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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access Studies on epidemiology and management of pink canker (Corticium salmonicolor Berk. & Br.) in apple(DYSPU, 2013) Durga Prashad; Ved RamPink canker (Corticium salmonicolor Berk. and Br.) in apple is one of the major limiting factor in its cultivation affecting both yield and fruit quality in Himachal Pradesh. Present investigations were undertaken with an objective to study the prevalence of the disease, role of abiotic environmental factors in disease development and to devise suitable disease management strategies. Pink canker was found to occur in moderate to severe form in different apple growing areas of Mandi, Shimla, Kullu and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. Based on morphological, cultural and molecular characters, the pathogen was identified as Corticium salmonicolor Berk. and Br. Moderate temperatures (19 + 2o C) coupled with high RH (80%) favoured disease development. Conidial germination and germ tube length was high in Mandi isolate. Out of nine cultivars only, Tydeman Early Worcester was found moderately susceptible under field conditions. Ace Spur, Spur Winter Banana and Granny Smith exhibited moderately resistant reaction under flask condition. Under congenial condition, the pathogen infected leaves and fruits of Royal Delicious. Among integration of fungicide and plant oils, integration of Contaf + Brassica juncea var. cunefolia and combinaion of Score + Brassica juncea var. cunefolia provided maximum wound recovery (92.94% and 91.86% respectively) and callus formation (>10 mm). The combination of Contaf + Cow urine + Melia azedarach + Vitex negundo + Artimisia roxburghiana + Juglans regia + Roylea elegans and Score + Cow urine + Melia azedarach + Vitex negundo + Artimisia roxburghiana + Juglans regia + Roylea elegans in white paint exhibited maximum wound recovery (87.17% and 85.81% respectively) and callus formation (>10 mm) during 2011-12. Among combination of fungicides + antagonists, significantly maximum wound recovery (80.47%) was recorded in Contaf + Pseudomonas sp. followed by a combination of Contaf + Trichoderma hamatum (79.95%).ThesisItem Open Access Innovative methods for the management of carnation wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi(Prill. and Del.) Snyd. and Hans(YSPU, 2012) Verma, Savita; Gautam, H. R.The present investigation entitled “Innovative methods for the management of carnation wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporumf.sp. dianthi(Prill. and Del.) Snyd. and Hans.” was conducted in the laboratories and experimental farm of the Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology and also at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping. During the survey of the disease, 12.9-37.35 per cent incidence of wilt was recorded. Among different fungicides tested in vitrobavistin was found most effective with 92.04 per cent average inhibition in mycelial growth of the wilt pathogen. Among different soil amendments, neem cake was found most effectivein reducing the incidence of wilt and improving various plant growth as well as quality parameters. Soil solarisation with transparent polyethylene sheet for 40 days resulted in an increase of 8.2 ºC in average maximum soil temperature at 5cm soil depth in comparison to unsolarized soil in the polyhouse. Soil solarisation of the pathogen culture with transparent polyethylene sheet at 5cm soil depth for 40 daysresulted in 83.76 per cent reduction in viable propagules of the wilt pathogen in comparison to unsolarized beds at same depth in polyhouse. Soil solarisation increased the incubation period of thedisease by 43.6 per cent and also reduced the wiltincidence by 66.67 per cent with transparent polyethylene sheet at 5cm soil depth. Among different bio-control agents evaluated under in vitro conditions against wilt pathogen, T. viride and T. harzianum were found at par in efficacy with 67.5 and 65.6 per cent inhibition in mycelial growth of the wilt pathogen,respectively. Among bacterial antagonists, A. chroococcumwas found most effective with 57.7 per cent mycelial growth inhibition. Out of nine bio-formulations tested in vitro condition, Neemazal was found most effective with 73.06 per cent average inhibition in mycelial growth of the wilt pathogen. Dip treatment of unrooted carnation cuttings in Bavistin (0.1%) or Quintal (0.2%) was found most effective and completely checked the incidence of wilt in cuttings. Treatment of unrooted carnation cuttings with Bavistin alsoresulted in maximum increase in average plant height and root length by66.0 and 440.5 per cent. Among bio-control agents,dip of cuttings in Trichoderma viride was found most effective with 2.3 per cent incidence of wilt and it resulted in 73.1 per cent average increase in plant height and 586.4 per cent average increase in root length. Among botanicals and bio-pesticides, dip