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Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi

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20237
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Subject: Agronomy × End date: 2023 × Start date: 2023 × Thesis Type: M.Sc ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFICACY OF SEAWEED SAP ON PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF WHEAT
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Simran Sumbrui; Chandra Shekhar Singh
    Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world. It is grown across a wide range of environments around the world. In India, wheat is the second most important cereal crop next to rice contributing nearly 35 per cent to the national food basket and plays an important role in food and nutritional security. The world production of wheat in 2021 was approximately 779 million tons (2022). India produces 109 million tons (Government of India, Annual Report 2022-23) whereas Jharkhand produces 0.4 million tons with productivity of 1.8 tons/ha (Sameti, Jharkhand 2022-23). To feed India's constantly expanding population, wheat yield must be raised from its current plateau level by both genetic improvement and creative agronomic management techniques. Seaweed extract is one of the recently emerging and highly significant marine algal extracts used to promote growth and yield of field crops as it contains numerous micro, and macro nutrients as well as other growth-promoting hormones and bio-stimulants. Keeping these points in view, an experiment entitled "Efficacy of seaweed sap on productivity and profitability of wheat" was carried out at Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Kanke, Ranchi (23°17" N latitude, 85° 10" E longitude, and 625 m above mean sea level) during the Rabi season of 2021-22 with an objective to study the effect of seed treatment and foliar application of seaweed sap on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of wheat production. The recommended dose of fertilizer (150:60:40 N: P2O5:K2O kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with fourteen treatments replicated thrice. Seed treatment (2 levels) and foliar application (7 levels) with seaweed extracts were treated as factor 1 and 2, respectively. The soil was sandy-loam in texture, acidic pH (5.6), low in organic carbon (0.41%), available nitrogen (239.4 kg/ha), high in available phosphorus (26.7 kg/ha) and available potassium (189.4 kg/ha). Results illustrated that there was maximum improvement in growth attributing characters of wheat like plant height (99.19 cm), tiller numbers (347.35/m2), leaf area index (3.65), dry matter accumulation (1127.70 g/m2) and yield attributing characters i.e. earheads/m2 (333.96/m2 ), number of filled grains/earhead (46.77), earhead length (9.68 cm), earhead weight (1.36 g), 1000 grain weight (42.02 g) as well as grain yield (42.09 q/ha)and straw yield (64.52 kg/ha) was recorded with seed treatment with seaweed extract @ 3ml/kg seed. Total uptake of nitrogen (102.66 kg/ha), phosphorus (19.50 kg/ha) and potassium (96.31 kg/ha) were found maximum with seed treatment with seaweed extract. The gross return (95309 ₹ /ha), net return (64663 ₹ /ha) and B: C ratio (2.18) was also found significantly higher with seed treatment with seaweed extract than without seed treatment. The foliar application of seaweed extract at different concentration applied at different growth stages resulted in marked improvement in growth attributing characters, yield attributing characters and yield of wheat as foliar application of seaweed extracts @4ml/litre water at tillering& heading stage of wheat brought maximum improvement in plant height (104.22 cm), tiller numbers (364.47/m2), leaf area index (3.77), dry matter accumulation (1178.86 g/m2),earheads/m2 (353.19/m2), number of filled grains/earhead (48.75), earhead length (9.99 cm) , earhead weight (1.41 g), 1000 grain weight (42.35 g), grain yield (45.73 q/ha) and straw yield (67.64 q/ha) resulting in maximum uptake of total nitrogen (110.71 kg/ha), phosphorus ( 21.08 kg/ha) and potassium (100.97 kg/ha). It