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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi
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ThesisItem Open Access Status And Response Of Sulphur To Groundnut-Wheat Cropping System In Upland Soils Of Ranchi District(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2000) Arun Nath Puran; Surendra SinghIn order to delineate plant available sulphur in soils of Ranchi district, altogether, 250 status surface soil samples (0-0.15 m) were collected from the cluster of 13 villages of the farmers field in Khunti and Angara blocks. Field experiments were conducted during Kharif and Rabi seasons of 1998-99 to study the direct and residual effect of S levels on crops yield, S content, S uptake, oil content and protein content. Groundnut (AK 12-24) was grown for direct effect of S while wheat (HD 2402) after groundnut was grown as succeeding crop in groundnut-wheat cropping system. Analysis of the soils of the farmer's field reveal an acidic rection (4.3 to 6.6) poor organic carbon content (0.03 to 0.87 %), low content of plant available sulphur and coarse texture Available sulphur (0.15% CaCl2) in these farmer's field soils ranged from 2.30 to 39.1 and 1.32 to 56.7 mg kg 1 soil in Khunti and Angara blocks, respectively. The magnitude of S deficiency in these soils was rated to be low as 41.9 and 28.3 per cent in Khunti and Angara blocks, respectively. Positive correlation of available sulphur was noticed with organic carbon, silt and clay. Soil pH and sand had negative correlation with available sulphur. Results of field experiments indicated that direct response of groundnut to S was evident upto 30 kg. S ha ¹. Further increase in the S level beyond 30 kg S ha 1, straw and pod yield of groundnut decreased. In case of residual response of applied S levels to wheat, straw. and grain yields were maximum with 45 kg S ha level. Anincrease of 4.2 q hal of groundnut pod and 4.53 q hal of wheat grain were obtained due to S application. Application of 30 and 45 kg S ha resulted significantly higher S content in groundnut and wheat over control. S uptake by the crops were also influenced considerably with application of S levels. Total S uptake by groundnut was higher than that with wheat. Oil content and oil yield of groundnut due to S application varied from 44.3 to 51.6 per cent and 500 to 787 kg ha-1, respectively. On the other hand protein content and protein yield ranged considerably from 25.5 to 27.3 per cent and 282 to 384 kg ha, respectively. Apparent S utilization of added S levels in groundnut and wheat ranged from 18. 18 to 23.43 and 10.02 to 12.43 per cent, respectively. The crop response in term of kg grain kg ¹ applied S varied from 8.13 to 14.00 in groundnut and 10.07 to 13.83 in wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Availability of Sulphur and Its Interaction with Nitrogen on Yield, Oil Content and Nutrients Uptake by Linseed in Soil of Darasai Farm (Singhbhum)(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Hemant Kumar; Surendra SinghStatus of soil available Sulphur (0.15% Cac12 extractable) in Zonal Research Station, Darisai (Singhbhum) was delineated. Available Sulphur in soils varied from 3.2 to 68.27 mg kg-¹. Considering 10 mg kg-¹ (0.15% CaCl₂ extractable) available sulphur as low. 52 per cent soils were rates to be deficient in Sulphur. Analysis of soils of Darisai reveals to that soils were coarse in textrue (Sandy loam to Sandy Clay), acidic In reaction (pH 4.4 - 5.9) and low to organic carbon content (0.19-073%) Sulphur is an important essential nutrient for oil seed crops. A field experiment with linseed (Linum usititissimum) was conducted during Rabi season of 1997-98 to study the interaction effect of S (0, 20, 30, 40 kgha-¹) and N (0, 15, 30, 45 kgha-1) on crop yield, content and uptake of nutrient (NPKS) and oil content in grain. Interaction effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur was significant on grain and straw yields of the crop over control. Significant increase in grain yield was obtained upto 45 kg N and 40 kg S ha-1 level of application. However application of 30 kg N and 30 kg s ha-1 produced the maximum grain yield. Content of oil and in grain decreased with increasing application of Nitrogen increased with Sulphur levels. No further increase in oil content was obtained beyond 30Kg