of cuttings in Neemajal was found most effective with 11.9 per cent incidence of wilt and it resulted in 51.9 per cent average increase in plant height and 597.6 per cent averageincrease in root length. Seven native species of AM fungi related to four genera viz., Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Entrophosporasp. were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of thecarnation field. Treatment combination of soil solarization with AMUHF + AZUHF + Trichoderma virideformulation was found most effective with 90.9 per cent reduction in the wilt incidence and in improving various plant growth as well as quality parameters. Treatment combination of soil solarization with AMUHF + AZUHF + Trichoderma virideformulation resulted in 81.5 per cent reduction in viable propagules of the wilt pathogen. Treatment combination of soil solarization with AMUHF + AZUHF + Trichoderma virideformulation also found most effective with an increase of 2388.9 per cent in AMF spore population with root colonization of 21.6 percent. Treatment combination of soil solarization with root dip of cuttings in Bavistin (0.1%) along with application of Neemcake as soil amendment (1kg/m 2 ) and AMUHF + AZUHF (each 5g/plant as root inoculation of cuttings) + T. viride(10g/1kg of FYM/m 2 as soil application) was found most effective with97.1 per cent reduction in the wilt incidence and also recorded maximum increase of 50.97, 100.4, 39.2, 57.3, 122.2 per cent in plant height, number of flowers per plant, flower size, length of flowering stem and stem strength with A grade flowers, respectively and also recorded 15.22 and 52.55 daysto 1 st flowering and flowering period, respectively in comparison to unsolarized and unamended control.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on chitinase gene transfer in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and molecular analysis of transgenic plantlets(YSPU, 2014) Sharma, Poornima; Srivastava, D.K.Genetic transformation studies were carried out in tomato cv. Solan Vajr to standardize a protocol for fungal resistance gene transfer using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain containing hpt and chi11 genes in binary vector pCambia bar- ubi- chi11. Plant regeneration studies were carried out using four different types of explants viz. leaf, petiole, cotyledon and hypocotyl. Leaf and petiole explants were procured from twenty to twenty five days old glasshouse grown seedlings whereas, cotyledon and hypocotyl explants were used from ten to fifteen days old glasshouse grown seedlings of tomato. Petiole explants showed better shoot regeneration as compared to other explants. High efficiency shoot regeneration was obtained in leaf (68.08%), petiole (80.01%), cotyledon (74.04%) and hypocotyl (79.61%) explants on MS medium supplemented with 1.0mg/l BAP + 0.5mg/l IAA, 1.0mg/l Kn + 1.0mg/l IAA, 2.0mg/l TDZ and 1.25mg/l TDZ + 0.088mg/l IAA, respectively. MS medium supplemented with 0.20mg/l IBA was found best for root regeneration from in vitro developed shoots. The regenerated plantlets were acclimatized successfully on cocopeat, then transferred to sand: soil: FYM mixture in earthen pots, where they responded well upto flowering and fruit formation. All the regenerated plantlets were morphologically similar. Hygromycin sensitivity experiment was carried out to study the effect of antibiotic on relative growth of leaf and petiole tissues and to select transgenic shoots during transformation experiment. Hygromycin sensitivity (5-30mg/l) was studied by fresh weight of the leaf and petiole explants, which was measured at the interval of 7days till 35days. From the relative growth of the explants, it was found that the concentration as low as 5mg/l was toxic to the explants. Effect of different concentrations of cefotaxime was studied on the regeneration potential in leaf and petiole explants and a gradual decline in per cent shoot regeneration potential of tomato with the gradual increase in the concentration of cefotaxime was observed. Effect of different concentrations of cefotaxime and hygromycin (25mg/l) were studied on the growth of agrobacterial cells and regeneration potential of leaf and petiole tissues after co-cultivation. In both the explants, the growth of agrobacterial cells was controlled at concentration of 400mg/l cefotaxime. The regeneration potential of the leaf and petiole explant was significantly not affected with the increase in the different concentrations of cefotaxime i.e. 100mg/l to 500mg/l. Effect of preculturing and co-cultivation was studied on the transformation frequency. Pre-culturing of leaf and petiole explants for 96 hours and co-cultivation with agrobacterial cells for 48 hours worked out to be the best treatment as it gave the highest transformation frequency (10.34%) and (11.11%) in respective explants. Effect of different concentrations of acetosyringone was studied in leaf and petiole explants to enhance the transformation