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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access AMELIORATIVE EFFICACY OF Moringa oleifera AND Tephrosia purpurea ON CADMIUM INDUCED SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY IN ALBINO RATS(Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 2014) Toppo, Reetu; ROY, B.K.The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of Moringa oleifera and Tephrosia purpurea against cadmium induced sub-acute toxicity in albino rats and their effects on serum bio-markers, haematological parameters, blood concentrations, tissue concentration and oxidative stress indices in rats. Histopathological study of liver, kidney and brain was also done. For sub-acute toxicity study 30 Wistar albino rats of either sex were randomly divided into 5 groups of 6 rats in each group. Group-I was kept as control, group- II was treated with cadmium chloride (200 ppm) alone, group-III was treated with cadmium chloride (200 ppm) along with Moringa oleifera (500 mg/kg, oral), group-IV was treated with cadmium chloride (200 ppm) along with Tephrosia purpurea (500 mg/kg, oral), group-V was treated in combination with cadmium chloride (200 ppm), Moringa oleifera (500 mg/kg, oral), and Tephrosia purpurea (500 mg/kg, oral) 1. There was significant decrease in body weight gain in rats (group II) after single daily oral administration of cadmium chloride @ 200 ppm as compared with other treatment groups. 2. There was significant decrease in the weight of kidney, liver and brain in rats of group II. However, the weight of kidney, liver and brain in group III, IV and V increased in treatment groups as compared to rats of group II. No significant changes was observed in lung, heart and spleen of all the groups. 3. Hematological parameters such as total erythrocyte count and haemoglobin % was significantly decreased while total leucocyte count was significantly increased in group II as compared to control group. Group III, IV and V showed increased values of total erythrocyte count and haemoglobin % and decreased total leucocyte count in treatment group as compared to group II. 4. Biochemical alterations were observed in cadmium chloride treated group. Increase in levels of AST, ALT, ALP, BUN, creatinine, glucose and decrease in levels of serum total protein and serum albumin was observed in group II and there was significant improvement in these altered levels was observed in group III, IV and V. 5. Oxidative stress indices were determined on the basis of LPO and SOD values in liver, kidney and brain. There was increase in LPO and decrease in SOD values in liver, kidney and brain of group II whereas there was significant amelioration in altered values in group III, IV and V. 6. There was significant increase in the concentration of cadmium in kidney, liver, brain, lungs, heart, bone, muscles and spleen in group II as compared to control group. There was no significant decrease in cadmium concentrations in organs of group III, IV and V. 7. Histopathological studies of different vital organs also supported the above results. a. Kidney of rats of group II revealed consistent changes of cellular degeneration along with congestive, hemorrhagic and infiltrative changes. Cellular injury was characterized by vacuolar, cellular swelling with marked changes of granular, vacuolar and hyaline degeneration. Injured cells were showing changes of irreversible injury as evident by pyknosis, karrheorexis, karyolysis and anucloeosis along with features of cytoplasmolysis and desquamation of epithelial cells leading to causing partial to complete occlusion of their lumen at one point while dilation along with presence of granular and hyaline cast at other. Multifocal mononuclear cell infiltration with features of few fibroblast cells also evident in interstitial spaces whereas reduction in the microscopic changes in kidney of cadmium chloride with MO and TP alone caused decrease in severity of these lesions which was found to be maximum in rats treated in combination with both MO and TP evident by decrease in severity of granular, vacuolar, necrotic and disquamative changes with simultaneous decrease in number of tubules so effected and number of cells therein showing such changes. Degenerative changes were restricted to only outer cortical tubules in this group of rats and congestive, hemorrhagic and infiltrative changes were also milder. b. Liver of rats of group II revealed consistent changes of hepatic degeneration along with congestive, hemorrhagic, infiltrative and proliferative changes. Injuries in hepatocytes were characterized by cellular swelling with marked granular and vacuolar changes. The irreversibly injured cells were characterized by nucloeolar changes of pyknosis, karrheorexis, karyolysis and anucloeosis, cytomegaly, cytoplasmlysis, individualization and cell separation which were more pronounced in periportal areas giving the appearance of periportal hepatic necrosis. Sinusoids between those hepatic cords in which vacuolar changes were prominent were observed to be compressed while between those in which necrotic changes were prominent sinusoids appeared to be dilated and hepatic cords to be atrophied. There was loss of histo architecture of both hepatic cord and hepatic lobules. Mononuclear cell infiltration was also pronounced in portal areas. Treatment with MO and TP alone caused marked decrease in severity of the lesions which was maximum in rats treated in combination with both MO and TP evident by decrease in number of hepatocytes in hepatic cords showing vacuolar changes with simultaneous decrease in size of vacuoles therein. In a similar way there was decrease in number of cells undergoing hepatic necrosis scattered within vacuolated hepatocytes. Decrease in severity of hepatic necrosis was documented wherein more loss of histoarchitecture of hepatic cord and congestive, infiltrative and proliferative changes also appeared to be milder. c. Brain of rat of group II revealed a very mild congestion from perineuronal oedema and occasional neuronal degeneration exhibiting satellitosis and neuronophagia. However, these changes appeared to be milder in treatment group evident by decrease in number of microglial cells and there was no neuronophagia.