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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access AMELIORATIVE EFFICACY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF KALMEGH (Andrographis paniculata) ALONE AND AS AN ADJUNCT TO DIALYSIS IN MANAGEMENT OF RENAL FAILURE IN DOGS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) SOREN, POONAM; Kumar, Praveen There were significant decrease in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urine gamma glutamil transferase and neutrophil level after treatment. Summary and Conclusion Ameliorative Efficacy of Methanolic Extract of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) Alone And As An Adjunct To Dialysis In Management Of Renal Failure In Dogs 136 Acute renal failure (ARF) cases treated with peritoneal dialysis along with Andrographis paniculata @ 400 mg/Kg and fluid therapy group T2 gave better result, followed by groups T3, T4 and T1 on 7th day of treatment. Andrographis paniculata @ 400 mg/kg body weight with fluid therapy (T1) also revealed similar result on 15th day of treatment. In the conditions where there is lack of facilities of peritoneal dialysis and other equipment, extract of Andrographis paniculata @ 400 mg/kg can be given orally for ARF cases. Urine gamma glutamil transferase and ultrasonography may be used as one of the important diagnostic aid for diagnosis of renal failure cases even in the early stage of ARF. Future Prospects Further studies for the management of renal failure are advocated with special reference to haemodialysis. Further studies can also be undertaken for the evaluation of phytochemicals responsible for the renal rejuvenation property in Andrographis paniculata.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF BLACK BENGAL GOAT IN CONTEXT TO ITS FECUNDITY(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) KUMAR, VIVEK; Singh, L. B.The present study was carried out on Black Bengal goats which is prolific meat purpose breed of India. Animals were maintained at Instructional Small Ruminant Farm, Ranchi Veterinary College, B.A.U., Ranchi. In this investigation, goat population was screened for polymorphism of FecB gene. A study of association of different variants with different reproductive traits and absolute body weights at different stages of growth was also done. With the primers having forward and reverse base sequence as 5'-CCAGAGGACAATAGCAAAGCAAA-3' and 5'-CAAGATGTTTTC ATGCCTCATCAACAGGTC-3', PCR products obtained were subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the detection of Single Strand Conformational Polymorphism (SSCP). As a result, three different SSCP variants were found which were designated as AA, AB and BB. The highest genotype frequency was observed for AB (0.38), which was followed by BB (0.33) and AA (0.29). Least-square analysis of variance showed significant (P<0.01) effect of genotype on litter size at birth. The result revealed that highest litter size at birth was found to be 02.06±00.08 for genotype BB, which differed significantly (P<0.01) from that of genotype AA (01.14±00.08) and genotype AB (01.27±00.07). Further, it was found that genotype had significant (P<0.01) effect on litter size at weaning. The highest litter size at weaning was found to be 01.81±00.06 for genotype BB, which differed significantly from that of genotype AA (01.00±00.08) and genotype AB (01.12±00.06). There was non-significant effect of genotype on age at first kidding, service period, kidding interval and gestation period. Moreover, there is significant (P<0.01) effect of genotype on body weight at birth. The least square mean of body weights at birth for genotype BB (01.17±00.03 kg) was significantly lower than that of genotype AA (01.43±00.03 kg) and genotype AB (01.36±00.02 kg). The different genotype were non-significantly associated with absolute body weight at 4-week, 8-week, 12-week, 24-week, 36-week and 48-week. Nucleotide sequences of the allelic variants were also analyzed. The DNA sequence showing polymorphism observed were used to identify SNPs. Principal SNP was found at 78 position of gene sequence, which shows transition of Adenine (AA genotype) to Guanine (BB genotype). On the basis of this investigation, following conclusion were observed: 1. The PCR-SSCP analysis of FecB gene revealed the polymorphic pattern of genotypes in Black Bengal Goat. It suggests that flow of FecB mutation was present in Black Bengal Goat. 2. There was significant association of different polymorphic variants of FecB gene with the litter size at birth and at weaning and body weight at birth.ThesisItem Open Access HYGIENIC QUALITY OF CHICKEN PRODUCTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE IN RANCHI(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) Gangmei, Dimdim; ., KalimuddinThe