was also observed that thatgross return (₹ 101060 /ha), net return (₹ 69325/ha) and B:C ratio (2.18) were also recorded maximum with foliar application of seaweed extracts @4ml/litre water at tillering & heading stage of wheat. Based on one year of experimentation (Rabi 2021-22).It can be concluded that seed treatment with 3ml/kg seed and foliar application of 4 ml/litre of foliar seaweed extract at tillering and heading stage along with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer application enhanced the productivity and profitability of wheat along with higher nutrient uptake and may prove to be a viable option for enhancing productivity and profitability of wheat in upland situation of chottanagpur plateau region of Jharkhand.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    NITROGEN MANAGEMENT IN LINSEED THROUGH NANO-UREA
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Chitrotpala Dehury; Parwaiz Alam
    Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the most nutritious oilseeds due to its potential to produce high-quality fibre and vegetable oil. It is indigenous to the Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia and is a member of the linaceae family. Linseed is grown commercially for flax and oilseed purpose (Pandao et al., 2021). The world production of Linseed in 2021 was approximately 3.34 million metric tons (FAO,2021). India produces 1.4 million metric tons (Government of India, Annual Report 2016-17) whereas Jharkhand produces 0.019 million metric tons with productivity of 0.694 ton/ha (Directorate of Economics & Statistics,2020-21). Utilizing nanoscale or nanostructured materials as fertiliser carriers or controlled release vectors for the construction of so-called "smart fertiliser" as new facilities to improve nutrient use efficiency and lower costs of environmental protection has been made feasible by nanotechnology (Veronica et al., 2015). It played a significant impact in agriculture, including germination rates, growth, improving the availability of nutrients, chlorophyll generation and dry matter production. They can quickly penetrate the soil and plant roots, which enhances plant growth. (Dhoke et al., 2013). A field study entitled “Nitrogen management in Linseed through nano-urea” was conducted at Western Section of Research Farm of Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke, Ranchi during Rabi season 2021-2022 with an objective to study the effect of nitrogen level and nano-urea on growth, yield attributes, yield, NPK uptake and economics of linseed. A field experiment was conducted in split plot design with 4 main plots treatments, viz. 100%N (30 kg N/ha), 75% N (22.5 kg N/ha), 50%N (15 kg N/ha) and 25% N (7.5 kg N/ha) and 5 sub plots treatments, viz. Water spray (no N application), one spray of Nano-urea @ 3ml /litre of water at flower initiation stage, two sprays of Nano-urea @ 3ml /litre of water each at flower initiation stage and capsule development stage, one spray of 2% urea at flower initiation stage and two sprays of 2% urea at flower initiation and capsule development stage. The recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) was 30:20:20 N: P2O5: K2O kg/ha and priyam variety was taken for the experiment. Results illustrated that growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, uptake, and economics of Linseed were significantly influenced by different Nitrogen levels and Nitrogen Management through Nano-Urea. In Linseed 100% N (30 kg N/ha) application recorded maximum dry matter accumulation (3.67 g/plant) at maturity, yield attributes namely; primary branch per plant (4.99), secondary branch per plant (18.66), capsules/plant (29.69), seeds/capsule (7.04),1000 grain weight (7.69 g), seed yield (1442.21 kg/ha) and straw yield (2652.06 kg/ha) which were at par with 75% N (22.5 kg N/ha) but significantly higher than rest of the treatments. Quality attributes namely; oil content (38.23%) and Oil yield (577.54 kg/ha) showed maximum value with full dose of N application. The total Nitrogen (103.97 kg/ha) uptake was significantly higher with 100% N application. The available Nitrogen, Phosphorous