s ha-1 application. Oil yield was highest 30 kg N and 30 kg s ha-1 and followed the same trend as in case of grain yield Uptake of N and S by Linseed is increased with application of these nutrients. Uptake of P by crop was significant but K uptake was not significant with graded N and S levels. Interaction effect of N and S was significant on yield, oil content and uptake of nutrients (NPKS).ThesisItem Open Access Yield And Trace Metal Concentrations In Abelmoschus esulentus and Colocasia esculenta.In Fly Ash Treated Soil(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Priya Ranjan Kumar; Dr.R.P.SinghAn experiment was planned to characterize obtained from Bokaro for various physico-chemical properties and its possible agricultural and utilization fly ash chemical in two important vegetable crops i.e. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Colocasia (Colocasia esculenta) grown abundantly Chotanagpur soils and Santhal Paraganas region of Bihar. Fly ash of Bokaro steel plant was slightly acidic in reaction and rich in total and available plant nutrients except nitrogen. Higher contents of some heavy metals (Pb, Co and Ni ) were also recorded. Fly ash application upto 8 per cent with recommended level of fertilizer had beneficial effect on yield of Okra (80.45 q ha 1) beyond which there was a decline in yield. Similarly, recommended level cormel yield of Colocasia was higher (7.86 t ha-¹) at 8 per cent fly ash level applied with recommended dose of fertilizer followed by that at 16 per cent fly ash level + ½ recommended NPK (7.25 t ha-¹). Content of trace metals in okra was significantly affected by fly ash additions. Generally, all trace metals studied exhibited higher concentration with increasing levels of fly ash. Pb, Co and Ni varied from 6.47 to 25.68 mg kg-1, 10.45 to 34.56 mg kg-1 and 8.74 to 20.83 mg kg-1, respectively, increase in fly ash application rates ranging from 0 to 16 per cent (W/W) +1/2 recommended NPK. Content of Pb, Co and Ni in okra did not differ significantly when 16 per cent fly ash was applied with recommended or half of recommended dose of fertilizers. Content of trace element in okra was also influenced by picking time. Contents of all trace metals studied (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni₁) decreased from first to subsequent pickings of okra fruit. In colocasia cormel Pb, Co and Ni concentration varied from 16.42 to 34.50 mg kg-1, 16.14 to 45.12 mg kg-1 and 5.33 to 17.67 mg kg-¹, respectively, with graded level of fly ash application (0-16 % W/W). Content of trace metals in Colocasia leaves followed similar trend as Colocasia cormel, but were considerably lower in Colocasia cormel. Fly ash addition normally resulted in an average in of trace crease of 0.26 unit in pH and electrical conductivity by 0.13 dsm-1 when compared control. Availability of phosphorus, potassium and sulphur in soil after harvest of okra and colocasia increased with higher levels of fly ash incorporation in soil. DTPA extractable trace metal contents (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni) in soil after harvest of okra varied from 94 to 249 mg kg-¹, 20.16 to 61.33 mg kg 1, 0.81 to 4.17 mg kg-1, 0.75 to 3.27 mg kg-1, 1.51 to 5.76 mg kg-1, 1.67 to 6.27 mg kg-1 0.30 to 0.68 mg kg-1, respectively with varying fly ash and levels. The lowest value was recorded in control while highest with fly ash additions. Contents of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co and Ni in soil increased from 91 to 235 mg kg-1, 27.87 to 65.54 mg kg ¹, 0.65 to 4.12 mg kg-1, 0.61 to 4.29 mg kg-1, 1.62 to 6.20 mg kg-1, 1.75 to 7.20 mg kg-1 and 0.25 to 0.70 mg kg-1, respectively harvest of Colocasia with graded fly ash levels.ThesisItem Open Access Distributing of Iron And Manganese in Some Cultivated And Forest soils of Ranchi District(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Suresh Prasad; N.K. RanaTwo soil Profiles; one in cultivated area and another in forest area of Ranchi district were studied. Besides this, some surface soil samples from adjacent areas of each profile and soil samples from two depths viz. 0-20 and 20-40 cms of N, NP, NPK, FYM, L+NPK and control plots of Permanent Manurial Trial were also taken to study the distribution of iron and manganese in the soils. In the profile of forest area, colour was strong brown to dark reddish brown, texture, sandy