present study was undertaken to study the hygienic quality of chicken products collected from local markets of Ranchi with special reference to public health significance. Altogether 150 samples of ready-to-eat (RTE) chicken products, 75 each from restaurant and chicken products supplier (consisting 25 each of chicken chilli, chicken kabab and chicken cutlet) in Ranchi were bacteriologically examined. The Standard plate count in chicken chilli from restaurant ranged from zero to 2.049 with an average of 0.765 ± 0.166/g. Coliform count varied from 0.000 to 1.903 with an average of 0.364 ± 0.128/g. Faecal streptococcal count varied from zero to 1.000 with an average of 0.052 ± 0.041/g. The Standard plate count in chicken kabab from restaurant ranged from zero to 2.332 with an average of 0.975 ± 0.196/g. Coliform count ranged from zero to 2.243 with an average of 0.315 ± 0.115/g. Faecal streptococcal count ranged from zero to 1.602 with an average of 0.104 ± 0.074/g. The Standard plate count in chicken cutlet from restaurant ranged from zero to 2.307 with an average of 0.818 ± 0.176/g. Coliform count ranged from zero to 2.301 with an average of 0.423 ± 0.134/g. Faecal streptococcal count ranged from zero to 1.397 with an average of 0.174 ± 0.083/g. The Standard plate count in chicken chilli from chicken products supplier ranged from zero to 2.397 with an average of 0.917 ± 0.174/g. Coliform count ranged from zero to 2.255 with an average of 0.396 ± 0.140/g. Faecal streptococcal count varied from zero to 1.146 with an average of 0.077 ± 0.054/g. The Standard plate count in chicken kabab from chicken products supplier ranged from zero to 2.342 with an average of 1.262 ± 0.203/g. Coliform count ranged from zero to 2.330 with an average of 0.661 ± 0.162/g. Faecal streptococcal count ranged from zero to 1.477 with an average of 0.287 ± 0.101/g. The Standard plate count in chicken cutlet from chicken products supplier ranged from zero to 2.357 with an average of 0.849 ± 0.181/g. Coliform count ranged from zero to 2.033 with an average of 0.630 ± 0.153/g. Faecal streptococcal count ranged from zero to 1.278 with an average of 0.187 ± 0.088/g. The test of significance between bacterial loads in all the chicken products from restaurant and chicken products supplier revealed no significant difference between them, though the average Standard plate count, Coliform count and Faecal streptococcal count were more in chicken products collected from chicken products supplier than those of chicken products collected from restaurant. All the samples examined were free from Salmonella. Absence of Salmonella in the products goes in favour of products acceptability. Three isolates of E.coli (2%) were isolated from the examined chicken products i.e., E.coli O148 from chicken chilli of restaurant, E.coli O8 from chicken kabab of restaurant and chicken chilli of chicken products supplier. The other organisms isolated include Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptomyces and yeast. Presence of these organisms suggests chances of food spoilage and deterioration of its quality on storage as they are often associated with spoilage of foods. All the three isolates of E.coli were subjected to in vitro drug sensitivity test using different antimicrobial agents. The E.coli O148 was sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Gentammicin, Aztreonam, Chloramphenicol and Doxycycline, while moderately sensitive to Ampicillin and Cephalothin. The E.coli O8 was sensitive to Aztreonam and Chloramphenicol, while resistant to Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Gentamicin, Cephalothin and Doxycycline. The bacterial counts were comparatively higher in all the chicken products from chicken products supplier than those of chicken products from restaurant but they did not differ significantly. The bacterial loads in all the products examined were found to be within the permissible limit as per the microbiological standards and guidelines laid down by Goldenberg and Elliot, (1973) and Gilbert et al., (2000) and may have no significant impact over the microbial population from public health point of view. Isolation of E.coli O8 and O148 calls for public health attention as they are shiga toxin-producing organisms capable of causing food-borne diseases to consumers. The presence of E.coli indicates faecal contamination of the water sources that were utilized at any point of processing, storage and serving of the products, and poor hygiene of handlers. The E.coli O148 was found to be sensitive to most of the drugs tested whereas E.coli O8 was found to be resistant to most of the tested drugs. Food handling is the last control point in the farm-to-fork food safety and avoidance of cross-contamination in kitchen