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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Some Finger Millet (Eleusine Coracana L. Gaertn. ) Germplasm, Lines(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Supriya Supal Surin; V. KerkettaAltogether 120 samples, 40 each of khoa, paneer and mushroom were put to different types of bacterial counts viz. total viable count, coliform count and faecal streptococcal count to assess their microbiological quality. 40 samples of khoa, which comprised of 25 samples taken from local shops and 15 from standard shop exhibited TVC ranging from 6.633 to 9.235 (7.451 ± 0.161) and 5.079 to 8.322 (6.791 ±0.276) in two types samples respectively. 40 samples of Paneer, collected 20 samples each from local and standard shops showed total viable counts ranging from 7,819 to 9.459 (8.526 ± 0.115) and 7.447 to 8.963 (8.050 +0.088) respectively. Out of 40 samples of Mushroom 30 obtained from local shop and 10 from standard shops cultivated purposely for sell had total viable counts ranging from 4.193 1 to 10.464 (8.249 +0.311) and 4.613 to 8.322 (6.062 ±0.312) respectively. All of the samples collected from local and standard shops were also put to coliform counts. 25 samples of khoa from local shops and 15 fromstadshops showed coliform counts ranging from 0.000 and 6.255 (4.229 ± 0.839) and from 0.000 to 5.322 (3.315+ 0.631) in two types of samples respectively. Of 40 samples of paneer 20 samples collected each from local and standard shops revealed coliform counts ranging from 4.602 to 5.959 (5.276 ± 0.079) and from 3.204 to 5.748 (5.013±0.121) respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Bacteriological Quality of Buffalo Meat Special Reference to Escherichia Coli(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Anita Kumari; Rajendra YadavaIndia occupies a leading position in the world in terms of livestock population. It has a share of about 50.0 per cent of buffalo (84.51 million) and nearly 15.0 per cent each of cattle (204.52 million) and goat (115.28 million) population of the world. India ranks first in the world in buffalo and goat population and sixth in the population of sheep (50.78 million). Meat is a high protein source. It is now gaining entry to many of the traditional vegetarian families in India. In addition, India is also emerging as one of the major exporters of meat and meat products. In fact, the export of meat has increased considerably in recent years. This is mainly because Indian meat is Internationally price competitive. Indian meat industry has established lucrative market in the Gulf countries and Malaysia, and has been fetching a substantial amount of foreign exchange. Commercial organization engaged in meat processing must maintain satisfactory microbiological standards of their products to ensure consumer's safety and protect from spoilage. Such quality control and food safety programme in India appear to be in their infancy. In order to assess the quality of food for consumer's safety, it is essential to examine it for bacteria and food spoilage organisms. Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the objective to assess the hygienic quality and presence of Escherichia coli. A total of 40 samples of buffalo meat from two different sources of Ranchi town i.e. slaughter house Doranda and Kantatoli were analyzed for bacteriological quality. The result of bacteriological examination has been expressed in log₁0 scale.ThesisItem Open Access Hygienic Quality of Dresses Chicken Meat special Reference to Escherichia coli(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1999) Shilendra Kumar Sinha; Rejendra YadavIn India, the broiler meat is considered to be the meat of choice due to, its short production period, low initial investment and its relatively lower price. Commercial organization engaged in preparing ready to cook poultry and those engaged in export of raw broiler meat must maintain strict microbiological standards to ensure consumer safety and protection from spoilage. Unfortunately such food safety norms and programmes are still not adhered to in our country and there are a lot of roadside shops selling contaminated and unhygienic broiler meat. Therefore the present study was undertaken with the objective of assessing hygienic quality and presence of food borne pathogens i.e. E. coli. Altogether 50 (fifty) samples of broiler meat from 3 sources i.e. Ratu Road Market, Kadru Market and a Private Poultry Farm at Kanke were analysed for bacteriological quality. The samples of Ratu Road Market yielded TVC ranging from 7.8808 to 8.3010 with an average of 8.1003, Fourteen out of fifteen samples were positive for coliform and count varied from zero to 4.0414 with an average of 3.6873. All the fifteen samples were positive for faecal streptococci and the counts ranged from 3.0 to 3.3617 with an average of 3.2001. The samples from Kadru Market yielded TVC ranging from 7.6002 to 8.3979 with an average of 7.9732. Twelve out of 15 samplesThesisItem Open Access Bacteriological Quality of Chevon with special reference to Staphylococcus aureus(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Chandreshwar Prasad; Rajendra YadavIn Asian countries, goats are exclusively considered as meat animals. The preference for goat meat (chevon) is probably related to certain special features including distinctive flavour, which make it quite different from mutton. Visceral fat deposition is characteristics of goat. This in turn, affects the succulence and tenderness of chevon. Commercial organizations engaged in meat processing must maintain satisfactory microbiological standards of their products to ensure consumer safety and protect from spoilage. Such quality control and food safety programme in India appear to be in their infancy. In order to assess the quality of food for consumer's safety it is essential to examine it for bacteria responsible food poisoning and also food spoilage organisms. Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the objective to assess the hygienic quality and presence of food borne pathogens i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Altogether 40 samples of chevon from two different sources of Ranchi town i.e. meat booths, Kanke and Bahu bazaar were analyzed. for bacteriological quality. The results of bacteriological examination has been expressed in log 10 scale. Total viable count in the samples of chevon obtained from meat booths, Kanke ranged from 6.3979 to 7.1847 with an average of 6.8463/g. All the samples were positive for coliform and count varied from 4.9031 to 5.6721 with an average of 5.4658/g.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Heat Resistant Bacillus Strains Isolated From Different Fermented Foods With Special Reference to Emetic Enterotoxin(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Ram Sarikh Prasad; Dr. Md Kalimuddin1.Twenty five samples (20.83%) were found positive for heat resistant Bacillus cereus out of hundred twenty samples of different fermented foods. 2. All the five types of fermented foods viz. dosa premix, rice beer, idli, curd and soysauce examined, were found to be contaminated with heat resistant Bacillus cereus. The incidence of Bacillus cereus in dosa premix, rice beer, idli, curd and soysauce was 37.50%, 33.33%, 25.00 % , 4.16% and 4.16%, respectively. 3. Area-wise incidence of heat resistant Bacillus cereus in fermented foods viz. Dhurwa, Hinoo, Main road Ranchi, Kanke and Kanke road was 23.21%. 16.65%, 19.98% 23.21%, respectively. 4. The bio typing of the isolates revealed that the fermented foods were contaminated with biotypes 1(16.00 %), 2 (4.00%), 4 (72.00%), 5 (4.00%) and 8 (4.00%). This would help to understand the epidemiology of food poisoning due to Bacillus cereus. 5.Most of the isolates from fermented foods ferment xylose (84.00%) and the findings are in accordance with the European. reports.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on bacillus Enterotoxins and their Pathogenesis(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Malik Mehboob Willayat; K.G.Narayan1. Six varieties of rice collected from north, south, east and west of Ranchi city were found contaminated to an extent of 50.00, 56.25, 81.25, 87.50, 100.00 and 100.00 percent, respectively, for Sonachur, Rice King, Mansuri, Parmal, Gandevta and Bundu. 2. Percentage of sample bearing heat resistant strains (100°C, 20 minutes) was 7.29 indicating that cooked rice may not be sterile always as is presumed. 3. The biotyping of the isolates revealed that the rice was contaminated with biotypes 7(28.94%), 6( 23,68 %), 5(18,42%) and 2(13.15%). This would help to understand the epidemiology of food poisoning due to Bacillus cereus. 4. Most of the isolates from rice (65.78%) did not ferment xylose and the findings are in accordance with the European reports. 5. The field isolates varied in production of the type of enterotoxins. 45.83 percent isolates produced both emetic as well as diarrhoeal type enterotoxins compared to 33.33 and 20.80 percent producing only emetic and diarrhoeal enterotoxins, respectively. 6. Shake-Cultures incubated at 30-32°C for 5-12 hours was ideal for optimal production of diarrhoeal enterotoxin as tested by VPR and MLT. 7. Bacillus cereus metabolites viz. phospholipase C, hemolysins and the lethal toxins when separated by gel filtration and other Methods did produces VPR or MLT in Vivo but Produced strong in Vitro lecithinovitelline reaction and hemolysis.ThesisItem Open Access Bacteriological Quality of Fishes Reared in Pig and Cattle Manure fed Pounds(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Niraj Kumar Verma; Dr. K.G. NarayanThe present work was undertaken to study bacteriological quality of fishes reared in pig and cattle manure fed ponds with the following objectives: 1. To determine physico-chemical changes in water samples after application of pig and cattle manure separately in two different ponds. 2. To determine the growth of fishes under above two different managmental conditions. 3. To determine total bacterial and coliform loads of water, soil (sediments) and fishes under above two managemental conditions. 4. To study carrier status of Salmonella typhimurium in fishes after experimental exposure. The entire work was completed in two phases. In phase-I, the experiment was performed outside the laboratory. in two similar seasonal ponds at Boreya, Kanke, Ranchi. In this phase, the physico-chemical characters of water and growth of fishes were determined.