frequency. The maximum per cent of putative transgenic shoot regeneration was obtained from leaf (17.26%) and petiole (19.42%) explants respectively, when cultured on shoot regeneration medium containing 100μM acetosyringone at standardized preculturing and co-cultivation time interval i.e. 96 hours and 48 hours. The integration of hpt and chi11 into the genome of tomato was confirmed by PCR using gene specific primers. For PCR analysis, 40 putative transgenic shoots/plantlets were randomly selected and out of 40 putative transgenic shoots/plantlets, 27 shoots were found to be positive for the integration of transgene i.e. hpt and chi11 into the genome of tomato. The expression of the transgene i.e. hpt and chi11 was further confirmed at transcriptional level by RT- PCR (Reverse Transcriptase- Polymerase Chain Reaction) and Real Time- PCR analysis where 15 out of 21 PCR positive shoots were RT- PCR positive. RT- PCR positive transgenic plants showed lower ct value as compared to control plantlets, using Real Time- PCR analysis. To study the expression of transgene at translational level, bioassay was carried out in six Real Time- PCR positive transgenic plants using Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and one plant out of the six transgenic plants, was found to be tolerant (healthy) even after, with the increase in the incubation period. A protocol for high frequency plant regeneration and genetic transformation with chi11 gene transfer in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Solan Vajr) has been standardized.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on diversity analysis of collar rot pathogen (Phytophthora cactorum) of apple and its management(YSPU, 2014) Negi, Hoshiyar Singh; Sharma, I.M.The present investigations entitled “Studies on diversity analysis of collar rot pathogen (Phytophthora cactorum) of apple and its management” was conducted in the laboratories and experimental farm of the Department of Plant Pathology during year 2011-2013. During the survey of the disease, highest average disease incidence was recorded in district Mandi (9.31%) while, it was minimum (3.86%) in district Kinnaur. In the standardization of isolation technique experiment, baiting with sunhemp seeds in pond water for 96 h yielded growth of P. cactorum in all five plates. Variability was recorded in sporangial shape and size of the isolates as shape varied from ovoid, globose to ellipsoid with isolate PC 13 showing ellipsoid shape, isolate PC 3, PC 16 and PC 26 showing globose shape while, sporangium of all other isolates were ovoid shaped. Mycelial growth pattern in the culture were also variable with chrysanthemum like or radiate to slightly radiate growth pattern. Colonies of PC 6 and PC 20 were slightly submerged and it was submerged in isolate PC 11 and PC 22 while, colonies of rest of the isolates were with dense aerial or sparse aerial mycelium. Similarly, variability was also noticed in pathogenicity the different isolates. Polymorphic fragments generated by PCR using four primers were 12/12 with OPA 1, 11/11 with OPA 2, 7/7 with OPA 13 and 12/12 with OPA 16 showing 100 per cent polymorphism and the genetic polymorphism ranged from 17 to 70 per cent. Among ten pollinizer cultivars of apple evaluated for source of resistance, Stark Spur Golden showed maximum tolerance as minimum seedling mortality of 15.11 per cent. Among non-systemic fungicides tested in vitro, mancozeb was highly efficacious and gave 97.62 per cent mycelial inhibition of test pathogen followed by metiram (91.39%). Among the six combi-fungicides, cymoxanil + mancozeb (Curzate M) and metalaxyl + mancozeb (Matco) were most effective 97.87 per cent mycelial inhibition. Under pot conditions, metalaxyl + mancozeb and cymoxanil + mancozeb were best and statistically at par with each other. Water extract of mustard cake and Eucalyptus leaves were the most effective and significantly superior treatments among botanicals under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Trichoderma harzianum 1 resulted in maximum growth inhibition (52.96%) and minimum disease incidence of 20.0 per cent. Three most effective antagonists were found compatible with all three fungicides and botanicals. Under integrated management studies, maximum disease control of 99.16 and 99.15 per cent in disease incidence and severity, respectively was achieved with treatments C1E2B1 (Curzate M + Mustard cake +T. harzianum) and C2E2B1 (Matco + Mustard cake + T. harzianum). Maximum increase in shoot length (48.6 cm) was also recorded in the treatment combination C2E2B1 (Matco + Mustard cake + T. harzianum).ThesisItem Open Access Development of hybrid(s) of agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach and their evaluation for higher yield(YSPU, 2012) Sharma, Manju; Suman, B.C.The present investigations entitled “Development of hybrid(s) of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach and their evaluation for