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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Long Term Effect of Fertilizer, Manures And Lime on Availability of Sulphur to Wheat Crop(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2003) Santosh Sahay; B.P. SinghContinuous use of chemical fertilizers, manures and lime is likely to bring about major changes in primary and secondary nutrients status of the soil which will affect crop yield and its quality. These fertilizers, manures and lime applied to soils for cropping are likely to affect the sulphur fractions in soil which in turn will affect crop-sulphur requirements. Sulphur being a deficient secondary nutrient in rainfed uplands of the region thus need attention. In order to advocate use of sulphur fertilizers, an understanding of the sulphur transformations during its cycling in agricultural soil is required. Permanent manurial trial proves an excellent platform for precise monitoring of the changes in soil sulphur forms and their availability to crops. The present investigation entitled "Long term effect of fertilizers, manures and lime on availability of sulphur to wheat crop" was therefore undertaken to ascertain the cumulative effect of fertilizers, manures and lime on different forms of sulphur, total nitrogen, available nutrient and sulphur content and its uptake by crop. There were fourteen treatments consisting of inorganic fertilizers and FYM; either alone or in different combinations with lime or without lime under maize-wheat rotation. Texture of soil is sandy clay loam and higher clay content was observed in FYM treated plots. Soil pH increased with the addition of lime and to some extent with the application of FYM whereas highest value (6.6) was recorded in the treatments containing N+ Lime and lowest in plots treated with N alone (4.0). The organic carbon status of soil increased with the continuous application of FYM and highest amount was found in the treatments where full dose of FYM applied along with fertilizers and lowest in N + Lime plots which was even lower than control.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation on Different Indices of Phosphorus Availability in Dumka Series of Santhal Parganas Region(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2002) Rakesh Kumar Sinha; Surendra SinghSurface and profiles soil samples of Dumka series were analysed to study the relevant soil properties, P status, relationship between P availability indices and inorganic P fractions. A pot experiment on 25 selected soil samples were also conducted with pigeonpea to study the graded levels of P application on dry matter yield and P uptake by crop and suitability of extractants. Results revealed that the soils of Dumka series were found to be extremely to slightly acidic in reaction. The soils are rated to be low in organic carbon content and sandy clay loam in texture. The available P content of these soils extracted by four extractants ranged from 3.3 to 79.2 kg ha¹ with Bray P₁, 2.6 to 77.4 kg ha¹ with Bray P2, 5.1 to 35.2 kg ha with Olsen P, 3.7 to 10.3 kg ha¹ with Morgan P with an average values of 20.2, 36.7, 14.5 and 7.5 kg ha¹ respectively. Analysis of the majority of soils revealed low to medium in P status based on the available P extracted by four extractants. Results of the profiles study revealed that pH increases with increase in depth from 4.5 to 5.1 and 5.6 to 7.4 and organic carbon decreases with mean value of 3.67 and 5.13 gm kg respectively. The cation exchange capacity of Dumka soil series had decreasing trend in both the pedons except in fourth layer of pedon-1. The available P content is decreased as the soil depth was Increased with a mean value of 9.42 to 11.35 mg kg'' respectively. Available K content of the profile increased from 117 to 139 mg kg upto soil depth of fourth layer in pedon-1 and from 117 to 129 mg kg upto third layer in pedon-2 of Dumka soil series. The correlation studies between P availability indices, inorganic P fraction and soil properties showed that soil pH had positive significant correlation with Bray P₁, Bray P and Olsen P and also positive significant correlation with Fe-P, respectively. Organic carbon and sand showed negative significant correlation with Al-P (r = -0.4121*) and Fe-P (0.3972), respectively but clay had positive significant correlation with Fe-P (r = +0.5074**). The AI-P, Fe-P and Red-P showed positive significant correlation with Bray P, whereas these three along with Ca-P exhibited positive significant correlation with Bray P2. Fe-P is also positively correlated with Olsen-P (r= +0.397*). Simple regression analysis were also worked out to assess the variability of available P indices and inorganic P fractions due to soil properties. Analysis of multiple regression indicated Olsen-P had positive significant variation with organic carbon and silt. In pot experiment, graded levels of P fertilization (0 to 60 kg ha¹) significantly increased the dry matter yield and P uptake by pigeonpea. Available P estimated by Bray P1, and Bray P2, soil test methods were well correlated with dry matter yield and P uptake by pigeonpea whereas other two soil test methods i.e. Olsen P and Morgan P were not correlated significant with dry matter yield and P uptake by crop. Bray P, was found more suitable extractant in these soils for supplying available P followed by Bray P₂, Olsen P and Morgan P soil test methods.