and potassium (Kg/ha) after harvest did not show significant difference due to different treatments. Application of full dose of Nitrogen showed maximum net returns (₹41905/ha) and B:C ratio (1.71) which was comparable with 75% N (22.5 kg N/ha) but significantly higher than other treatments. Among various foliar spray applications two sprays of Nano-urea @ 3ml /litre of water each at flower initiation stage and capsule development stage recorded maximum dry matter accumulation (3.55 g/plant) at maturity, yield attributes namely; primary branch (5.07), secondary branch per plant (19.51), capsules/plant (28.57), seeds/capsule (7.10),1000 grain weight (7.35 g),seed yield (1364.86 Kg/ha) and straw yield (2507.44 Kg/ha),oil content(37.40%) and Oil yield (556.13 Kg/ha), total Nitrogen (99.74 kg/ha), Phosphorous (26.14 Kg/ha) and potassium (43.11 Kg/ha) uptake. Application of two sprays of Nano-urea @ 3ml /litre of water each at flower initiation stage and capsule development stage recorded maximum net returns (₹37666/ha) and B:C ratio (1.49) which was at par with one nano urea spray @ 3ml/litre of water at flower initiation stage in respect of net returns (₹34078/ha) and B:C ratio (1.39). Based on one year of experimentation, it may be concluded that 75% N (22.5 kg/ha) and one spray of nano-urea @3ml/litre of water at flower initiation stage was found most productive and economical option for Linseed production in Jharkhand.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFICACY OF HERBICIDES AGAINST DIVERSE WEED FLORA OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)
    (2023) Gulshan Kumar; Naiyar. Ali
    Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) holds a significant position among the food grain crops in India, not only in terms of its area and production, but also for its versatility in adapting to a wide range of agro-climatic conditions. Wheat cultivation covered an area of approximately 30 million hectares in India, resulting in a total annual production of 103.5 million tons and an average yield of 3533 kilograms per hectare in 2020 (FAO Stat 2020). By 2051, due to population growth, the production of wheat will have to increase by 110-120 million tons. In wheat cultivation, weed management is a major challenge, which limits crop yield. Wheat is highly susceptible to weed competition in its slow early growth, hence timely weed management is necessary. The manual weed management is considered crucial during the first 60 days, it has become difficult due to labour scarcity and rising labour cost. Therefore, an effective herbicide is required for controlling mixed weed flora during wheat cultivation with minimum cost. An experiment entitled “Efficacy of herbicides against diverse weed flora of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Ranchi during rabi season, 2021-22 to quantify the response of pre and early post emergence herbicides with the main emphasis to find out the effect of herbicides on growth, yield, weed dynamics and economics of wheat. The experiment was led out in randomized block design (RBD) and replicated thrice with the variety DBW 187 under the irrigated condition. The treatment consists of T1: Pendimethalin @ 1000g a.i/ha (PE), T2: Pendimethalin @ 1500g a.i/ha (PE), T3: Pyroxasulfone 85% WG @ 127.5g a.i/ha (PE), T4: Pendimethalin @ 1250g a.i/ha + Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha (tank mix PE), T5: Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha + metsulfuron @ 4g a.i/ha (tank mix PE), T6: Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha (EPoE), T7: Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha + metsulfuron @ 4g a.i/ha (tank mix EPoE), T8: Metribuzin @ 300g a.i/ha (PE), T9: Pendimethalin @ 1250g a.i/ha + Metribuzin @ 280g a.i/ha (tank mix PE), T10: Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha + Metribuzin @ 280g a.i/ha (tank mix PE), T11: Weedy check, T12: Weed free. The soil was clay loam, acidic in reaction (5.6), low in available nitrogen (247.2 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorus (20.5 kg/ha), potassium (156.1 kg/ha) and low in organic carbon (4.5 g/kg soil). Results