loam to sandy clay loam and structure was weak medium angular to strong angular blocky. In the profile of cultivated area, colour was yellowish brown to yellowish red, texture sandy clay loam to sandy loam and structure was moderate medium subangular blocky to angular blocky. Mottling s and concretions were also found in the profile. The results of present investigation indicated that in both the profiles there was increasing trend of clay, C:N ratio, pH, CEC, exchangeable bases. base saturation, active and total iron, reducible, active and total manganese, whereas organic carbon, total N, exchange acidity, available iron and manganese showed a decreasing trend down the profile. It was also observed that the values of silt, clay, organic carbon total nitrogen, soil acidity, exchangeable bases, and all forms of iron and manganese were higher in the profile of cultivated area than the profile of forest area. In the surface soils the organic carbon, total N. available forms of iron and manganese were slightly higher in the soils of cultivated area than the forest area whereas total and active iron, and manganese had reverse trend. In the soils of Permanent Manurial Trial plots, the long term effect of cropping and fertilizers use is very clearly expressed on various soil properties. The clay content, organic carbon, CEC, exchangeable bases and pH were highest in FYM plots followed by Lime+NPK plot, indicating the favourable effects of balanced nutrition on various soil properties whereas nitrogenous fertilizer deteriorated the soil properties. Continuous application of chemical fertilizers and FYM increased all the forms of iron over control but liming did not do so. The available forms of iron were more in upper layer than the subsoil whereas active and total iron contents had a reverse trend. Continuous application of N. NP and NPK fertilizers resulted in the depletion of all forms of manganese whereas FYM alone and liming along with fertilizers maintained the status of all the forms of manganese. All forms of manganese were more in the subsoil than surface soil in the treatments of N, NP, NPK, and L+NPK, whereas FYM and control had a reverse trend only in case of available forms of manganese. Correlation study indicated that the available forms of iron and manganese in soil were positively and significantly correlated with exchange acidity and organic carbon content but negatively and significantly correlated with soil pH. Total and active iron, and manganese in soil had a positive and significant relationship with clay, silt+clay, CEC and exch. Ca++ in the surface soils whereas a negative and significant relationship was found with exchange acidity.ThesisItem Open Access Forms of Aluminum And Lime Requirement of Cultivated And Forest Soils Of Ranchi(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1998) Rajeev Kumar; B.P.SinghTwo soil profiles, twenty surface soil samples and the soils from permanent manurial trial plot receiving treatment Control, N, NP, NPK, FYM and Lime + NPK were studied with a view to characterize the nature of soil acidity, forms of aluminium, lime requirement (LR) and other soil properties. Soils in the forest profile are yellowish red to dark reddish brown. sandy loam to sandy clay loam, weak medium angular to strong angular blocky. The soils in the cultivated profile are yellowish red to strong brown, medium fine angular blocky to moderate angular blocky, mottlings and concretions were also found. The results of the present investigation indicates that in both soil profiles there is increasing trend of clay, C:N ratio, pH, cation exchange capacity, base saturation and total Al whereas organic carbon, total N, different forms of acidity and exchangeable Al showed decreasing trend down the profiles. The values of total acidity, exchange acidity and pH-dependent acidity in forest soil varied from 5.00 to 7.80, 0.40 to 2.05 and 4.60 to 6.27 C mol (P) Kg¹ respectively whereas in the cultivated soils it varied from 5.40 to 8.40, 0.16 to 0.84 and 5.23 to 7.56 C mol (P) Kg¹ respectively. The different forms of aluminium viz., water soluble, exchangeable (KCI) and NH OAc extractable (pH 4.8) in the soils of forest area varied from traces to 0.012, 0.30 to 1.49 and 0.68 to 2.68 C mol (P) Kg¹ respectively whereas water soluble, exchangeable (KCI) and NH OAC extractable (pH 4.8) Al varies