higher yield” were undertaken to isolates the homokaryons from different parental strains, their identification by fruiting trials and by ISSR markers, matings compatible homokaryons to produce hybrids, spawn preparation and production efficiency including other aspects like physiological studies and molecular characterization of developed hybrids. one thousand six hundred forty two single spore isolates were raised from parental strains namely A-15, S 11, S140 and U3 of Agaricus bisporus. These 1642, single spore isolates showed fluffy, appressed and strand types of growth. Out of those only 36 single spore isolates (nine from each parent strains to maintain uniform pattern) which were supposed to be homokaryons on the basis of slow mycelial growth rate and appressed types ofcolony morphology were selected for future studies. All single spore isolates with appressed types of colony morphology produced no fruit bodies in any replication. However the strandy slow growing single spore isolates produced fruit bodies in all replication. For the molecular characterization of selected monokaryons from each parents, six inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) marker were used. In the ISSR fingerprints of putative single spore isolates from A-15, S11, S140 and U3 strains of Agaricus bisporus, homokaryons lacked amplification products at multiple loci; these grows slowly and all of them had appressed colony morphology. Primers P3 in A-15, P39 in S11, P30 in S-140 and P8 in U3 strains of Agaricus bisporus were proved to be the best due to the sharpness ofbanding patterns. Out of the two hundred fifty three (253) crosses, only seven crosses between theparents were compatible because compatible colonies got fused with each other and at the point of their contact some raisedgrowth was observed whereas in case of incompatible colonies in Petri plate, growth usually stoped as colonies approached near each other. Anastomosis or intermingling of compatible myceliums were also observed under the microscope. The yield studies showed that that hybrid Hb4, produced highest averageyield (26.94kg/100kg compost) and also exhibited better qualities as compared to other isolates. Four hybrids with higher production than parent strains were taken up for studying physiological requirement and molecular characterization in detail. Among various solid media studied malt extract agar media supported maximum average mycelial growth and in case of liquid media,glucose asparagine medium supported maximum average mycelia growth anddry weight and in case and was used as a basal medium for further physiological studies. The optimum temperature and pH for the growth of different hybrids and parent strains were found to be 25 O C and 6.5 respectively. Among the carbon and nitrogen sources, best growth of different hybrids including the parent strains was recorded on maltose and proline respectively onliquid as well as on solid media. In case of vitamins and growth regulators thiamine and gibberelic acid supported maximum growth of all the hybrids including the parent strains both on liquid and solid medium. RAPD studies shown that the percentage of polymorphism detected was 60.00 per cent. Maximum number of bands were produced by OPP-07 primer, while primer OPO-02yielded maximum number of unique bands in hybrid Hb4 as compared to other primers. ITS studies showed that all the isolates exhibited identical ITS length of approximately near about 650 bp. The newly developed best hybrids namely Hb1 and Hb4 showed 33.00 per cent and 31.00 per cent molecular variation respectively as compared to the commercially used strain (U3). The ITS region showed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at six nucleotide position of 281, 290, 291,292, 293, 295 and 300 base pair in the ITS region of the best developed hybrids (Hb1, Hb4) and parent strains namely A-15, U3 of A. bisporusThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MONITORED CONTROL OF MARSSONINA BLOTCH CAUSING PREMATURE LEAF FALL IN APPLE(2011) ANIL KUMAR; SHARMA, J.N.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Studies on epidemiology and monitored control of Marssonina blotch causing premature leaf fall in apple” was undertaken to study the influence of different weather parameters and comparative physical mode of action of different test fungicides against Marssonina blotch. Experiments were conducted under controlled, semi-controlled and natural conditions to find out the optimum temperature, relative humidity and leaf wetness requirements for the development of Marssonina blotch disease. A temperature of 20oC, 100 per cent relative humidity and 48 h of leaf wetness were the most suitable parameters for the development of Marssonina blotch disease in apple. Rainfall, leaf wetness, and relative humidity were positively correlated with disease severity, whereas, temperature showed a negative correlation. The coefficient of multiple determination was also