revealed that among herbicidal treatments at 30 and 60 DAS, application of Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha + metsulfuron @ 4g a.i/ha (tank mix PE) (T5) exhibited the lowest total weed density (31.27 and 46.97/m2 respectively), total weed dry weight (11.31 and 31.47 g/m2 respectively) and the highest weed control efficiency (80.89 and 79.03 %). Similarly, application of Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha + metsulfuron @ 4g a.i/ha (tank mix PE) (T5) recorded the highest growth parameter of wheat viz, plant height at maturity (104.33 cm), leaf area index at 90 DAS (4.18), tillers/m2 at maturity (430.57), Dry matter accumulation at maturity (1096.25 g/m2), crop growth rate 30-60 DAS (10.77 g/m2/day), yield attribute viz, spikes/m2 (418.33), number of grain/spike (44.79), spike length (9.48 cm), 1000 - grain weight (46.50 g), grain yield (5.81 t/ha), straw yield (6.65 t/ha) and net return (₹ 77696/ha) among herbicidal treatments. On the basis of one year experimentation, it may be concluded that among herbicidal treatments application of Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha + metsulfuron @ 4g a.i/ha (tank mix PE) (T5) proved to be effective in suppressing weeds and recorded maximum grain yield (5.81 t/ha) and net return (₹ 77696/ha) with B:C ratio (1.82) of wheat for acidic soils of Jharkhand under irrigated condition.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFICACY OF HERBICIDES AGAINST DIVERSE WEED FLORA OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)
    (2023) Gulshan Kumar; Naiyar. Ali
    Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) holds a significant position among the food grain crops in India, not only in terms of its area and production, but also for its versatility in adapting to a wide range of agro-climatic conditions. Wheat cultivation covered an area of approximately 30 million hectares in India, resulting in a total annual production of 103.5 million tons and an average yield of 3533 kilograms per hectare in 2020 (FAO Stat 2020). By 2051, due to population growth, the production of wheat will have to increase by 110-120 million tons. In wheat cultivation, weed management is a major challenge, which limits crop yield. Wheat is highly susceptible to weed competition in its slow early growth, hence timely weed management is necessary. The manual weed management is considered crucial during the first 60 days, it has become difficult due to labour scarcity and rising labour cost. Therefore, an effective herbicide is required for controlling mixed weed flora during wheat cultivation with minimum cost. An experiment entitled “Efficacy of herbicides against diverse weed flora of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Ranchi during rabi season, 2021-22 to quantify the response of pre and early post emergence herbicides with the main emphasis to find out the effect of herbicides on growth, yield, weed dynamics and economics of wheat. The experiment was led out in randomized block design (RBD) and replicated thrice with the variety DBW 187 under the irrigated condition. The treatment consists of T1: Pendimethalin @ 1000g a.i/ha (PE), T2: Pendimethalin @ 1500g a.i/ha (PE), T3: Pyroxasulfone 85% WG @ 127.5g a.i/ha (PE), T4: Pendimethalin @ 1250g a.i/ha + Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha (tank mix PE), T5: Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha + metsulfuron @ 4g a.i/ha (tank mix PE), T6: Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha (EPoE), T7: Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha + metsulfuron @ 4g a.i/ha (tank mix EPoE), T8: Metribuzin @ 300g a.i/ha (PE), T9: Pendimethalin @ 1250g a.i/ha + Metribuzin @ 280g a.i/ha (tank mix PE), T10: Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha + Metribuzin @ 280g a.i/ha (tank mix PE), T11: Weedy check, T12: Weed free. The soil was clay loam, acidic in reaction (5.6), low in available nitrogen (247.2 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorus (20.5 kg/ha), potassium (156.1 kg/ha) and low in organic carbon (4.5 g/kg soil). Results revealed that among herbicidal treatments at 