from traces to 0.015, 0.01 to 0.58 and 0.52 to 2.52 C mol (P) Kg¹ respectively in surface soils of cultivated area. In the soils of Permanent Manurial Trial Plots, the long term effect of cropping and fertilizer use is very clearly expressed on various soil properties. The clay content, organic carbon, cation exchange capacity and pH was highest in FYM treated plot followed by Lime + NPK treated plot, indicating the favourable effects of balanced nutrition on various soil properties. Different kinds of soil acidity and different forms of aluminium which in excess, affected the plant growth and yield, were highest in N treated plot. Continuous application of nitrogenous fertilizer alone resulted in increased soil acidity with very low pH. This reflects poor soil health as a result of imbalanced nutrient application. The Lime requirement values were also found higher in N, NP and NPK treated plot determined either of the three method (Adams & Evans, Shoemaker, McLean and Pratt, Kamprath), because of higher soil acidity and high exchangeable Al in the corresponding plots. The correlation study indicated that of the soil wal and significantly associated with cation exchange capacity and exchangeable calcium. However, it had significant and negative correlation. with different forms of acidity and exchangeable Al. The Lime requirement had significant positive correletion with exchangeable Al and significant negative correlation exists between pH and Lime requirement.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Molybdenum - Manganese Inter-Relationship in Plants(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1972) Vijay kumar Singh; S. C. MandalPot experiments were conducted with pea and soybean in synthetic soil (sand + clay minerals, bentonite and kao linite) to study the inter-relationship of manganese and molybdenum in plant. While beneficial effect of molybdenum on the yield. of pea and soybean could not be marked a depressive effect of manganese was observed on the yield of these crops. The concentrations of both manganese and molybdenum in plants increased with increasing levels of the two elements applied singly, when these were applied in combination a significant depression in molybdenum concentration of plants was noted under the treatment receiving the highest level of manganese. Application of 2.55 ppm manganese in the growth medium was observed to have an antagonistic effect on molybdenum concentration of pea and soybean particularly in roots. Molybdenum did not appear to interfere with the uptake and translocation of manganese into the plant parts. Plant uptake of calcium and magnesium decreased in almost all the treatments receiving manganese. Molybdenum was found to have no significant effect on calcium or magnesium content of the plants. However, it appear to have caused increase in calcium uptake by soybean to some extent. Manganese was found to have a favourable. effect on potassium content of plants whereas phosphorus con tent of the plants increased with the increasing level of manganese and molybdenum. Statistically, the interaction effect of Mn x Mo was observed to be significant for Mg, K and P of the plants. Antagonistic relationship between manganese and molybdenum was found to exert a non-significant effect on manganese content in pea and significant effect in case of soybean. The concentration of manganese in the plant in creased irrespective of molybdenum content of the plant.ThesisItem Open Access To Evaluate Relative Efficiency of Mussoorie Rock Phosphate and Purulia Rock Phosphate as Source of Phosphorus and Calcium and Their Effect on Various Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1985) Sagar Pasad Singh; K.P. SinghA field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi in the year 1983 with application of Tata basic slag, Mussoorie Rock Phosphate, Purulia rock phosphate, Single super phosphate to compare their efficiency as a source of phosphorus and calcium on yield of soybean crop and various soil properties. The efficiency of utilization/added phosphorus by soybean crop depended on the source of phosphatic ferti lizer and their effect soil pH, available P content, exchangeable Ca content of soils, lime potential, phosphate potential, phosphate fixing capacity of soils, and P-trans formations in soils. The highest yield of grain and straw was obtained