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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access Reproductive biology, molecular profiling and biochemical analysis of Terminalia chebula (Retz.)(DYSPU, 2013) Sankanur, Mahantappa; N. B. SinghThe present investigation entitled “Reproductive biology, molecular profiling and biochemical analysis of Terminalia chebula (Retz.)” was carried out at Regional Horticultural Research Station, Jachh, Kangra and in the Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2010-2013. Reproductive biology of six T. chebulagenotypes revealed that Kothi (G 1), Paragpur 2 (G 3 ), Kallar (G4), Bhella (G 5) and Tamber (G 6 ) initiated most of their phenological events earlierthan Paragpur 1 (G 2 ) genotype. The flower buds busted after the leaves started to emerge for all the genotypes. Among genotypes each spike is on an average 6.79 ± 0.45 cm and produces 40.67 ± 3.36 flowers acropetally over a period of 6–7 days. On thebasis of sizes and development stages, the flower buds were assorted into seven different stages. The stigma protrudes out of the calyx during the mature bud stage. It is receptive since then and continues until the evening of the 3 rd day. The pollen–ovule ratio is 10,890:1. Anin-vitropollen germination percentage of freshly collectedpollen was higher in 30% sucrose with Brewbaker and Kwack’s medium (BKM). Fresh pollen viability percentages were generally high (above 70 per cent) for most of the genotypes. -20 0 C temperature with controlled humidity was found effective in long term storage of pollens for breeding programmes. The manual pollinations performed for autogamy, geitonogamy and parthenocarpy did not set fruit. Whereas, those performed for the xenogamous mode set fruit (65.76 ± 10.4%) and in open-pollinations the fruit set was 7.83 ± 0.78%. The flowers were foraged during daytime by 42 species of insects representing bees, wasps, bugs, flies, butterflies and beetles. Crossability pattern studies revealed thatgenotypes under study were cross compatible shouldbe involved in intraspecific breeding programme. In all the fourteen successful crosses between different genotypes were obtained. Per cent successful cross was highest in cross Bhella (G5) × Paragpur 1 (G 2) that was 2.14 per cent. The data for various nursery traits viz., collar diameter, plant height and number of leaves for various crosses was recorded when seedlings were 8 months old. Collar diameter for various crosses ranged between 1.36 mm to 3.38 mm. maximum value for collar diameter was recorded for cross Bhella (G5) × Kallar (G 4 ) i.e.3.38 mm. The maximum plant height was 20.80 cm which was recorded for cross Paragpur 2 (G 3) × Paragpur 1 (G2 ). The maximum number of leaves was found in the cross Paragpur 2 (G 3 ) × Paragpur 1 (G 2 ). Among the six genotypes various qualitative morphological descriptors studied viz.,crown of tree, branching type, bark colour, leaf colour, arrangement, shape, tip shape, base, margin, flower type, flower colour, fruit base and tip and seed colour did not show any variation at all except forthat fruit shape. Fruit samples collected from sixdifferent genotypes showed variation in their shapes, bases, colours, physical dimensions and chemical characteristics. Fruit shapes were of obovoid to ellipsoidal obovoid. While, the fruit base were, varied from round - broad. Fruit colour were Yellow green group – 144 A and 144 B. Fruits from Paragpur 1 (G 2 ) showed maximum values of fresh fruit weight (44.41 g), fresh pulp weight/fruit (42.08 g), fresh fruit length (6.46 cm), fresh pulp/kernel ratio (18.06) and dry pulp/kernel ratio (5.39). The present study confirms the need for domestication of T. chebulato be based on two ideotypes, one for fruit flesh [Paragpur 1 (G 2 )] and the other for seed trait [Paragpur 2 (G 3)]. Twenty five RAPD and twelve ISSR primers were effective in revealing polymorphisms among different genotypes of T. chebula. RAPD exhibited 96.76 per cent polymorphism among six genotypes, out of the total, 124 scorable bands, 120 showed polymorphism and 4 bands exhibited monomorphism. Total numbers of amplified and polymorphic fragments generated per ISSR primer revealed 97.92 per cent polymorphism among genotypes. Genotype Paragpur 2 (G 3) came as outliner as revealed by both ISSR study and combined data (RAPD and ISSR). Crossability pattern studies revealed that genotypes under study were cross compatible should be involved in intraspecific breeding programme. The overall profile of various macro and micro minerals as well as other chemical constituents shows T. chebula fruits as highly nutritious. T. chebula fruits should be regularly, used either in the raw form or in the form of 'Jams' and 'Murebba’ so that these fruits become an important part of our diet to supplement human dietary requirements. Signature of MajorThesisItem Open Access Studies on reproductive success of Aconitum heterophyllum under domestication(YSPU, 2015) Vinod Kumar; Raina, RavinderThe