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on From And Q/I Relation Ship of Potassium in A Continuously Cropped And Fertilized Acid Soil(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2002) Manish Kumar; N.K. RanaWith a view to evaluate the effect of long term use of fertilizer and Manures under continuous cropping on soil fertility in respect of k uptake by soybean, different forms of K and quantity – intensity relationship, the present study was undertaken. Taking the post- harvest soil and plant samples of long term fertiliser experiment under Kharif 1999. The lowest total K uptake (5.62Kgha-1) by soybean crop was found in 100% N+W and the highest (82.70kg ha-1) in 100% NPK +FYM+W treatment followed by 100% NPK+L+W(80.39Kg ha-1).The plot 100% N+W had even lower K uptake compared to control plot (11.37Kgha-1)ThesisItem Open Access Status And Response of Sulphur to Rice –Pea Cropping System of in Upland Soils of Santhal Pargana Region of Jharkhand(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2001) Rakesh Kumar; Dr. A.K. ShankerIn order to delineate soil S fertility status, a total of 500 surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected from two dominant (Dumka and Lachimpur) soil series of Dumka districts and two profiles from each soil series were studied. Analysis of different fractions of Sulphur in soil samples indicated that total Sulphur content varied from 136.6 to 618.0 (mean 223.65 mg kg) and 114.62 to 723.3 mg kg (Av. 248.33 mg kg¹) in Dumka & Lachimpur series respectively. Organic and adsorbed Sulphur ranged from 64.1 to 493.7 (Av. 167.77 mg kg¹) and 16.6-71.8 mg kg¹ (Av. 44.89 mg kg ¹) constituting 75 and 20 per cent of total sulphur content of Dumka series. In Lachimpur soil series, it ranged from 47.47 to 622.9 mg kg¹ (Av.197.87 mg kg¹) and 31.93 to 70.87 mg kg¹ (Av. 36.51 mg kg¹) constituting 79.0 and 14.7 per cent of total S content. Over all magnitude of S deficiency was 52 and 23.2 per cent in soils of Dumka and Lachimpur series which constitute 4.91 and 13.93 per cent of total sulphur respectively. Distribution of different forms of sulphur and Carbon-Nitrogen-Sulphur relationship in Dumka and Lachimpur soil series showed that total S, organic S and available S declined and adsorbed S increased with increase in depth irrespective of soil series. C:N ratios varied from 9.4 to 10.2, 9.46 to 10.6, 11.3 to 13.1 and 7.86 to 8.26 with an average value of 9.45, 9.73 12.9 and 8.19 in soils belonging to Dumka and Lachimpur respectively. In general, higher values of C:N and C:S ratio were observed in lower depth which might be due to anerobic condition and low mineralization in lower depth. All the fractions of sulphur showed highly significant positive correlation with total N except adsorbed sulphur which had negative and significant correlation. Among the different forms of sulphur total S content of the Dumka and Lachimpur series indicated positive significant correlation with organic S and available S. Field experiments were carried out to assess the direct and residual effects of S levels through different sources, viz., Phosphogypsum, SSP and Pyrites in Rice-Pea cropping system. Results reveal that increasing level of S increased the yield of Rice (28.88 q ha¹) upto 30 kg S ha¹, Further increase in sulphur levels had adverse effect. Among the sources, phosphogypsum was superior over all the sources. Protein content and protein yield also increased with the levels of sulphur. Residual effect of pyrites was higher at S level and gave highest yield (16.70 q ha¹) of pea. Diagnostic Survey reveals 77 per cent soils of farmers field as deficient in available S content during Kharif season while in Rabi season the extent was only 25.6 per cent. Adsorption-desorption study indicates that Alfisol, (Haplustalf) soils of Dumka district obey the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption-isotherms. Adsorption maxima (b), Bonding energy (K) and maximum buffering capacity (MBC) of the soils decreased with the increase of Sulphur levels varying from 282 to 338 mg kg, 0.0128 to 0.015 L mg¹ and 4.31 to 5.17 L kg:1 respectively. Freundlich constants (k and 1/n) also decrease with increase of sulphur levels. Results further reveal that higher value of maximum buffering capacity