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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Benzalkonium Chloride Toxicity in Poultry(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Paban Kumar Mandal; M. K. GuptaBiochemical analysis of the serum obtained from acutely intoxicated birds revealed increased level of AST, ALT, glucose, urea, uric, acid. Na and K whereas there was decreased in the level of alkaline. phosphatase, serum total protein, albumin and globulin. Increased level of metabolic waste product, urea and uric acid suggested renal dysfunction whereas hyperkalemia must be the cause for apathy and somnolence and death due to cardiac arrythemia. Massive loss of fluid through edematous change was responsible for hypoproteinemia.eigin get var simorniagaai. The peak values of biochemical analysis was obtained at 18 hrs. interval, thereafter regression polycythemia and was sed hemoglobin leve seen. Birds developed relative due to dehydration ting from massive fluid loss through edematous changes. Marked leukocytosis and heterophilia was also observed. Redistribution of leucocytes between marrow, marginal pool, circulating pool and tissue phase was responsible. for fluctuating values of leucocytic count during acute toxicity. Analysis of drinking water treated with different concentrations of revealed dose dependent increase in DCO₂. pH, alkalinity and B.C. conductivity whereas dose dependent decrease was observed in the level of DO. This resulted in reduced wholesomeness of drinking water at higher dose rate of B.C., whereas quality of water was not found to be affected at 100 ppm. of B.C. Thus considering all the view-points observed during the present study following conclusion can be drawn. (a)At low dose rate B.C. does not produce any systemic dysfunction but at higher dose rate and due to acute toxicity inflammatory an degenerative changes were seen in liver and kidney also, in addition to Gl tract and respiratory tract. (b) Dose rate of 500 and 700 ppm B.C. in drinking water proved to be toxic and resulted in poor body weight gain by the birds. (c) Dose rate of 300 ppm appeared to be responsible for border line effect. At this dose rate although body weight gain was almost equal to control but early signs of toxicity were seen biochemically and histopathologically. (d) Dose rate of 100 ppm B.C. proved to be highly beneficial for the birds which registered even better body weight gain than control and no harmful effect was seen in the functional or morphological status of the body. This dose can be recommended as a substitute for antibiotics in their use as disinfectant and sanitizer. (e) Since marked hyperplastic reaction and dysplasia were seen during chronic toxicity further projects should be taken up to assess the potentiality of B.C. in developing atypical changes due to its long term toxicity.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Patho-Physiological Aspects of Cellular And Harmon Reactions of Induced Inflammation In Japanese Quails With Special Reference To Free Radicals(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Pradip Kumar; M.K. GuptaInflammation is such a common pathological process that it is graded as synonym of pathology. Though it is a defensive and beneficial process by which body dilutes, destroys or isolates the injurious agents entering into the body; sometimes it wanders away from its beneficial path and becomes considerably harmful. Hence exploration of the highly complex mechanism of such a dynamic and multifaceted process of inflammation holds crucial importance because it can be exploited for enhancing its beneficial effects and limiting its harmful effects. The role of trace elements in regulating, mechanizing and mediating the different cellular activities of the body as well as their association with pathological processes have been very well established because they play a role of catalyst in almost all the vital enzymatic reactions of the biological system. Hence a contributory role of trace elements in mechanizing and mediating different events and reactions of inflammation cannot be ruled out. This experiment was designed to explore the possible role of some essential trace elements like iron, copper, manganese and zinc in different biological events of inflammation. This was carried out by studying the vascular and cellular reactions along with estimating the level of free radicals as well as that of total, protein free and protein bound iron, copper, manganese and zinc in early stages of acute inflammation induced by different chemical agents using quail skin as test model.