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Bacillus Cereus Isolated from Milk and Milk Products(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1997) Miss Elanbam Motina; Md,KalimuddinAltogether 250 samples of milk and milk products from urban and suburban areas of Ranchi were tested, out of which 81 samples revealed contamination with Bacillus cereus and the percent positivity was 32.40. Higher percent of contamination was found in urban (36.00) than in suburban (28.80) areas. However, statistical analysis revealed that the difference was not significant. Results of studies on milk and milk products also showed similar pattern of contamination with Bacillus cereus. Of the milk products tested, highest percentage (41.37%) of rasogula samples followed by milk powder (40.00%) pera and berfi each (26.31%) were found contaminated. The more samples of raw milk from urban (35.71%) than from suburban (25.00%) areas were found positive for Bacillus cereus. The average presumptive counts of Bacillus cereus in the samples of milk and milk products drawn from urban areas were more than in the samples of suburban areas. but this difference was statistically not significant. Majority of the positive samples of milk and milk products had a presumptive and confirmatory counts of <4.000 cfu/ml or g in suburban and urban areas. Confirmatory counts of Bacillus cereus was 5.000 cfu/g and above in milk products from urban area. Only two samples from suburban area were found contaminated at the level of 8.000 to 9.000 cfu/g of berfi.ThesisItem Open Access ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Staphylococcus aureus FROM MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2010) Kujur, Anne Renku; Yadava, R.In the present study altogether 190 samples, comprising 100 samples of raw milk and 90 samples of milk products were examined.50 samples each of raw milk were taken from two different sources i.e farms and private vendors and 30 samples each of peda, kalakand and paneer were collected from local shops and standard shops of Ranchi city and were subjected to Staphylococcal count and result was expressed in log10 scale. 30 samples of peda, comprising 15 samples taken from local shops and 15 from standard shops showed Staphylococcal count ranging from 0.000 to 5.397 with an average of 2.011±0.585 log10/g and 0.000 to 4.477 with an average of 1.379±0.470 log10/g respectively.Similarly 30 samples of kalakand, comprising 15 samples taken from local shops and 15 from standard shops showed Staphylococcal count ranging from 0.000 to 7.845 with an average of 3.170±0.855 log10/g and 0.000 to 7.344 with an average of 3.076±0.894 log10/g respectively.Staphylococcal count in 30 samples of paneer, comprising 15 samples from local shops and 15 samples from standard shops ranged from 0.000 to 8.701 with an average of 4.832±0.923 log10/g and 0.000 to 7.049 with an average of 3.893±0.855 log10/g respectively. In 100 samples of raw milk, comprising 50 samples collected from farms and 50 samples from private milk vendor the Staphylococcal count ranged from 0.000 to 7.819 With an average of 2.820 ± 0.411 log10/g and 0.000 to 9.049 with an average of 3.862±0.470 log10/g respectively. The recovery percentage of Staphylococcus spp from peda samples collected from local and standard shops was 53.84% and 50.00% respectively. Similarly percentage of Staphylococcus from kalakand samples from local and standard shops was 57.14% and 53.84% and that of paneer samples was recorded as 90.90% and 90.00% respectively.The isolation percentage of Staphylococcus spp from milk samples collected from farms and private milk vendors was recorded as 59.5% and 62.5% respectively. 102 isolates of Staphylococcus spp were isolated out of which 9 strains were of Coagulase negative Staphylococci and 93 strains were of Coagulase positive Staphylococci. Out of 93 strains of Coagulase positive Staphylococcus, 91 strains were Staphylococcus aureus and 2 were other species of Staphylococcus. Incidence of S.aureus was lower in peda, kalakand and paneer collected from standard shops than local shops.The contamination in paneer samples was higher followed by kalakand and peda collected from both local and standard shops. Out of 93 strains of Coagulase positive Staphylococcus spp isolated from milk and milk products, 91 Staphylococcus aureus strains were subjected to biotyping on the basis of three properties-hydrolysis of Tween 80, pigmentation on Tween 80 Agar and Urease production. It was found that majority of isolates fell in biotype A (46.15%) followed by D (32.96%), B (10.98%) and C (09.89%). All the 102 isolates of Staphylococcus were subjected to in vitro drug sensitivity test using 10 different antimicrobial agents i.e Gatifloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Azithromycin, Aztreonam, Doxycycline, Vancomycin, Ampicillin and Cotrimoxazole.The drug sensitivity test revealed that Staphylococcus spp were highly sensitive to Gatifloxacin followed by Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Sparfloxacin , moderately sensitive to Vancomycin, Doxycycline, Aztreonam and Azithromycin. The organisms were resistant to Ampicillin and Cotrimoxazole. Results indicate that strict preventive measures should be adopted to ensure contamination free milk products for good health of consumers.