requires more addition of fertilizer S in comparison to lower value of MBC. Desorption of S varied from 82 to 86 per cent of the adsorbed sulphur.ThesisItem Open Access Status And Response Of Sulphur To Groundnut-Wheat Cropping System In Upland Soils Of Ranchi District(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Arun Nath Puran; Surendra SinghIn order to delineate plant available sulphur in soils of Ranchi district, altogether, 250 status surface soil samples (0-0.15 m) were collected from the cluster of 13 villages of the farmers field in Khunti and Angara blocks. Field experiments were conducted during Kharif and Rabi seasons of 1998-99 to study the direct and residual effect of S levels on crops yield, S content, S uptake, oil content and protein content. Groundnut (AK 12-24) was grown for direct effect of S while wheat (HD 2402) after groundnut was grown as succeeding crop in groundnut-wheat cropping system. Analysis of the soils of the farmer's field reveal an acidic rection (4.3 to 6.6) poor organic carbon content (0.03 to 0.87 %), low content of plant available sulphur and coarse texture Available sulphur (0.15% CaCl2) in these farmer's field soils ranged from 2.30 to 39.1 and 1.32 to 56.7 mg kg 1 soil in Khunti and Angara blocks, respectively. The magnitude of S deficiency in these soils was rated to be low as 41.9 and 28.3 per cent in Khunti and Angara blocks, respectively. Positive correlation of available sulphur was noticed with organic carbon, silt and clay. Soil pH and sand had negative correlation with available sulphur. Results of field experiments indicated that direct response of groundnut to S was evident upto 30 kg. S ha ¹. Further increase in the S level beyond 30 kg S ha 1, straw and pod yield of groundnut decreased. In case of residual response of applied S levels to wheat, straw. and grain yields were maximum with 45 kg S ha level. Anincrease of 4.2 q hal of groundnut pod and 4.53 q hal of wheat grain were obtained due to S application. Application of 30 and 45 kg S ha resulted significantly higher S content in groundnut and wheat over control. S uptake by the crops were also influenced considerably with application of S levels. Total S uptake by groundnut was higher than that with wheat. Oil content and oil yield of groundnut due to S application varied from 44.3 to 51.6 per cent and 500 to 787 kg ha-1, respectively. On the other hand protein content and protein yield ranged considerably from 25.5 to 27.3 per cent and 282 to 384 kg ha, respectively. Apparent S utilization of added S levels in groundnut and wheat ranged from 18. 18 to 23.43 and 10.02 to 12.43 per cent, respectively. The crop response in term of kg grain kg ¹ applied S varied from 8.13 to 14.00 in groundnut and 10.07 to 13.83 in wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Availability of Sulphur and Its Interaction with Nitrogen on Yield, Oil Content and Nutrients Uptake by Linseed in Soil of Darasai Farm (Singhbhum)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Hemant Kumar; Surendra SinghStatus of soil available Sulphur (0.15% Cac12 extractable) in Zonal Research Station, Darisai (Singhbhum) was delineated. Available Sulphur in soils varied from 3.2 to 68.27 mg kg-¹. Considering 10 mg kg-¹ (0.15% CaCl₂ extractable) available sulphur as low. 52 per cent soils were rates to be deficient in Sulphur. Analysis of soils of Darisai reveals to that soils were coarse in textrue (Sandy loam to Sandy Clay), acidic In reaction (pH 4.4 - 5.9) and low to organic carbon content (0.19-073%) Sulphur is an important essential nutrient for oil seed crops. A field experiment with linseed (Linum usititissimum) was conducted during Rabi season of 1997-98 to study the interaction effect of S (0, 20, 30, 40 kgha-¹) and N (0, 15, 30, 45 kgha-1) on crop yield, content and uptake of nutrient (NPKS) and oil content in grain. Interaction effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur was significant on grain and straw yields of the crop over control. Significant increase in grain yield was obtained upto 45 kg N and 40 kg S ha-1 level of application. However application of 30 kg N and 30 kg s ha-1 produced the maximum grain yield. Content of oil and in grain decreased with increasing application of Nitrogen increased with Sulphur levels. No further increase in oil content was obtained beyond 30Kg s ha-1 application. Oil yield was highest 30 kg N and 30 kg s ha-1 and followed the same trend as in case of grain yield Uptake of N and S by Linseed is increased with application of these nutrients. Uptake of P by crop was significant but K uptake was not significant with graded N and S levels. Interaction effect of N and S was significant on yield, oil content and uptake of nutrients (NPKS).ThesisItem Open Access Yield And Trace Metal Concentrations In Abelmoschus esulentus and Colocasia esculenta.In Fly Ash Treated Soil(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Priya Ranjan Kumar; Dr.R.P.SinghAn experiment was planned to characterize obtained from Bokaro for various physico-chemical properties and its possible agricultural and utilization fly ash chemical in two important vegetable crops i.e. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Colocasia (Colocasia esculenta) grown abundantly Chotanagpur soils and Santhal Paraganas region of Bihar. Fly ash of Bokaro steel plant was slightly acidic in reaction and rich in total and available plant nutrients except nitrogen. Higher contents of some heavy metals (Pb, Co and Ni ) were also recorded. Fly ash application upto 8 per cent with recommended level of fertilizer had beneficial effect on yield of Okra (80.45 q ha 1) beyond which there was a decline in yield. Similarly, recommended level cormel yield of Colocasia was higher (7.86 t ha-¹) at 8 per cent fly ash level applied with recommended dose of fertilizer followed by that at 16 per cent fly ash level + ½ recommended NPK (7.25 t ha-¹). Content of trace metals in okra was significantly affected by fly ash additions. Generally, all trace metals studied exhibited higher concentration with increasing levels of fly ash. Pb, Co and Ni varied from 6.47 to 25.68 mg kg-1, 10.45 to 34.56 mg kg-1 and 8.74 to 20.83 mg kg-1, respectively, increase in fly ash application rates ranging from 0 to 16 per cent (W/W) +1/2 recommended NPK. Content of Pb, Co and Ni in okra did not differ significantly when 16 per cent fly ash was applied with recommended or half of recommended dose of fertilizers. Content of trace element in okra was also influenced by picking time. Contents of all trace metals studied (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni₁) decreased from first to subsequent pickings of okra fruit. In colocasia cormel Pb, Co and Ni concentration varied from 16.42 to 34.50 mg kg-1, 16.14 to 45.12 mg kg-1 and 5.33 to 17.67 mg kg-¹, respectively, with graded level of fly ash application (0-16 % W/W). Content of trace metals in Colocasia leaves followed similar trend as Colocasia cormel, but were considerably lower in Colocasia cormel. Fly ash addition normally resulted in an average in of trace crease of 0.26 unit in pH and electrical conductivity by 0.13 dsm-1 when compared control. Availability of phosphorus, potassium and sulphur in soil after harvest of okra and colocasia increased with higher levels of fly ash incorporation in soil. DTPA extractable trace metal contents (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni) in soil after harvest of okra varied from 94 to 249 mg kg-¹, 20.16 to 61.33 mg kg 1, 0.81 to 4.17 mg kg-1, 0.75 to 3.27 mg kg-1, 1.51 to 5.76 mg kg-1, 1.67 to 6.27 mg kg-1 0.30 to 0.68 mg kg-1, respectively with varying fly ash and levels. The lowest value was recorded in control while highest with fly ash additions. Contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni in soil increased from 91 to 235 mg kg-1, 27.87 to 65.54 mg kg ¹, 0.65 to 4.12 mg kg-1, 0.61 to 4.29 mg kg-1, 1.62 to 6.20 mg kg-1, 1.75 to 7.20 mg kg-1 and 0.25 to 0.70 mg kg-1, respectively harvest of Colocasia with graded fly ash levels.ThesisItem Open Access Distributing of Iron And Manganese in Some Cultivated And Forest soils of Ranchi District(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Suresh Prasad; N.K. RanaTwo soil Profiles; one in cultivated area and another in forest area of Ranchi district were studied. Besides this, some surface soil samples from adjacent areas of each profile and soil samples from two depths viz. 0-20 and 20-40 cms of N, NP, NPK, FYM, L+NPK and control plots of Permanent Manurial Trial were also taken to study the distribution of iron and manganese in the soils. In the profile of forest area, colour was strong brown to dark reddish brown, texture, sandy loam to sandy clay loam and structure was weak medium angular to strong angular blocky. In the profile of cultivated area, colour was yellowish brown to yellowish red, texture sandy clay loam to sandy loam and structure was moderate medium subangular blocky to angular blocky. Mottling s and concretions were also found in the profile. The results of present investigation indicated that in both the profiles there was increasing trend of clay, C:N ratio, pH, CEC, exchangeable bases. base saturation, active and total iron, reducible, active and total manganese, whereas organic carbon, total N, exchange acidity, available iron and manganese showed a decreasing trend down the profile. It was also observed that the values of silt, clay, organic carbon total nitrogen, soil acidity, exchangeable bases, and all forms of iron and manganese were higher in the profile of cultivated area than the profile of forest area. In the surface soils the organic carbon, total N. available forms of iron and