present investigation entitled “Studies on reproductive success of Aconitum heterophyllum under domestication” was carried out both in field as well as in laboratory during 2010-15. The field studies were conducted at twenty locations (10 wild and 10 domesticated) spread across different regions of Himachal Pradesh and at Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Farm, Shilly located at an altitude of 1550 m; Latitude N 30054’30”; Longitude E 77007’30”. The laboratory studies were conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.). These studies were divided into six experiments namely (i) Inter-population studies on vegetative parameters under wild and domesticated conditions, (ii) Inter-population studies on floral biology under wild and domesticated conditions, (iii) Chromosomal studies ,(iv) Studies on sexual behaviour under wild and domesticated conditions, (v) Inter population studies on seed quality and germination and (vi) Molecular studies. Vegetative characters as well as tuber yield were positively impacted by domesticated conditions which makes this species amenable for cultivation. Non significant variation in seed output was observed between domesticated and wild conditions indicating no effect of domestication on seed output. Maximum seed germination of 67.78% was recorded in seed sourced from population VIID (Nichar, Kinnaur), no significant difference was noticed in seed germination amongst the domesticated and wild populations. However of the twenty wild and domesticated populations, two populations under each condition, (IW) Sisoo and (VIW) Puikar, Lahaul & Spiti under wild condition; Solang Nalla, Kullu (XD) & Sisoo, Lahaul & Spiti (IID) under domesticated conditions were found to be best on the basis of morphological as well as yield characters. Based on floral characters like flower colour, no. of sepals, colour of anthers and no. of follicles per flower, population IIW (Chansal) appears to be unique amongst all wild populations. The flowers of this polulation were dark blue coloured in sharp contrast to bluish purple in all other populations. RAPD analysis also indicated this population to be genetically unique as it formed a singlet in dendrogram. Flowers were observed to be dichogamous (protogamy) and no difference in ploidy level was observed in all studied populations (2n=2x=16). Genetic diversity among the populations was confirmed by both RAPD and ISSR markers, with some populations found to be genetically similar. RAPD analysis revealed that populations VW (Moral Danda, Shimla) and IXW (Kalatop, Chamba) are genetically similar whereas population IIW (Chansal, Shimla) formed a singlet indicating its genetic uniqueness. ISSR markers analysis revealed that populations VIIID (Topi Nalla, Chamba) and IID (Sisoo, Lahaul & Spiti) are also genetically similar. Both the marker systems have shown that populations (i.) populations VIID (Nichar) & VIIIW (Chot Kanda), (ii) populations VIIID (Topi Nalla) & IID (Sisoo), (iii.) populations VW (Moral Danda) & VID (Katgaon) are genetically closely placed, though their sites of occurrence happen to be quite far away from each other. The observations indicate suitability of Aconitum heterophyllum for domestication to be grown as a sole crop which improves its yield capacity with regard to its tuber (economic part) and seed (for propagation). The study has indicated that: i) Under domestication, the yield characters of Aconitum heterophyllum improve making it suitable for cultivation. ii) Domesticated populations like XD (Solang Nalla), ID (Shillaru, Shimla), IIID (Jagatsukh) and VIID (Nichar) were found to be the best as compared to others in terms of tuber yield. iii) No significant difference in seed yield was observed under domestication conditions indicating that domestication does not adversely impact seed production potential. iv) The population growing at Chansal (IIW), needs to be conserved as it was found to be unique on the basis of morphological as well as molecular characters.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. wood characteristics using plant extracts as biopreservatives(YSPU, 2016) Gupta, Heena; Sharma, K.R.The present investigation entitled “Studies on Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. wood characteristics using plant extracts as biopreservatives” was carried out in the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, UHF Campus, Nauni, Solan (H.P.). The wood samples of Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. of size 5cm x 2.5cm x 2.5cm (longitudinal x radial x tangential) were prepared. These wood samples were dip treated in control, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2 % (w/v) plant extracts of Lantana camaraL. and Ageratum conyzoidesL. for 72 hours. These plant extracts were extracted by using two solvents viz. petroleum ether and methanol solutions. The wood samples were analysed for variation of specific gravity, swelling and shrinkage of wood in three