in case of single super phosphate followed by basic slag followed by Mussoorie Rock Phosphate followed by Purulia Rock Phosphate when applied at the rate of equal P₂05 content basis. The yield of soybean was significantly positively correlated with pl, available P, exchangeable Ca and line potential of soils and Fe-P and Al-P fractions of soils. The yield of soybean was significantly negatively correlated with Phosphate potential and phosphate fixing capacity of soils. The lime potential was significantly positively correlated with exchangeable Ca of soils. The pH of soils was significantly positively correlated with available P, exchangeable Ca and lime potential of soils and significantly negatively correlate with phosphate potential and P fixing capacity of soils.ThesisItem Open Access Preliminary Studies of Aluminum In Acid soils of Bihar(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Maha Shanker Thakur; H. SinhaStudies in aluminum in two representative acid soils. of Bihar have been made. The soils selected for this purpose are the clay loam sedentary soils of Neterhat and sandy clay loam alluvial soils of Purnea. Both the soils contain illite as a dominant clay mineral. The total Al content of the se soils have been found to vary from 4.20 to 8.95..They bear no relation with the pH of the soils. The water soluble aluminum varies from 0.13 to 1.30 ppm. These quantities also bear no direct relationship with the pH of the soils. On the other hand, the exchangeable aluminum has a definite relationship with soil acidity. As the pH of the soil decreases, the amount of exchangeable aluminum increases. When NH4-acetate (pH 4.8) was used as extracting reagent, the exchangeable aluminum varies from 0.49 to 4.84 m.e. per cent in these soils. NKC1 extraction appeared to bear a more regular relationship in this regard. Though the amount extracted by this extract ant are quantitatively less than the NH4-acetate (pH 4.8). These studies further reveal that the acidity due to A1+++ in the permanent charge in the exchange complex is not of so great a consequence as supposed by many workers in this field.ThesisItem Open Access Availability of Phosphorus in Alfisol in Bihar(Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 1996) Asha Kumari Sinha; Dr. K. P. SinghA series of laboratory experiments with respect to phosphorus status, its relationship with important soil properties and inorganic P fractions were carried out in the soils of Pusaro series of Santhal Parganas region of Bihar Attempts have been made to characterize the soils in relation to surface P adsorption and relationship of Langmuir constants to soil properties were studied. Green house experiments were conducted to study the differential response of three pulse crops to P application. Results indicate that the soil of Pusaro series are strong to moderately acidic in reaction, poor in organic matter content with sandy loam texture. The available P (Bray P.) content of soils ranged from 0.3 to 24.0 mg kg and are categorized as of low to medium P status. Correlation studies between available phosphorus and soil properties show that soil pH has positive and significant (r= 0.358) correlation with available P. Relationship of available P with different inorganic P fractions indicate significant positive relationship with Al-P, Fe-P and Ca-P and significant negative relationship with R-P. Results of P adsorption study indicate that these soils follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The phosphorus adsorption maxima varies from 260.5 to 780.6 g P g' soil while bonding energy constant ranged from 4.35 to 10.40 ppm (x103). P adsorption maxima is significantly and positively correlated with organic carbon (r= 0.463*) and clay content (r= 0.687*) of soil and related significantly and negatively with sand (r= 0.688*) and available P content (r= -0.430*) of soils. The bonding energy constant of phosphorus relates significantly and positively with organic carbon, clay, silt and available P content and negatively with sand content of soils. Results of greenhouse studies conducted on different pulse crops in Alfisols shows significant response to phosphorus, the maximum dry matter and P uptake response is observed in case of Urd. The results further show that per cent P uptake response increased upto 60 mg P ka level, thereafter it started decreasing.