is another important control point. From public health point of view, it is therefore, important that hygienic measures should be taken to ensure prevention of food contamination and control drug resistant bacteria. This could be achieved through enhanced surveillance of the organisms, serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility test to devise effective control strategies.ThesisItem Open Access AMELIORATIVE EFFECT OF Curcuma longa ON CADMIUM INDUCED SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY IN LAYER CHICKEN(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) Kumar, Prabhat; ROY, B.K.Cadmium exposure caused decrease in body weight and damaged liver and kidney of layer birds. There was significant reduction in all haematological parameters in cadmium exposed group. The antioxidant status of the body was also disturbed due to cadmium exposure for 29 days. Curcuma longa (2 g/kg in feed) along with cadmium chloride showed mild protection against the toxic effects caused by cadmium in layer birds. It has shown potent antioxidant activity, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activity against cadmium induced toxicity. Supplementation of this plant may protect tissues from the toxic effects of cadmium.ThesisItem Open Access “STUDIES ON CRYOPRESERVATION AND POSTTHAWED ASSESMENT OF CHHOTANAGPURI RAM SEMEN”(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) Toppo, Tej Pawan; Sinha, M. P.The studies were carried out on seminal ejaculate characteristics and its cryopreservation of Chhotanagpuri rams. The main purpose of this study was to determine the cryotolerance of Chhotanagpuri ram spermatozoa on the basis of post-thaw semen quality. The results obtained have been discussed earlier in detail, the same have been summarized as follows: Seminal characters at pre- freeze stage: 1. The colour of Chhotanagpuri ram semen was found to be creamy or creamy white. 2. The overall mean ejaculate volume, mass motility, sperm concentration and live sperm percentage were found to be 0.56±0.02 ml, 4.28±0.08, 4210.42±29.00 millions/ml and 84.50±0.65 percent respectively. 3. The overall mean value of intact plasma membrane integrity, intact acrosome status and intact DNA integrity were found to be 78.11±0.63 percent, 83.42±0.75 percent and 89.97±0.38 percent respectively. 4. Mean live percentage, intact plasma membrane integrity, intact acrosome, and intact DNA integrity percentage were significantly higher in neat semen samples than frozen thawed semen. 5. The ejaculate volume was negatively and non significantly correlated with sperm concentration, acrosome status and DNA integrity .The ejaculate volume was significantly (P<0.05) and positively correlated with mass motility. It was positively but non significantly correlated with live sperm % and plasma membrane integrity. 6. The mass motility was significantly (P<0.01) and positively correlated with sperm concentration, live sperm percentage. Its correlation with acrosome status, plasma membrane integrity and DNA integrity was positive but non significant. 7. The sperm concentration was highly significantly (P<0.01) and positively correlated with live sperm percentage whereas it was positively and non significantly correlated with DNA integrity. It was negatively and non significantly correlated with plasma membrane integrity and acrosome status. 8. The live sperm percentage was significantly (P<0.05) and positively correlated with plasma membrane integrity. It was positively but non significantly correlated with DNA integrity and acrosome status. 9. The plasma membrane integrity was non significantly and positively correlated with acrosome status and DNA integrity. 10. The acrosome status was positively and non significantly correlated with DNA integrity. Post- thaw characters: 11. The overall mean value of semen progressive motility and live proportion were found to be 46.33±0.36 percent and 61.53±0.76 percent respectively. The values did not vary significantly between the rams. 12. The overall mean value of intact plasma membrane integrity, intact acrosome status, and intact DNA integrity were found to be 69.66±0.67 percent, 70.94±0.79 percent and 74.58±0.79 percent respectively which did not differ significantly between the rams. 13. The difference between the ejaculate volume, mass motility, sperm concentration, live sperm percentage, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome status, and DNA integrity were found to be non significant among the rams. 14. The plasma membrane integrity was non significantly and positively correlated with acrosome status, live proportion, DNA integrity and also with progressive motility percentage. 15. The acrosome status was positively and non significantly correlated with live proportion, progressive motility percentage and DNA integrity. 