different planes viz longitudinal, radial and tangential, per cent weight gain of treated anduntreated wood on dry weight basis, per cent weight gain of treated and untreated wood on wet weight basis, weight percentage gain, volumetric swelling coefficient, volumetric shrinkage coefficient, anti-swelling efficiency, anti-shrinkage efficiency, hromium absorption, Chromium leaching, Chromium retention, variation in treated and untreated wood after Chromium absorption on dry weight basis (Swelling) and wet weight basis (Shrinkage), variation in treated and untreated wood after Chromium leaching on dry weight basis (Swelling) and wet weight basis (Shrinkage), in vitromycelial growth of Polyporussp., per cent fungal growth on plant extracts and Chromium treated wood samples, per cent fungal inhibition by plant extracts and Chromium treated wood samples, ecay test for 2 months and three months period and qualitative and quantitative enzyme assays. The maximum value of specific gravity was recorded at 2.00 per cent concentration. The maximum swelling and rinkage of wood samples have been recorded for tangential plane followed by radial and longitudinal planes. The highest volumetric swelling and shrinkage coefficient, were observed for Ageratum conyzoides L. at T (2.00%) and control respectively. Per cent variation in weight of treated and untreated wood on dry weight basis (Swelling) and wet weight basis (Shrinkage) were found to be maximum for Lantana camaraL. The treated samples have shown improved anti-swelling and anti-shrinkage efficiency over untreated samples.The extract treated wood samples have shown an increased dimensional stability over untreated samples. With increase in plant extract concentration the Chromium retention in wood increased (upto 1%) and was found maximum for Ageratum conyzoidesL. reated samples where, petroleum ether was usedas a solvent. More variation in swelling and shrinkage after Chromium absorption was observed in Lantana camara L. treated wood samples. The treated wood samples have shown more fixation of Chromium trioxide over untreated samples. The maximum funguscolonization was observed in untreated samples. The decay test upto 3 months showed more weight loss ascompared to 2 months. The treatment of samples at higher concentrations where, petroleum ether was used as a solvent proved to be effective in protection against the fungal degradation. Quantitative and qualitative analysis indicated that the fungus was capable of producing cellulase, xylanase and laccase enzymes showing its capability of degreading the wood.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of forest carbon stock and land use of Solan Forest Division(YSPU, 2012) Shah, Shipra; Sharma, D.P.The present investigation entitled, “Evaluation of Forest Carbon Stock and Land use of Solan Forest Division ” was carried out during 2009-2012 in Solan Forest Division of Himachal Pradesh, located between 30 o 45’ 00’’ to 31 o 10’00’’ N latitude and 76 o 55’00’’ to 77 o 15’00’ E longitude, at an elevation ranging from 600m to 2260 m a.m.s.l. to study land use change from 1998 to 2010 using IRS (LISS III) data, the temporal distribution of carbon stock and to assess the impact of climate change on forest growth. The major land use categories were Culturable Blank, Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), Cultivation, Broadleaved, Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), Ban oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) and Khair (Acacia catechu). Chir pine, Cultivation and Khair reported an increase in area of 191 ha (4.55%), 129 ha (13.81%) and 77 ha (23.40%), whereas Ban oak, Broadleaved, Culturable Blank and Bamboo reported a decrease in area of 181 ha (16.58%), 152 ha (6.30%), 71 ha (2.72%) and 7 ha (0.47%), respectively from 1998 to 2010. There was a declining trend in carbon stock over 1956-1984 period by 8875.87 t (20.39 t ha -1 ), an increasing trend over 1984-2002 period by 6201.34 t (14.25 t ha -1 ) and over 2002-2011 period there was a further increase by 2352.56 t (5.4 t ha -1 ). In 2011 total Vegetation Carbon Stock was 22253.43 t (51.13 t ha -1 ). In 2011the Soil Carbon Stock {Humus + Soil (0-100cm depth)} was 83076.05 t (189.29 t ha -1 ). Detritus carbon stock was 2544.94 t (5.61 t ha -1 ) and the total Ecosystem Carbon Stock (t) was 107874.40 t (247.87 t ha -1 . A significant linear relationship was observed between carbon stock and NDVI for 1998(R = 0.741) and 2010 (R = 0.663). The carbon prediction models were then used to develop carbon maps for Solan Forest Division. The carbon density (t ha -1 ) ranged from < 10.49 t ha -1 to 168.03 t ha -1 as per the 1998 imagery and as per the 2010 imagery it ranged from < 11.32 t ha -1 to 181.23 t ha -1 . The percent change in carbon stock ranged from < 0.71% to 11.49%. Current (2001-2010) and past (1983-2000) climatic scenario revealed that the region has experienced an increase in the maximum temperature while minimum temperature showed