30 and 60 DAS, application of Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha + metsulfuron @ 4g a.i/ha (tank mix PE) (T5) exhibited the lowest total weed density (31.27 and 46.97/m2 respectively), total weed dry weight (11.31 and 31.47 g/m2 respectively) and the highest weed control efficiency (80.89 and 79.03 %). Similarly, application of Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha + metsulfuron @ 4g a.i/ha (tank mix PE) (T5) recorded the highest growth parameter of wheat viz, plant height at maturity (104.33 cm), leaf area index at 90 DAS (4.18), tillers/m2 at maturity (430.57), Dry matter accumulation at maturity (1096.25 g/m2), crop growth rate 30-60 DAS (10.77 g/m2/day), yield attribute viz, spikes/m2 (418.33), number of grain/spike (44.79), spike length (9.48 cm), 1000 - grain weight (46.50 g), grain yield (5.81 t/ha), straw yield (6.65 t/ha) and net return (₹ 77696/ha) among herbicidal treatments. On the basis of one year experimentation, it may be concluded that among herbicidal treatments application of Pyroxasulfone @ 127.5g a.i/ha + metsulfuron @ 4g a.i/ha (tank mix PE) (T5) proved to be effective in suppressing weeds and recorded maximum grain yield (5.81 t/ha) and net return (₹ 77696/ha) with B:C ratio (1.82) of wheat for acidic soils of Jharkhand under irrigated condition.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    EFFECT OF NANO-UREA ON PRODUCTIVITY OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Sambita Bhattacharyya; Ashok Kumar Singh
    Wheat is eaten by 2.5 billion people in 89 countries. It supersedes Maize or Rice as a source of protein in low and middle income nations and is second only to rice as a source of calories. (CIMMYT, 2019). In the marketing year of 2019-2020, the global production volume of wheat amounted to over 765 million metric tons. India ranks 2nd in wheat production after China and produced 108.75 million tonnes of wheat (PIB,2020- 21). Uttar Pradesh ranks 1st in wheat production followed by Madhya Pradesh and Punjab and Punjab ranks 1st in productivity. Jharkhand has 2.0 lakh hectare under wheat cultivation with the production of 3.98 lakh ton and productivity of 1.8 ton per hectare (Govt of Jharkhand Annual Report, 2016-17). Recently the Nano-fertilizers are getting importance in sustainable agriculture in increasing crop production, enhancing nutrient use efficiency and reduction in wastage of chemical fertilizers. Nano-fertilizers provide more surface area for different metabolic reactions in the plant system which increase rate of photosynthesis and produce more dry-matter and yield of the crop. Nano fertilizers are more reactive and can penetrate through cuticle, ensuring controlled release and targeted delivery. A field experiment entitled “Effect of Nano-Urea on Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)” was conducted during rabi 2021-22 at Agricultural Research Farm of Department of Agronomy, Birsa Agricultural University Kanke, Ranchi with the main emphasis on the study of the effect of Nano-Urea on growth, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and economics of wheat crop. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) replicated thrice with thirteen treatments viz. T1-100% RDF* (1/3 N at basal , 1/3 at CRI, 1/3 at maximum tillering )+ Water spray at 70 DAS and 90 DAS,T2-100%RDF (1/3 N at basal , 1/3 at CRI, 1/3 at maximum tillering )+ one spray of nano urea at 70 DAS,T3-100% RDF (1/3 N at basal , 1/3 at CRI, 1/3 at maximum tillering ) + two spray of nano urea at 70 DAS and 90 DAS,T4-100% RDF (1/3 N at basal , 1/3 at CRI, 1/3 at maximum tillering ) + two spray of urea (2%) at 70 DAS and 90 DAS,T5-75%RDF** (1/3 N at basal , 1/3 at CRI, 1/3 at maximum tillering ), + water spray at 70 DAS and 90 DAS,T6-75% RDF (1/3 N at basal , 1/3 at CRI, 1/3 at maximum tillering ) + one spray of nano-urea at 70 DAS,T7-75%RDF (1/3 N at basal , 1/3 at CRI, 1/3 at maximum tillering ), + two spray of nano urea at 70 DAS and 90 DAS,T8-75% RDF (1/3 N at basal , 1/3 at CRI, 1/3 at maximum tillering ) + two spray of urea (2%) at 70 DAS and 90 DAS,T9-50% RDF*** (1/3 N at basal , 1/3 at CRI, 1/3 at maximum