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Ameliorating Effects of Centella Asiatica on Chronic Cypermethrin Intoxication in Mice(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1999) N. Muhindro Singh; K. K. SinghDespite of the problem of health hazard and environmental pollution posed by their residual effects, it is evident that chemical pesticides will have to be our major means of controlling insects and pests in foreseeable future. Since there is no getting away from pesticides, this experiment is aimed at assessing the ameliorating effects of Centella asiatica on cypermethrin induced chronic toxicity. It is based on the fact that C. asiatica is a safe and consumable herb and is reported to possess antiintoxicant, neuroprotective and hepatoprotective activities. The protective effects of such plants like C. asiatica on low dose pesticide toxicity may emerge as a simple way to get rid of the biological hazards posed by pesticides because these herbs can be taken as diet supplement. However, this required a thorough investigation of the protective effects of this herb in the light of cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity of cypermethrin and mode of protection of the plant there on. Keeping these facts in mind, this experiment was carried out on four groups of mice; each consisting of twenty mice. Mice of group-I were given oral drenching of 0.1 ml of distilled water daily which acted as control for other groups of mice while that of group-II were given oral administration of powdered C. asiatica @ 1.25 gm /kg body weight per mice along with oral drenching of 0.1 ml of distilled water. Moreover, mice of group-III were given oral administration of cypermethrin @ 25 mg/kg body weight dissolved in 0.1 ml of distilled water while the mice of group-IV were given oral drenching of cypermethrin @ 25 mg/kg body weight with simultaneous oralThesisItem Open Access Studies on Pathology of Fenvalerate intoxication in Goats with Special Reference to Immunopathology(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1992) Kaushal Kumar Singh; K.P. YadavaChemical pesticides are playing the pivotal role in augmenting the crop production throughout the world. Injudicious use of pesticides in the field and on animal body has culminated in toxicity and altered our ecosystem. Thus in a bid to evolve non-toxic pesticides, synthetic pyrethroids have been discovered with greater safety of mammalian species due to its quick degradation in the ecosystem. However, a safety evaluation of any pesticide should include a clear understanding of its mode of toxic action on different organs so that a preventive and curative measure may be brought into books in order to minimise the risk posed by the pesticides in our ecosystem or on animal body. Keeping this point in view, two experiments were designed to test the short and long term toxic effect of fenvalerate in goats. In experiment-I seven young Black Bengal male goats were procured and divided on at random basis in two groups viz. control and treated group. The treated group of four animals were drenched with a single dose of fenvalerate at the rate of 400 mg/kg body weight and clinical, biochemical and morpholo gical studies were carried out. The clinical signs of the acute toxicity consisted of grinding of teeth, opisthotonus, excessive salivation incoordination, prostration, coms and death. There was a significant increase in serum AST and ALT after three hours but serum LDH showed increase in its value after six hours of drenching. On the other hand, no significant alteration in the level of bun could be observed at any stage of the acute toxicity.ThesisItem Open Access Study of Cypermethrin intoxication in Goats with Special Reference to immunopathology(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1995) Madhrendu Kumar Gupta; G. J. JhaChemical pesticides have become an integral part of modern agricultural practices. Extensive use of pesticides to augment farm production has increased the risk of health hazards to man and animals and hence it is necessary to know every facets of these toxicants so that suitable preventive and curative measures could be advocated to the users in particular and grazing animals in general. The slow biodegradation of certain pesticides poses greater risk to biological life and hence all the missing gaps in our knowledge must be bridged without being complacent. We have used goat model to study the short and long term effect of chemical pesticide. For the purpose, two sets of experiments were designed viz. acute and chronic toxicity experiment. To study the acute toxicity, ten young, growing Black Bengal male goats were randomly divided into two groups such as control and intoxicated. Intoxicated group consisted of six goats whereas control group had only four animals. Intoxicated animals were drenched with a single dose of cypermethrin at the rate of 500 mg/kg body weight and clinical signs of the toxicity including biochemical alterations, if any, were studied. The clinical signs of the acute cypermethrin intoxication consisted of nervous manifestations such as staggering gait, posterior weakness followed by lateral recumbaney, opisthotonus, tonic spasm and shivering. In addition, there was grinding of teeth, excessive salivation, dyspnoea followed by coma and death. There was a significant progressive increase in serum ALT, AST, blood urea and serum LDH level. Post mortem examination of the dead animals revealed congestion and haemorrhage in most of the visceral organs such as liver, heart, lunge, kidney and meninges of the brain. Mild hydropericardium was also noticed. On the other hand, micro scopic examination of liver revealed wide spread vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes and mild centrilobular necrosis. In addition, there was congestion of sinusoida, portal vein and hepatic arteries. In kidney there was acellular and eosino philic albuminous precipitates