both an increasing as well as decreasing trend. Temperature in different seasons of the year viz. winter, spring, summer and autumn has shown increasing trends while precipitation in the form of rainfall decreased except in autumn. Ring width Index (RWI) was found to have a significant relationship with the average annual temperature ( 0 C) (R=0.68, P < 0.05) and with rainfall (R= 0.41,P < 0.05). Multiple regression between RWI & temperature and RWI & precipitation showed that temperature had a stronger effect on growth than precipitation and the effect of temperature became more pronounced in trees with advancement of age.fThesisItem Open Access Studies on the development of cultivation practices of Rheum australe D. Don(YSPU, 2014) Bhardwaj, Ravi; Sood, MeenuThe present investigation entitled, “Studies on the development of cultivation practices of Rheum australe D.Don” was carried out in Horticulture Research and Training Sub-Station Rahla – Kullu (H.P.) and in the experimental farm as well as in laboratory of Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, H.P. during 2010-2014. Rheum australe D.Don is a high altitude endangered medicinal plant commonly known as Revandchini belongs to family Polygonaceae. It is a perennial stout herb distributed in temperate and sub tropical regions of the world. Rhizomes roots are purgative, astringent, tonic, stomachic and aperient. Root is regarded as a panacea in local home remedies and is used in stomach problems, cuts, wound and muscular swellings, tonsillitis and mumps. It has been found as a potent anti- inflammatory drug. The investigations were based on 4 experiments : (1) Morphological and phenological studies (2) Standardization of nursery raising techniques (3) Effect of different plant spacings on growth and yield (4) Effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on growth and yield and to work out its cost of cultivation. Growing medium of Soil + Cocopeat + Vermicompost (1:1:1) under shade net condition was found to enhance the growth performance in all the parameters viz. germination percentage(82.68%), initiation of germination (10.00 days), completion of germination (17.33 days), mean daily germination(4.12), and peak value(0.81). Shade net house conditions with sowing during November month resulted in higher germination percentage (83.32%), early initiation of germination (8.14 days), seedling shoot (29.46 cm) and root length (32.33 cm). Hence seeds should be sown during November month under shade net house conditions for best germination and growth. The seeds of Rheum australe should be stored in plastic bags under refrigerated condition (0 to -5 0C) for retaining viability for longer period of time. Studies also revealed that the plants of Rheum australe should be planted at 60x60 cm spacing for getting maximum underground biomass yield (9.90 q/ha). NPK @ (120 : 60: 30 Kg/ha) combination gave maximum plant height (54.81 cm), above ground (63.62g) and belowground biomass(74.69 g) as well as underground biomass yield (23.34q/ha). Maximum benefit: cost ratio (3.87) was obtained with the application of NPK @ (120 : 60: 30 Kg/ha) which was followed by FYM + Azotobacter + PSB (10t : 5kg :5kg) with a BCR of 3.27.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of tree spacing and organic manures on growth, flower and seed production of floriculture crops under Grewia optiva Drummond. based agroforestry system(YSPU, 2015) Prem Prakash; Pant, K.S.The present investigation entitled “Effect of tree spacing and organic manures on growth, flower and seed production of floriculture crops under Grewia optivaDrummond. based agroforestry system” was carried out in the experimental farm of Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr.Y.S.Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) for consecutive two years during 2012-2014. The experiment was laid out in split plot design. The study was aimed at exploring the possibilities of successful cultivation of floriculture crops as intercrop under Grewia optivaalong with the different doses of organic manures used. The experiment comprised of four tree spacing (1m, 2m, 3m and open) and eight doses of organic manures (5.00 kg FYM,3.00 kg vermicompost,5.00 kg municipal solid waste, PGPR, 5.00 kg FYM + PGPR , 3.00 kg vermicompost + PGPR , 5.00 kg municipal solid waste + PGPR and control i.e. without manures ) in combination with and without Grewia. The results revealed that winter and summer annuals can be grown successfully grown under agroforestry system. The use of vermicompost and FYM in combination with PGPR at appropriate doses was found beneficial for minimizing competition for critical resources and enhancing the productivity of floriculture crops. Vermicompost @2.00 kg/plot + PGPR found to be the best dose followed by FYM @ 5.00 kg/ plot +PGPR. Alone PGPR was not as much effective, while in combination with FYM, Vermicompost, FYM and Municipal solid waste it significantly increases the growth, flower and