tillering ) + two water spray at 70 DAS and 90 DAS,T10- 50% RDF (1/3 N at basal , 1/3 at CRI, 1/3 at maximum tillering) + one spray of nano urea at 70 DAS,T11- 50%RDF (1/3 N at basal , 1/3 at CRI, 1/3 at maximum tillering ) + Two spray of nano urea at 70 DAS and 90 DAS,T12-50%RDF (1/3 N at basal , 1/3 at CRI, 1/3 at maximum tillering ) + two spray of urea (2%) urea at 70 DAS and 90 DAS,T13-RDF of P and K and without N (Control). Wheat variety DBW-187 (Karan Vandana) was taken for the experiment. The recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) was 150:60:40kg N: P2O5:K2O per hectare and dose of Nano-Urea was 4 ml per litre of water. Results revealed that maximum growth and yield attributes viz. plant height (101.97cm), total tillers/m2 (365) dry-matter accumulation /m2 (1372.5g/m2) at harvest, number of ear-heads/m2(355.67) spike length (11.43), and 1000 grain weight (43.66 g) were recorded with the treatment 100% RDF + 2 Nano-Urea spray at 70 and 90 days after sowing which was at par with 75% RDF+ 2 Nano-spray at 70 and 90 days after sowing but was significantly superior to 50% RDF+ 2 Nano-Urea spray at 70 and 90 days after sowing. It was also observed that application of 100% RDF + 2 Nano-Urea spray at 70 and 90 days after sowing showed maximum grain (52.97 q/ha) and straw yield (81.63 q/ha), net returns (rupees77360/ha) and Benefit: Cost ratio (2.06) which was at par with 75% RDF + 2 Nano-Urea sprays at 70 and 90 days after sowing in terms of grain (49.2 q/ha) and straw (77.17 q/ha) yield, net returns (rupees 69905 /ha) and B:C ratio (1.89). The treatment 75% RDF+ 2 sprays of 2% urea gave at par grain yield (45.7 q/ha), net returns (rupees 63468/ha), and B: C ratio (1.78) with the treatment T7 (75% RDF + 2 Nano-Urea sprays at 70 and 90 days after sowing). The total nitrogen (137.32 kg/ha), phosphorus (22.01kg/ha) and potassium (125.38 kg/ha) uptake by wheat crop were significantly higher with the treatment 100% RDF + 2 Nano-Urea spray at 70 and 90 days after sowing. The results also revealed that the available nitrogen phosphorus and potassium (kg/ha) after harvest did not show significant difference due to different treatments under test. However, the maximum available nitrogen (223.67kg/ha) in soil was recorded with the treatment T3 followed by the treatment T2 (215.2 kg/ha) and T7 (213.7 kg/ha) respectively. The correlation coefficient of grain yield in relation to plant height at harvest (r = 0.984**), dry-matter accumulation /m2 at harvest (r = 0.967**), total number of tillers/m2 at harvest ( r = 0.974**), ear-heads/m2 (r = 0.979**), filled grains/spike (r = 0.892**), 1000 grain weight ( r = 0.864**), protein content ( r = 0.905**), total nitrogen uptake by the crop ( r = 0.993**), total phosphorus uptake by the crop (r = 0.950**), total potassium uptake by the crop ( r = 0.984**) revealed highly significant positive correlation between grain yield and the selected parameters at 1% level of significance i.e. the parameters subjected to analysis have positively and significantly contributed to grain yield. Based on one year of experimentation (rabi 2021-22), it may be concluded that 100% RDF integrated with 2 sprays of Nano-Urea at 70 and 90 days after sowing produced maximum grain yield (52.97 q/ha), total nitrogen uptake (137.32 kg/ha), net returns (rupees77360.17/ha) and B:C ratio (2.06). However, it was at par with 75% RDF + 2 sprays of Nano-Urea at 70 and 90 days after sowing in respect to grain yield (49.20 q/ha), net profit (rupees 69905.67/ha), B:C ratio (1.89). The treatment T8 performed at par with the treatment T7 in terms of grain yield (45.7 q/ha), net returns (rupees 63468/ha) and B: C ratio (1.78). In case of inaccessibility to Nano-Urea the treatment 75% RDF along with 2 sprays of 2% urea can also be adopted. Therefore, it may be culminated that application of 75% RDF along with 2 sprays of Nano-Urea at 70 and 90 days after sowing for the variety DBW-187 (Karan-Vandana) may be economically viable option amidst all the treatments.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    AGRONOMIC BIOFORTIFICATION OF ZINC AND IRON IN FIELD PEA (Pisum sativum L.)