calculated which signifies that 91.61 and 97.03 per cent variation in per cent disease severity in year 2009 and 2010, respectively, depended on weather parameters included in these studies. Further studies revealed that none of the cultivars of apple was resistant to Marssonina blotch, however, Granny Smith and Gibbson's Golden showed moderately resistant reaction. The commercial cultivars Royal Delicious, Golden Delicious, Vance Delicious and Scarlet Spur were found highly susceptible. Older leaves of apple plants were more susceptible to Marssonina blotch than the younger ones. The macronutrient combinations with full dose of nitrogen registered good growth of apple plants and reduced the severity of Marssonina blotch. Different isolates of Marssonina coronaria showed different levels of disease severity and conidial production indicating a genetic variability in the pathogen. Fifteen different fungicides, viz. mancozeb, captan, dodine, copper oxychloride, metiram, benomyl, carbendazim, thiophanate methyl, shield, Kresoxim methyl, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, hexaconazole, difenoconazole and tebuconazole were evaluated at different concentrations for their physical mode of action. Whereas, nine fungicides, viz. mancozeb, kresoxim methyl, carbendazim, difenoconazole, metiram, thiophanate methyl, dodine, shield and pyraclostrobin+metiram were selected for such study in the field. Dithiocarbamate fungicides provided maximum control of Marssonina blotch disease with more effect on conidial production, germinability and viability after their protective applications on apple plants both under semi-controlled as well as under field conditions. Mancozeb formulations also showed maximum retention activity as compare to other fungicides, and, registered maximum control of the disease. Strobilurin fungicides showed the strongest curative, pre-symptom and post-symptom activity against Marssonina blotch in semi-controlled as well as under field conditions. These fungicides showed inhibitory effect on conidial production, germinability and number of viable conidia as compared to other test fungicides. On the basis of prophylactic rating, dithiocarbamate fungicides were most effective protectants against Marssonina blotch of apple. The after-infection, pre-symptom and postsymptom activity of strobilurins, benzimidazoles and triazoles exceeded that of their protective activity. Strobilurin fungicides were rated best (with 1-3 rating) followed by the benzimidazoles in this respect. In field, pyraclostrobin+metiram attained the highest rating (1) followed by kresoxim methyl, carbendazim, thiophanate methyl, dodine, difenoconazole, mancozeb, shield and metiram. Among six spray schedules evaluated in field, spray schedule-II (comprising of mancozeb (0.3%) at walnut stage, carbendazim (0.05%) at 20 days after 1st spray and mancozeb flowable (0.3%) at 40 days after 2nd spray) was found best to control Marssonina blotch of apple, ofcourse along with directed sprays of kresoxim methyl in monitored spray programme.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID(S) OF Agaricus bisporus (Lange) IMBACH AND THEIR EVALUATION FOR HIGHER YIELD(2012) SHARMA, MANJU; SUMAN, B.C.ABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Development of hybrid(s) of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach and their evaluation for higher yield” were undertaken to isolates the homokaryons from different parental strains, their identification by fruiting trials and by ISSR markers, matings compatible homokaryons to produce hybrids, spawn preparation and production efficiency including other aspects like physiological studies and molecular characterization of developed hybrids. one thousand six hundred forty two single spore isolates were raised from parental strains namely A-15, S 11, S140 and U3 of Agaricus bisporus. These 1642, single spore isolates showed fluffy, appressed and strand types of growth. Out of those only 36 single spore isolates (nine from each parent strains to maintain uniform pattern) which were supposed to be homokaryons on the basis of slow mycelial growth rate and appressed types of colony morphology were selected for future studies. All single spore isolates with appressed types of colony morphology produced no fruit bodies in any replication. However the strandy slow growing single spore isolates produced fruit bodies in all replication. For the molecular characterization of selected monokaryons from each parents, six inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) marker were used. In the ISSR fingerprints of putative single spore isolates from A-15, S11, S140 and U3 strains of Agaricus bisporus, homokaryons lacked amplification products at multiple loci; these grows slowly and all of them had appressed colony morphology. Primers P3 in A-15, P39 in S11, P30 in S-140 and P8 in U3 strains of Agaricus bisporus were proved to be the best due to the sharpness of