seed parameters of the winter and summer annuals. It was observed that winter annuals i.e. Dianthus barbatus L. and Godetia grandiflora L. performed well under Grewia optiva in compare to summer annuals i.e. Callistephus chinensis L. Nees and Gomphrena globosa L. Godetia grandiflora got the maximum seed yield under agroforestry system as well as in open condition. Flower parameters of Dianthus barbatus found to be the best under agroforestry system. Growth, flower andseed production parameters were also found to be higher in open condition as compared to beneath tree canopy. Among 3 spacing of tree 3m spacing found to be best for overall growth, flower and seed production of floriculture crops. The present study reveals that the maximum leaves and branch wood biomass was recorded in 3m spacing. Soil physical and chemical properties found to improve under agroforestry system as compare to open (tree less area). The availability of nutrients N, P and K was high where, applied with organic manures in agroforestry system as well as in sole crop. The benefit cost ratio of growing floriculture crop with Grewia optivaranged from 1.66 to 3.78 where it was 1.55 to 3.53 for sole condition. Integrating flower crops with Grewia optiva offers an excellent opportunity for diversificationand high income generating than the monoculture. It will also open new vistas for the research to evaluate the performance of flower crop under tree canopy.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of Germplasm and Standardization of Propagation Techniques of Inula racemosa Hook.f.(YSPU, 2014) Singh, Harpal; Dutt, BhupenderThe present investigations entitled “Evaluation of Germplasm and Standardization of Propagation Techniques of Inula racemosa Hook.f.” were conducted in the laboratory and experimental fields of Department of Forest Products, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, (H.P) at Herbal Garden Nauni, Shilly (Solan) and Manali (Kullu) during 2010-11 and 2011-12. Observations on morphological and quantitative characteristics of Inula racemosa were recorded from eight different sites i.e. six from Himachal Pradesh (Lahaul & Spiti) i.e. Keylong, Kardang , Dalang, Sissu, Udaipur and Kukumseri and two from Jammu & Kashmir (Kashmir valley) i.e. Tangmerg and Shopian. The results of morphological and quantitative parameters of Inula racemosa showed maximum plant height (204.90 cm), maximum leaf length (54.15 cm), maximum leaf breadth (24.85 cm), number of stems (4.74), fresh root weight (659.30 g) and essential oil content (1.96 %) from germplasm collection site G5 (Udaipur) and G6 (Kukumseri) i.e. from Pattan valley (Lahaul & Spiti) Himachal Pradesh. For seed characteristics maximum seed weight, moisture content, seed viability and germination per cent was also registered for germplasm site collection G5 (Udaipur) and G6 (Kukumseri). Among the pre-sowing treatments under laboratory and field conditions maximum germination per cent was recorded in treatment P4 (GA3 150 ppm) and minimum in control. Maximum germination energy (19.20) per cent was recorded in treatment P5 (GA3 150 ppm) and minimum in P8 (IBA 150 ppm). The maximum germination speed was recorded in treatment P6 (IBA 50 ppm) and minimum in control. The maximum mean daily germination was recorded in treatment P5 (GA3 150 ppm). The maximum germination per cent and seedling height was recorded in seeds treated with P5 (GA3 150 ppm). The maximum collar diameter (4.17 cm) and seedling vigour index (4236.0) was recorded in pre-sowing treatment P5 (150 ppm GA3). The maximum fresh shoot weight (54.10 g) and dry shoot weight (27.77 g) was recorded in treatment P5 (GA3 150 ppm). The maximum fresh root weight (9.32 g) and dry root weight (4.64 g) was recorded in seeds treated with P5 (GA3 150 ppm). The maximum root length (11.77 g) was recorded in treatment P5 (GA3 150 ppm). The effect of location site on the germination and growth of Inula racemosa at two different location sites was found to be significant. The maximum sprouting per cent, (95.35) per cent, number of shoots (4.00), number of leaves (13.73), number of flower heads (16.08) maximum primary root length (25.74 cm), fresh root weight (313.00 g) and dry root weight (148.80) was observed from germplasm collection site G5 (Udaipur, HP) and G6 (Kukumseri, HP) minimum sprouting of 80.08 per cent was obtained from germplasm collection site G8 (Tangmerg, J&K). Among the interactions maximum sprouting per cent was observed from G5×S1 (95.43 %) minimum value of 78.26 per cent was recorded in G7×S1.