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Nikita Kumari; S. Karmakar
    Field pea is one of the oldest domesticated pulse crops, primarily used for human consumption or as a livestock feed. The world production of field pea in 2020 was approximately 14.8 million metric tons. India ranks fifth in global production producing approximately 0.8 million metric tons of field pea. Jharkhand has 0.6 lakh hectare under field pea cultivation with the production of 0.7 lakh ton and productivity of 1210 kg/ha (Directorate of Agriculture, 2020-21). Nowadays agronomic biofortification seeks the attention of researchers because it is a cost-effective and less-time consuming method for increasing the concentration of micronutrients like zinc and iron which are lacking in the diets of poor rural populations. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to zinc deficiency due to their heavy reliance on plant-based diets, while failure to supply the adequate daily iron requirement over an extended period may lead to its deficiency, which affects more than 3 billion individuals worldwide. Keeping these points in view, an experiment entitled “Agronomic Biofortification of Zinc and Iron in Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.)” was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University Farm, Kanke, Ranchi during Rabi season of 2021-2022 with an objective to study the effect of different modes of application of zinc and iron on growth, yield attributes, yield, nutrient content, uptake and economics of field pea. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) replicated thrice with eight treatments viz. T1:RDF (25:50:25:20 N:P2O5:K2O:S kg/ha) + PSB + Rhizobium) as basal, T2: RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and pod-initiation, T3: RDF + 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at preflowering and pod-initiation, T4: RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and podinitiation, T5: RDF + seed priming with 0.05% ZnSO4 solution w/v soaked for 3-4 hours, T6: RDF + seed priming with 0.05% FeSO4 solution w/v soaked for 3-4 hours, T7: RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 20 kg/ha, T8 : RDF + soil application of FeSO4 @ 20 kg/ha. Field pea variety Aman (IPF 5-19) was taken as test crop for the experiment. The soil was sandy loam in texture, acidic pH (5.7), low in orgaic carbon (4.4 g/kg) and nitrogen (249.34 kg/ha), medium in available phosphorus (20.65 kg/ha), potassium (161.32 kg/ha), DTPA extractable zinc (0.8 mg/kg), and high in DTPA extractable iron (21.06 mg/kg). Results revealed that maximum improvement in growth and yield attributing characters of field pea like plant height (107.83 cm), plant dry weight (729.87 g/m2), number of nodules/plant (38.20), dry weight of nodules (95.50 mg/plant), number of pods/plant (9.95), number of seeds/pod (6.01), 100 seed weight (13.51g) as well as grain yield (1869.70 kg/ha), stover yield (3931.24 kg/ha) and harvest index (32.25 %) was recorded with the treatment RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and pod-initiation which remained at par with RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and podinitiation and RDF + soil application of ZnSO4 @ 20 kg/ha. The content of nitrogen (3.94, 1.76)% and potassium (0.91, 1.33)% in grain and stover of field pea respectively was recorded maximum with application of RDF + foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 at pre-flowering and pod-initiation while, phosphorus content in grain and stover (0.40, 0.19)% was found maximum with foliar spray of 0.5% FeSO4 along with RDF. Zinc content (49.81 mg/kg, 44.88 mg/kg) was found maximum in treatment RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and pod-initiation while, iron content (94.22 mg/kg, 90.29 mg/kg) was found maximum with the application of RDF + 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and pod-initiation in grain and stover respectively. Total uptake of nitrogen (141.64 kg/ha), phosphorus (14.32 kg/ha), potassium (67.04 kg/ha), zinc (259.11 g/ha) and iron (518.9 g/ha) were found maximum with RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and pod-initiation stage. It was also observed that gross return (₹ 84424 /ha), net return (₹ 54013 /ha), and B:C ratio (1.78) recorded maximum with the application of RDF + 0.5% ZnSO4 + 0.5% FeSO4 foliar spray at pre-flowering and pod-initiation stage. Physico-chemical properties of soil (available N, P, K, Zn and Fe) were not influenced significantly by the application of different doses of zinc and iron. Based on one year of experimentation, it may be concluded that application of RDF i.e. (25:50:25:20 N:P2O5:K2O:S kg/ha) as basal along with foliar spray of 0.5% ZnSO4 and 0.5% FeSO4 at preflowering and pod-initiation stage would be economically viable option for improving productivity and nutrient uptake as well as fortifying total content of zinc and iron in grain of field pea.