banding patterns. Out of the two hundred fifty three (253) crosses, only seven crosses between the parents were compatible because compatible colonies got fused with each other and at the point of their contact some raised growth was observed whereas in case of incompatible colonies in Petri plate, growth usually stoped as colonies approached near each other. Anastomosis or intermingling of compatible myceliums were also observed under the microscope. The yield studies showed that that hybrid Hb4, produced highest average yield (26.94kg/100kg compost) and also exhibited better qualities as compared to other isolates. Four hybrids with higher production than parent strains were taken up for studying physiological requirement and molecular characterization in detail. Among various solid media studied malt extract agar media supported maximum average mycelial growth and in case of liquid media, glucose asparagine medium supported maximum average mycelia growth and dry weight and in case and was used as a basal medium for further physiological studies. The optimum temperature and pH for the growth of different hybrids and parent strains were found to be 25OC and 6.5 respectively. Among the carbon and nitrogen sources, best growth of different hybrids including the parent strains was recorded on maltose and proline respectively on liquid as well as on solid media. In case of vitamins and growth regulators thiamine and gibberelic acid supported maximum growth of all the hybrids including the parent strains both on liquid and solid medium. RAPD studies shown that the percentage of polymorphism detected was 60.00 per cent. Maximum number of bands were produced by OPP-07 primer, while primer OPO-02 yielded maximum number of unique bands in hybrid Hb4 as compared to other primers. ITS studies showed that all the isolates exhibited identical ITS length of approximately near about 650 bp. The newly developed best hybrids namely Hb1 and Hb4 showed 33.00 per cent and 31.00 per cent molecular variation respectively as compared to the commercially used strain (U3). The ITS region showed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at six nucleotide position of 281, 290, 291,292, 293, 295 and 300 base pair in the ITS region of the best developed hybrids (Hb1, Hb4) and parent strains namely A-15, U3 of A. bisporusThesisItem Open Access INNOVATIVE METHODS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CARNATION WILT CAUSED BY Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi (Prill. and Del.) Snyd. and Hans(2012) VERMA, SAVITA; GAUTAM, H.R.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Innovative methods for the management of carnation wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi (Prill. and Del.) Snyd. and Hans.” was conducted in the laboratories and experimental farm of the Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology and also at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping. During the survey of the disease, 12.9-37.35 per cent incidence of wilt was recorded. Among different fungicides tested in vitro bavistin was found most effective with 92.04 per cent average inhibition in mycelial growth of the wilt pathogen. Among different soil amendments, neem cake was found most effective in reducing the incidence of wilt and improving various plant growth as well as quality parameters. Soil solarisation with transparent polyethylene sheet for 40 days resulted in an increase of 8.2 ºC in average maximum soil temperature at 5cm soil depth in comparison to unsolarized soil in the polyhouse. Soil solarisation of the pathogen culture with transparent polyethylene sheet at 5cm soil depth for 40 days resulted in 83.76 per cent reduction in viable propagules of the wilt pathogen in comparison to unsolarized beds at same depth in polyhouse. Soil solarisation increased the incubation period of the disease by 43.6 per cent and also reduced the wilt incidence by 66.67 per cent with transparent polyethylene sheet at 5cm soil depth. Among different bio-control agents evaluated under in vitro conditions against wilt pathogen, T. viride and T. harzianum were found at par in efficacy with 67.5 and 65.6 per cent inhibition in mycelial growth of the wilt pathogen, respectively. Among bacterial antagonists, A. chroococcum was found most effective with 57.7 per cent mycelial growth inhibition. Out of nine bio-formulations tested in vitro condition, Neemazal was found most effective with 73.06 per cent average inhibition in mycelial growth of the wilt pathogen. Dip treatment of unrooted carnation cuttings in Bavistin (0.1%) or Quintal (0.2%) was found most effective and completely checked the incidence of wilt in cuttings. Treatment of unrooted carnation cuttings with Bavistin also resulted in maximum increase in average plant height and root length by 66.0 and 440.5 per cent. Among bio-control agents, dip of cuttings in Trichoderma viride was found most effective with 2.3 per cent incidence of