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Analysis for Growth and Oleoresin Traits of Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sargent)(YSPU, 2015) Bhat, Sheeraz Saleem; Singh, N.B.The present investigations entitled “Genetic Analysis for Growth and Oleoresin Traits of Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sargent)” were carried out in the Research field and Laboratory of the Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources, College of Forestry, Dr YSP University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during the year 2010-2012, to: 1) evaluate different growth traits (height, diameter at breast height, bark thickness, crown height and crown length), needle characteristics (colour, length, thickness and number of stomata per mm of row), wood traits (moisture content, specific gravity and tracheid length) of different half sib chir pine progenies; 2) to carry out molecular characterization through RAPD, ISSR and SSR markers, and, 3) to carry out marker trait association for the aforesaid traits, besides the oleoresin yield of the different genotypes. All the traits varied significantly, with mean values height (18.08 m), diameter at breast height (34.76 cm), bark thickness (2.73 cm), crown height (7.80 m), crown length (10.38 m), needle length (20.78 cm), thickness (0.61 mm), number of stomata per mm of a row (9.71), wood moisture content (54.31%), specific gravity (0.41) and tracheid length (1.68 mm). Variability estimates, genetic parameters, correlation studies, principal component analysis and divergence studies exhibited high variability among all the half sib progenies. Characters which exhibited high heritability like crown height (H2=0.45), wood specific gravity (H2=0.66), needle thickness (H2=0.48), followed by higher genetic gain show additive genetic variation and can be exploited quiet well in advanced breeding programs, thus more effective in selecting the best genotypes for a trait. Genetic divergence was studied through cluster analysis and dendrograms. Molecular characterization through RAPD, ISSR and SSR revealed high polymorphism percentage (90.14, 94.84 and 100, respectively); with respective band size ranges 105-1490 bp, 198-2015 bp and 103-239 bp. Dendrogram based on these markers, individually as well as combined, were made for diversity analysis. Structural analysis was carried out for the population diversity studies, and for association mapping. Three clusters resulted for each marker, beside some genotypes as admixtures. Association mapping with different traits revealed 12 associations with RAPD markers, 6 associations with ISSR markers, 8 associations with SSR markers at P value (<0.05). Coefficient of determination, R2 value, ranged from 0.0757 for UBC841 with wood specific gravity to 0.1495 for NAD3-1 with crown length.ThesisItem Open Access Site characteristics and regeneration studies of bani oak (Quercus glauca Thunberg) in Himachal Pradesh(YSPU, 2016) Tesfaye, Amare; Bhardwaj, D.R.The study was carried out at Quercus glaucabearing forests of Solan, Nareg and Sarhan forest ranges of Himachal Pradesh, India during the year 2013-2015. Six forest sites viz.: Solan,Oachghat, Deothal, Narag, Chakla and Tikri were non randomly selected to assess effects of phytosociology, stand characteristics and site conditions in natural regeneration of the species as well as effects of stratification media, stratification duration, acorn size and pre-sowing treatments on germination and growth characteristics Quercus glauca seedlings. Data collection, analysis and interpretation were conducted based onstandard field, laboratory and statistical procedures. Stand structure, species composition, site characteristics and status of natural regeneration varied alot in the study sites. Natural regeneration of Quercus glauca was better at Oachghat and Narag forest sites, in which major tree associates were Machilus duthiei, Dalbergia sissoo, Bauhinia variegate, Pinus roxburghii, Pyrus pashia and Myrica esculenta. Natural regeneration of Quercus glauca was positively related to soil moisture content, organic carbon and organic matter layer and it was negatively related to soil pH and solar influx. In general, natural regeneration increased with increase in tree density but it decreased with increase in shrub and herb density. In the stratification trial, highest germination of acornswere recorded under farmyard manure media (51.8 %)and 45 days stratification duration (49.5%). Shaded growing conditions had been found better in germination, survival and seedling growth characteristics than open nursery conditions. Germination was higher in nutrient rich stratification media. Total sugar content was increasing, whereas, starch and soluble protein content of acorns was decreasing with increase in germination. Application of 100 ppm GA3 treatment and exposed embryo had higher germination for chemical and physical pre-sowing treatments under laboratory conditions, respectively. Physical pre-sowing treatments had also better performance in germination than chemical pre-sowing treatments. The study concluded that maintaining tree density and plant associates that enhanced natural regeneration of Quercus glaucashould be preserved for the sustenance of the species. The use physical pre-sowing treatments in combination of shaded growing conditions should be encouraged for artificial reproduction of the species.