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    EFFICACY OF HERBICIDES ON CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.) PRODUCTION
    (Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, 2023) Bhawna Bhagat; R.P. Manjhi
    Chickpea is one of the important legume crops occupying an area of more than 44 countries across five continents. An experiment was conducted at Research Farm of Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand during Rabi, 2021-2022 to quantify the response of pre and post emergence herbicides with the main emphasis to find out the effect of herbicides on growth, yield, weed dynamics and economics of chickpea. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) and replicated thrice with the variety Birsa Chana-3 under irrigation condition. The treatments consists of oxyfluorfen 150 g/ha (T1), oxyfluorfen 250g/ha (T2), quizalofop-p-ethyl 100g/ha at 21 DAS (T3), Propaquizafop 100g/ha at 21 DAS (T4), topramezone 20.6g/ha at 21 DAS (T5), oxyfluorfen 150g/ha (PE) fb quizalofop-p-ethyl 100g/ha at 15-20 DAS (PoE) (T6), oxyfluorfen 150g/ha(PE) fb propaquizafop 100g/ha at 15-20 DAS (PoE) (T7), oxyfluorfen150g/ha (PE) fb topramezone 20.6g/ha at 14-21 DAS (PoE) (T8), imazethapyr 60 g/ha (PoE) at 21 DAS (T9),Manual Weeding (Weed free) at 25 DAS and 45 DAS (T10),Weedy Check(T11).The soil was clay loam, acidic in reaction(5.7),low in available nitrogen(247.4kg/ha), medium in available phosphorous(18.92kg/ha),medium in available potassium(145.30kg/ha),medium in organic carbon(4.5g/kg soil),low in available Sulphur(22.5kg/ha). Experimental field was infested with two categories of weeds i.e., narrow leaved weed and broad-leaved weeds covering four families. Altogether 8 weed species were recorded. Among narrow-leaf, Cyanodon dactylon, Avena fatua and Phalaris canariensis and in broad-leaf, Digera arvensis, Portulaca oleraceae, Phyllanthus niruri, Melilotus indica, Amaranthus virdis weeds were dominant. Results revealed that the application of oxyfluorfen 150 g /ha (PE) fb topramezone 20.6 g/ha at 14-21 DAS exhibited significantly lowest total weed density at 30 and 60 DAS (220.66 and 481.11/m2 respectively), total weed dry matter (6.65 and 25.30g/m2), highest weed control efficiency (59.19 and 66.11%) among herbicides and was significantly similar to two manual weeding at 25 DAS and 45 DAS. Similarly, application of oxyfluorfen 150g/ha (PE) fb topramezone 20.6g /ha at 14-21 DAS recorded highest growth parameter of chickpea viz. plant height (59.33 cm), dry matter accumulation at 90DAS (305.00g/m2), maturity (409.81g/m2), crop growth rate during 30-60DAS (5.36 g/m2/day), yield attributes viz. Number of branches/plant (21.77) and number of pods/branch(1.74),number of seeds/pod(1.78 seeds),number of pods/plant(36.98 pods), 1000 seed weight (290.5g), grain yield (19.15q/ha),straw yield (25.27q/ha) and net return (Rs. 63691/ha) among herbicides and was significantly similar to two manual weeding at 25 and 45 DAS. On the basis of one year of experimentation, it may be concluded that, application of Oxyfluorfen 150g a.i/ha (PE) fb Topramezone 20.6g a.i./ha at 14-21 DAS proved to be effective in supressing weeds and recorded maximum grain yield (19.15q/ha) and net return (Rs. 63691/ha) with B:C ratio (1.80) of chickpea under medium land situation in irrigated condition (3 irrigations) of Jharkhand.