PTU) were made in early sown crops and decreased in delayed sowing condition. GDD, HTU and PTU accumulated by GNG-1581 and Birsa chana 3 were at par with each other while JG-14 has significantly less accumulation. Among the different dates of sowing normal date of sowing achieved greater plant height with no. of branches having higher total dry weight in gms and consisting of maximum numbers of pods. Normal sown variety has the highest yield of 22.05 q/ha with harvest index (HI) of 51% and among varieties GNG-1581 has the yield of 21.92 q/ha with harvest index (HI) of 53%. Higher values of Heat use efficiency (HUE) and Radiation use efficiency (RUE) were obtained under normal sown conditions which showed a decline in early and late sown condition among varieties GNG-1581 has highest HUE and RUE (1.6 kg/ha ℃ days & 1.3 kg/ha/MJ) respectively.