16. The DNA integrity was positively and non significantly correlated with live proportion, but non significantly and negatively correlated with progressive motility percentage. 17. The live proportion was positively and non significantly correlated with progressive motility.ThesisItem Open Access “STATUS AND CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL HELMINTHS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ECONOMICS OF CHOTTANAGPURI SHEEP production”(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) Jena, Anurag; Deb, A. R.The studies conducted on the status and control of gastrointestinal helminths and their impact on the economics of Chottanagpuri sheep production has been summarized and concluded as follows: SUMMARY 1. The overall prevalence of G.I. helminths in Chottanagpuri sheep at Ranchi and its localities was 62.55%. 2. The helminths identified were Paramphistomum Spp., Fasciola Spp., Moniezia Spp., Strongyloides Spp., Trichostrongylus Spp., Haemonchus Spp., Trichuris Spp., Oesophagostomum Spp., Ostertagia Spp. and Cooperia Spp. 3. The area-wise prevalence (Husir, Patratoli, RVC Sheep Unit, Bijalia, Agru, Chaildag, Hesal, Chandra, Mayapur, Kutatola and Obaria) of G.I. helminths in Chottanagpuri sheep showed that highest percentage of infection was recorded in Obaria (78.43%) and lowest in RVC Sheep Unit (32.14%). 4. Sex-wise prevalence of G.I. helminths in Chottanagpuri sheep indicated that females were having more (66.24%) infection than males (56.60%). 5. The age-wise prevalence of G.I. helminths in Chottanagpuri sheep showed that the sheep aged between 3-9 months were having 60.86% degree of infection while 0-3 months and above 9 months were having 66.14% and 53.50 % infection respectively. 6. The seasonal prevalence of G.I. helminths was significantly more in rainy (73.22%) than winter (60.73%) and summer (52.36%) seasons. 7. The Fenbendazole and Ivermectin were 100% effective against G.I. helminthiasis in growing lambs on 10th and 7th day post-treatment EPG observations. 8. The haematological studies (Hb, PCV & TEC) during G.I. helminthiasis and treatment indicated significant return Hb, PCV & TEC value towards normal while the infected animals had slightly decreased Hb, PCV & TEC values. 9. The average weekly body weight (Kg) gain in growing lambs during G.I. helminthiasis and simultaneous treatment indicated significant increase in body weight, where as the increased rate in weight gain of infected lambs was considerably lower. 10. Fenbendazole was also found to be 100% effective against G.I. helminths on 10th day post-treatment EPG observation in pregnant sheep. 11. There was significant improvement in Hb, PCV & TEC values of the pregnant sheep post-treatment. 12. Significantly higher body weight and growth rate up to weaning in lambs born of parasite free pregnant sheep were observed. 13. There was 27.27% mortality up to weaning in lambs born of parasitized pregnant sheep whereas 100% survival was observed in lambs born to parasite free pregnant sheep. 14. In growing lambs, there has been a net body weight gain of 23.15 kg between Fenbendazole treated group and control group, similarly a net body weight gain of 25.05 kg has been found between Ivermectin treated group and control group. 15. Net body weight gain of 28.40 kg has been found in between lambs born of parasite free and parasitized pregnant ewes. 16. Significant margin of profit viz. Rs.1084 and Rs.1158 approx. were obtained in both Fenbendazole and Ivermectin treated groups per each growing lamb respectively and similar, profit of Rs.1340 approx. was obtained up to weaning from the lambs born of parasite free pregnant sheep.ThesisItem Open Access GENETIC ARCHITECTURE OF CHHOTANAGPURI SHEEP IN CONTEXT TO ITS FECUNDITY(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) ORAON, THANESH; Singh “Dron”, D. K.The present study was conducted to study polymorphism of FecB genes and ascertain genotypes of Chhotanagpuri lambs on the basis of alleles of FecB gene with objectives to estimate the effects of genotypes and some non- genetic factors on growth in terms of absolute body weights of lambs from birth to 52-week of age as well as variation in growth rate in terms of average daily gain in weight during different periods of growth. Attempts were also made to study relationship of ewe’s weight at lambing with growth of their lambs as well as among body weights at different stages of growth from birth to 52-week of age. Regression equations with their coefficient of determination were also developed to predict body weight at later stages of life on the basis of earlier weights. The findings of this study are being summarized as follows: (1) Six single strand conformation