wilt and it resulted in 73.1 per cent average increase in plant height and 586.4 per cent average increase in root length. Among botanicals and bio-pesticides, dip of cuttings in Neemajal was found most effective with 11.9 per cent incidence of wilt and it resulted in 51.9 per cent average increase in plant height and 597.6 per cent average increase in root length. Seven native species of AM fungi related to four genera viz., Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Entrophospora sp. were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of the carnation field. Treatment combination of soil solarization with AMUHF + AZUHF + Trichoderma viride formulation was found most effective with 90.9 per cent reduction in the wilt incidence and in improving various plant growth as well as quality parameters. Treatment combination of soil solarization with AMUHF + AZUHF + Trichoderma viride formulation resulted in 81.5 per cent reduction in viable propagules of the wilt pathogen. Treatment combination of soil solarization with AMUHF + AZUHF + Trichoderma viride formulation also found most effective with an increase of 2388.9 per cent in AMF spore population with root colonization of 21.6 per cent. Treatment combination of soil solarization with root dip of cuttings in Bavistin (0.1%) along with application of Neemcake as soil amendment (1kg/m2) and AMUHF + AZUHF (each 5g/plant as root inoculation of cuttings) + T. viride (10g/1kg of FYM/m2 as soil application) was found most effective with 97.1 per cent reduction in the wilt incidence and also recorded maximum increase of 50.97, 100.4, 39.2, 57.3, 122.2 per cent in plant height, number of flowers per plant, flower size, length of flowering stem and stem strength with A grade flowers, respectively and also recorded 15.22 and 52.55 days to 1st flowering and flowering period, respectively in comparison to unsolarized and unamended control.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF COLLAR ROT PATHOGEN (Phytophthora cactorum) OF APPLE AND ITS MANAGEMENT(2014) NEGI, HOSHIYAR SINGH; SHARMA, I. M.ABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Studies on diversity analysis of collar rot pathogen (Phytophthora cactorum) of apple and its management” was conducted in the laboratories and experimental farm of the Department of Plant Pathology during year 2011-2013. During the survey of the disease, highest average disease incidence was recorded in district Mandi (9.31%) while, it was minimum (3.86%) in district Kinnaur. In the standardization of isolation technique experiment, baiting with sunhemp seeds in pond water for 96 h yielded growth of P. cactorum in all five plates. Variability was recorded in sporangial shape and size of the isolates as shape varied from ovoid, globose to ellipsoid with isolate PC 13 showing ellipsoid shape, isolate PC 3, PC 16 and PC 26 showing globose shape while, sporangium of all other isolates were ovoid shaped. Mycelial growth pattern in the culture were also variable with chrysanthemum like or radiate to slightly radiate growth pattern. Colonies of PC 6 and PC 20 were slightly submerged and it was submerged in isolate PC 11 and PC 22 while, colonies of rest of the isolates were with dense aerial or sparse aerial mycelium. Similarly, variability was also noticed in pathogenicity the different isolates. Polymorphic fragments generated by PCR using four primers were 12/12 with OPA 1, 11/11 with OPA 2, 7/7 with OPA 13 and 12/12 with OPA 16 showing 100 per cent polymorphism and the genetic polymorphism ranged from 17 to 70 per cent. Among ten pollinizer cultivars of apple evaluated for source of resistance, Stark Spur Golden showed maximum tolerance as minimum seedling mortality of 15.11 per cent. Among non-systemic fungicides tested in vitro, mancozeb was highly efficacious and gave 97.62 per cent mycelial inhibition of test pathogen followed by metiram (91.39%). Among the six combi-fungicides, cymoxanil + mancozeb (Curzate M) and metalaxyl + mancozeb (Matco) were most effective 97.87 per cent mycelial inhibition. Under pot conditions, metalaxyl + mancozeb and cymoxanil + mancozeb were best and statistically at par with each other. Water extract of mustard cake and Eucalyptus leaves were the most effective and significantly superior treatments among botanicals under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Trichoderma harzianum 1 resulted in maximum growth inhibition (52.96%) and minimum disease incidence of 20.0 per cent. Three most effective antagonists were found compatible with all three fungicides and botanicals. Under integrated management studies, maximum disease control of 99.16 and 99.15 per cent in disease incidence and severity, respectively was achieved with treatments C1E2B1 (Curzate M + Mustard cake +T. harzianum) and C2E2B1 (Matco + Mustard cake + T. harzianum). Maximum increase in shoot length (48.6 cm) was also recorded in the treatment combination C2E2B1 (Matco + Mustard cake + T. harzianum).