in the tubular lumen and vacuolar degeneration alongwith congestion was seen in the glomeruli and in the intertubular capillaries. Satellitosis, neuronophagia and mild perivascular cuffing were seen in the cerebrum. Extensive degenerative changes were recorded in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. To find out the long term effect of cypermethrin on goats a chronic toxicity experiment was designed. Twelve young, growing Black Bengal male goats were divided into two groups. The intoxicated group had seven goats and they were daily drenched with cypermethrin at the rate of 30 mg/kg body weight for a period of 90 days. Chronic toxicity symptoms appeared only after 20 days of intoxication. There was development of post erior weakness, roughness of hair coat, loss of body weight, dullness, depression and lacrymation. It is significant to note that the symptoms appeared after drenching of the pesticide and lasted for 2 hours. Biochemical estimations revealed significant increase in the level of serum ALT, AST, AP and blood urea. On the contrary, decrease was noticed in the level of serum AchE act ivity, total protein, albumin and globulin. However, no signi ficant variation was observed in the level of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus. The effect of chronic cypermethrin toxicity on humoral immunity was assessed by monitoring thThesisItem Open Access Pathology of Experimental Porcine Rotaviral Enteritis in Piglets(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1990) Nitay Kumar Das; Dr G. J. JhaAGPT was performed with faecal samples and FAT was carried out on intestinal tissue. Only one (14.3%) out of seven and six (85.7%) by FAT out of seven was found to be positive. This clearly indicated the superiority and reliability of FAT over AGPT for the diagnosis of rotaviral infection in piglets. It is further concluded that 0-day-old piglets which could not suck its mother even once are the best suited experimental animals for the study of porcine rotavirus diarrhoea. The optimum preexperimental observation time should be of 10 days duration to avoid stress factors and also to cull out weaklings. The characteristic clinical symptoms of the disease, gross lesions and light microscopy have been reported which may be helpful in the diagnosis of the disease. Superiority of any diagnostic technique is dependent on its percentage efficacy to detect the infection. Thus it is concluded that FAT is far superior to AGPT for the diagnosis of rotaviral infection in piglets.ThesisItem Open Access Role of Reticuloendothelial System in the Immunopathology of Marek's Disease(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1986) Madhurendu Kumar Gupta; Dr G. J. JhaIt can be concluded from this work that the macrophages or the RE system has a pivotal role in protection against MD. Its depletion reduces the immunity to MD and stimulation leads to protection almost as much as by the vaccination itself. It remains to be found out if the vaccine also acts in the same way as activation of the RE system by the inert substances. Another interesting finding was that the LAI test could help in detection of the birds resistant or susceptible to MD. But its efficacy can differ from age to age. Hence its utility appears to be more in the third and fourth month of age when the disease is more likely to develop.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative Pathology of Pyrethroid and Organophosphate Pesticides Intoxication in Mice and Goats(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1987) R.K. Tamang; G.J. Jha1.The clinical signs of chronic cypermethrin toxicity in mice appeared earliest in the Res depleted group and latest in RES activated group of mice. The cypermothrin treated normal mice fell between these two groups in exhibiting the clinical signs. Hyperesthesia, inco-ordination, irritation at the site of injection, paraplegia of hind quarters, respiratory distress, twitching of muscles, coma and death were observed in cypermathrin treated mice. On the other hand, the clinical signs of chronic quinalphos toxicity were dullness, depression, salivation, inco-ordination, prostration, coma and death. 2. The signs of chronic cypermethrin toxicity in goats were transitory in nature in two animals only which included hyperaesthesia, salivation and mild muscular tremors. Unlike cypermethrin the signs of chronic quinalphos toxicity in goats appeared early for a short period but the symptoms of toxicity in the terminal stages were more marked which included dullness, depression, salivation, diarrhoea, muscular tremor, posterior weakness, ataxia, dyspnoea, recumbency, groaning, coma and death .ThesisItem Open Access Role of reticuloendothelial system in the immunopathology of marek’s disease(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1986) Madhurendu Kumar Gupta; H.V.S. ChauhanIt can be concluded from this work that the macrophages or the RE system has a pivotal role in protection against MD. Its depletion reduces the immunity to HD and stimulation leads to protection almost as much as by the vaccination itself. It remains to be found out if the vaccine also acts in the some way as activation of the RE system by the inert substances.
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