manganese were slightly higher in the soils of cultivated area than the forest area whereas total and active iron, and manganese had reverse trend. In the soils of Permanent Manurial Trial plots, the long term effect of cropping and fertilizers use is very clearly expressed on various soil properties. The clay content, organic carbon, CEC, exchangeable bases and pH were highest in FYM plots followed by Lime+NPK plot, indicating the favourable effects of balanced nutrition on various soil properties whereas nitrogenous fertilizer deteriorated the soil properties. Continuous application of chemical fertilizers and FYM increased all the forms of iron over control but liming did not do so. The available forms of iron were more in upper layer than the subsoil whereas active and total iron contents had a reverse trend. Continuous application of N. NP and NPK fertilizers resulted in the depletion of all forms of manganese whereas FYM alone and liming along with fertilizers maintained the status of all the forms of manganese. All forms of manganese were more in the subsoil than surface soil in the treatments of N, NP, NPK, and L+NPK, whereas FYM and control had a reverse trend only in case of available forms of manganese. Correlation study indicated that the available forms of iron and manganese in soil were positively and significantly correlated with exchange acidity and organic carbon content but negatively and significantly correlated with soil pH. Total and active iron, and manganese in soil had a positive and significant relationship with clay, silt+clay, CEC and exch. Ca++ in the surface soils whereas a negative and significant relationship was found with exchange acidity.ThesisItem Open Access Forms of Aluminum And Lime Requirement of Cultivated And Forest Soils Of Ranchi(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Rajeev Kumar; B.P.SinghTwo soil profiles, twenty surface soil samples and the soils from permanent manurial trial plot receiving treatment Control, N, NP, NPK, FYM and Lime + NPK were studied with a view to characterize the nature of soil acidity, forms of aluminium, lime requirement (LR) and other soil properties. Soils in the forest profile are yellowish red to dark reddish brown. sandy loam to sandy clay loam, weak medium angular to strong angular blocky. The soils in the cultivated profile are yellowish red to strong brown, medium fine angular blocky to moderate angular blocky, mottlings and concretions were also found. The results of the present investigation indicates that in both soil profiles there is increasing trend of clay, C:N ratio, pH, cation exchange capacity, base saturation and total Al whereas organic carbon, total N, different forms of acidity and exchangeable Al showed decreasing trend down the profiles. The values of total acidity, exchange acidity and pH-dependent acidity in forest soil varied from 5.00 to 7.80, 0.40 to 2.05 and 4.60 to 6.27 C mol (P) Kg¹ respectively whereas in the cultivated soils it varied from 5.40 to 8.40, 0.16 to 0.84 and 5.23 to 7.56 C mol (P) Kg¹ respectively. The different forms of aluminium viz., water soluble, exchangeable (KCI) and NH OAc extractable (pH 4.8) in the soils of forest area varied from traces to 0.012, 0.30 to 1.49 and 0.68 to 2.68 C mol (P) Kg¹ respectively whereas water soluble, exchangeable (KCI) and NH OAC extractable (pH 4.8) Al varies from traces to 0.015, 0.01 to 0.58 and 0.52 to 2.52 C mol (P) Kg¹ respectively in surface soils of cultivated area. In the soils of Permanent Manurial Trial Plots, the long term effect of cropping and fertilizer use is very clearly expressed on various soil properties. The clay content, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and pH was highest in FYM treated plot followed by Lime + NPK treated plot, indicating the favourable effects of balanced nutrition on various soil properties. Different kinds of soil acidity and different forms of aluminium which in excess, affected the plant growth and yield, were highest in N treated plot. Continuous application of nitrogenous fertilizer alone resulted in increased soil acidity with very low pH. This reflects poor soil health as a result of imbalanced nutrient application. The Lime requirement values were also found higher in N, NP and NPK treated plot determined either of the three method (Adams & Evans, Shoemaker, McLean and Pratt, Kamprath), because of higher soil acidity and high exchangeable Al in the corresponding plots. The correlation study indicated that of the soil wal and significantly associated with cation exchange capacity and exchangeable calcium. However, it had significant and negative correlation. with different forms of acidity and exchangeable Al. The Lime requirement had significant positive correletion with exchangeable Al and significant negative correlation exists between pH and Lime requirement.