polymorphism variants of FecB gene were obtained at Locus-1 and Locus-2. (2) AT Locus-1, the genotype frequency of AA was highest (0.424) followed by AB (0.326) and BB (0.250) .revealed that the frequency of A and B alleles were 0.587 and 0.413, respectively. (3) Locus-2, the genotype frequency of CD was higher (0.402) followed by CC (0.381) and DD (0.217), indicating that the frequency C and D were 0.587 and 0.418, respectively. (4) Genotypes at Locus-1 had significant effect on body weights of lambs from 8th week of age to 52nd week of age, though the variations in birth weight and weight at 4th week due to it was not significant. (5) Lambs with BB genotype at Locus-1 had better growth rate up to 52-wk of age than those with AA and AB genotypes. (6) Growth of lambs remains unchanged due to genotypes at Locus 2, though lambs of CC genotype had better growth than CD and DD genotypes. (7) Body weights of lambs from 4th week onwards varied significantly due to dam’s weight at lambing. (8) Lambs of heavier dams continued to weigh more than those of lighter dams till 52- wk of age. (9) Birth weight of lambs had significant effect on their growth up to 52-week of age. Lambs born with higher birth weight at grow faster rate than those born having lower birth weight particularly during pre-weaning period i.e up to 12-week of age. (10) Average Daily Gain (ADG) in body weight of lambs was maximum (81.64±3.83 g/day) irrespective of genotypes. (11) ADG declined with the advancement in age. (12) Lambs with BB genotype at Locus had better growth rate in terms of ADG than those of AA and AB at this locus (13) Lambs with higher birth weight had better ADG particularly during pre-weaning period. (14) Dam’s weight at lambing had positive and significant phenotypic association with body weight of their lambs up to 52 – week of age. (15) Phenotypic association among body weights at various stages of growth were positive and significant, though the magnitude of relationship declined with the increase in gap between two weights taken. Regression study revealed that the body weight at growth could be predicted with moderately higher accuracy on the basis of preceding weight The following conclusions have been drawn: (1) Chhotanagpuri lambs with BB genotypes should be selected for better growth. (2) Breeding program should be designed to increase the frequency of ‘B’ allele among individuals in a flock of Chhotanagpuri sheep. (3) Lambs with high birth weight should be cared properly particularly after weaning at 12-wk of age for better post-weaning growth. (4) Keeping in view the positive association of dam’s weight at lambing on growth of their lambs up to 52-week of age the ewes particularly during advance stage of pregnancy should be fed properly and cared properly for improving birth weight of lambs and its growth. (5) Lambs could be selected on the basis of weight at at birth and 12-wk of age for better growth and more meat yield. (6) Polymorphism of FecB gene should be studied with a large number of primers to derive valid conclusion in context of fecundity.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF POLYHERBAL PREPARATIONS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND HAEMATOBIOCHEMICAL PROFILES IN GROWER PIGS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) Gyani, Avinash Chandra; Kumar, RavindraThe present investigation entitled “Effect of polyherbal preparations on growth performance and haematobiochemical profiles in grower pigs was carried out at Instructional pig farm, Department of livestock production and management, Ranchi veterinary college, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand. Experiment was designed using forty two weaned piglets of almost same age group of about three months and body weight of about fifteen kg. Before starting of experiment, piglets were maintained on balanced ration for two weeks. Thereafter, piglets were weighed and divided randomly into seven treatment groups (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7) having six piglets in each maintaining similar male : female ratio. All the piglets were dewormed 15 days before start of the experiment with Albendazole. All animals were vaccinated against swine fever. After start of experiment, performance of growing piglets was studied. The feeding trial lasts for two months. The details of feeding regimens in different groups were as follows, group T1 was control and feed contains basal ration having ingredients as 61% crushed maize+ 14% ground nut cake+ 16% wheat bran+ 7.5% fish meal + 1% mineral mixture + 0.5% common salt, group T2 was bacteriostatic growth promoter and feed contains basal ration + polyherbal preparation at the dose rate of 25 gm per quintal for 0 to 60 days, T3 was herbal antistressor and imunomodulator and feed contains basal ration + polyherbal preparation at the dose rate of 100 gm per quintal for 0 to 60 days, T4 was bacteriostatic natural growth promoter and feed contains basal ration + polyherbal preparation at the dose rate of 100 gm per quintal for 0 to 60 days, T5was liver tonic and growth promoter in powder form and feed contains basal ration + polyherbal preparation at the dose rate of 200 gm per quintal for 0 to 60 days, T6 was liver tonic in bolus form and feed contains basal ration + polyherbal bolus at the ddose rate of ½ bolus per piglet per day for 0 to 7 days in first monthand repeated for a week in second month (week a month therapy), T7 was liver tonic in liquid form and feed contains basal ration + polyherbal liquid at the dose rate of 10 ml per piglet per day for 0 to 7 days in first month and repeated for a week in second month (i.e, week a month therapy). Here, polyherbal preparation was variable while basal ration was constant. Experimental feeding was done for two months followed by one month post treatment period. The voluntary daily feed intake (ad lib.) of each animal was noted during pre-experimental period for two weeks. On the basis of total feed intake during pre-experimental period, different polyherbal preparation mixed ration were offered to the pigs in different groups as per technical programme during the entire experimental period. All groups of pigs were fed weighed quantity of feed ad libitum. The residues were collected separately and weighed at 8:00 am on next day in all the groups. Feed consumption was recorded on daily basis. Change in body weight was recorded in morning before feeding at every fortnight interval by using standard balance, blood samples were collected at start of the experiment (0 day), mid of the experiment (45 day) and at the end of experiment (90 day) to estimate the haemato-biochemical parameters. The results of present study are summarised as follows:- 1. The percentage of DM, CP. EE, CF, NFE, Total ash, Ca and P are 90.80, 18.30, 3.68, 4.80, 64.42, 8.80, 0.49 and 1.27 respectively. 2. No significant difference was observed in total body weight gain among group T4 and T7 but other groups showed significant difference. However highest body weight was observed for group T5. 3. Significant (P<0.01) difference in body length were observed among groups at most of the periods under study except 0 day and first fortnight. 4. Highest chestgirth was observed for group T5 followed by groups T1, T2, T3, T4 and T7. However, no significant difference were observed among groups during all the periods under study. 5. Significantly highest height at withers was observed for group T5 followed by T1, T2, T4, T7, T3 and T6. However, no significant difference were observed among T3, T5 and T6. 6. Significantly highest average daily body weight gain was observed for T5, T3, T6, T4, T7, T1, and T2 at most of the fortnights. 7. Lowest FCR value was observed for group T5 followed by T3, T6, T4, T1, T7 and T2 respectively. Significant difference were observed among groups during most of the periods under study except at 4th fortnight. 8. Among biochemical parameters, highest blood glucose level was found for T5 followed by T3, T6, T2, T4 and T7. However, difference among groups was observed to be non significant and values was within the range. 9. Total plasma protein value differ significantly (p<0.01) among the different treatment groups at the mid and end of the experiment. However, highest value was observed for T5 followed by T3, T6, T4, T2, T7 and T1 at the end of the experiment and was within the range. 10. Non-significantly highest ALT value was observed for group T7 followed by T6, T3, T1, T5 and T2 and was within the range. 11. AST value differ significantly (pThesisItem Open Access STUDY ON PREVALENT DAIRY PRACTICES AMONG TRIBALS OF RANCHI DISTRICT(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2013) TIRKEY, SMRITI; Oraon, J.1. From the present finding of the study, it can be concluded that age, education, social participation, extension contact, mass media exposure SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 97 influenced the knowledge and adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices amongst tribal. 2. Tribal dairy respondents were having low knowledge and adoption level of improved dairy husbandry practices. 3. High cost of concentrate, mineral mixture, medicine and vaccine for dairy animal were main constraint perceived by the tribal dairy respondents. 4. Artificial Insemination of dairy cow and buffalo is prevalent in study area. 5. Penetration of veterinary compounder and stockman in Ranchi district was more pronounced than veterinarian of either Animal husbandry department or private institute or agencies.