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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access Reproductive biology, molecular profiling and biochemical analysis of Terminalia chebula (Retz.)(DYSPU, 2013) Sankanur, Mahantappa; N. B. SinghThe present investigation entitled “Reproductive biology, molecular profiling and biochemical analysis of Terminalia chebula (Retz.)” was carried out at Regional Horticultural Research Station, Jachh, Kangra and in the Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2010-2013. Reproductive biology of six T. chebulagenotypes revealed that Kothi (G 1), Paragpur 2 (G 3 ), Kallar (G4), Bhella (G 5) and Tamber (G 6 ) initiated most of their phenological events earlierthan Paragpur 1 (G 2 ) genotype. The flower buds busted after the leaves started to emerge for all the genotypes. Among genotypes each spike is on an average 6.79 ± 0.45 cm and produces 40.67 ± 3.36 flowers acropetally over a period of 6–7 days. On thebasis of sizes and development stages, the flower buds were assorted into seven different stages. The stigma protrudes out of the calyx during the mature bud stage. It is receptive since then and continues until the evening of the 3 rd day. The pollen–ovule ratio is 10,890:1. Anin-vitropollen germination percentage of freshly collectedpollen was higher in 30% sucrose with Brewbaker and Kwack’s medium (BKM). Fresh pollen viability percentages were generally high (above 70 per cent) for most of the genotypes. -20 0 C temperature with controlled humidity was found effective in long term storage of pollens for breeding programmes. The manual pollinations performed for autogamy, geitonogamy and parthenocarpy did not set fruit. Whereas, those performed for the xenogamous mode set fruit (65.76 ± 10.4%) and in open-pollinations the fruit set was 7.83 ± 0.78%. The flowers were foraged during daytime by 42 species of insects representing bees, wasps, bugs, flies, butterflies and beetles. Crossability pattern studies revealed thatgenotypes under study were cross compatible shouldbe involved in intraspecific breeding programme. In all the fourteen successful crosses between different genotypes were obtained. Per cent successful cross was highest in cross Bhella (G5) × Paragpur 1 (G 2) that was 2.14 per cent. The data for various nursery traits viz., collar diameter, plant height and number of leaves for various crosses was recorded when seedlings were 8 months old. Collar diameter for various crosses ranged between 1.36 mm to 3.38 mm. maximum value for collar diameter was recorded for cross Bhella (G5) × Kallar (G 4 ) i.e.3.38 mm. The maximum plant height was 20.80 cm which was recorded for cross Paragpur 2 (G 3) × Paragpur 1 (G2 ). The maximum number of leaves was found in the cross Paragpur 2 (G 3 ) × Paragpur 1 (G 2 ). Among the six genotypes various qualitative morphological descriptors studied viz.,crown of tree, branching type, bark colour, leaf colour, arrangement, shape, tip shape, base, margin, flower type, flower colour, fruit base and tip and seed colour did not show any variation at all except forthat fruit shape. Fruit samples collected from sixdifferent genotypes showed variation in their shapes, bases, colours, physical dimensions and chemical characteristics. Fruit shapes were of obovoid to ellipsoidal obovoid. While, the fruit base were, varied from round - broad. Fruit colour were Yellow green group – 144 A and 144 B. Fruits from Paragpur 1 (G 2 ) showed maximum values of fresh fruit weight (44.41 g), fresh pulp weight/fruit (42.08 g), fresh fruit length (6.46 cm), fresh pulp/kernel ratio (18.06) and dry pulp/kernel ratio (5.39). The present study confirms the need for domestication of T. chebulato be based on two ideotypes, one for fruit flesh [Paragpur 1 (G 2 )] and the other for seed trait [Paragpur 2 (G 3)]. Twenty five RAPD and twelve ISSR primers were effective in revealing polymorphisms among different genotypes of T. chebula. RAPD exhibited 96.76 per cent polymorphism among six genotypes, out of the total, 124 scorable bands, 120 showed polymorphism and 4 bands exhibited monomorphism. Total numbers of amplified and polymorphic fragments generated per ISSR primer revealed 97.92 per cent polymorphism among genotypes. Genotype Paragpur 2 (G 3) came as outliner as revealed by both ISSR study and combined data (RAPD and ISSR). Crossability pattern studies revealed that genotypes under study were cross compatible should be involved in intraspecific breeding programme. The overall profile of various macro and micro minerals as well as other chemical constituents shows T. chebula fruits as highly nutritious. T. chebula fruits should be regularly, used either in the raw form or in the form of 'Jams' and 'Murebba’ so that these fruits become an important part of our diet to supplement human dietary requirements. Signature of MajorThesisItem Open Access Estimation of gene action, combining abilities and heterosis in Grewia optivaDrummond(DYSPU, 2013) Saresh, N. V; N.B. SinghThe present investigation entitled “Estimation of gene action, combining abilities and heterosis in Grewia optiva Drummond” was carried out in the Department of TreeImprovement and Genetic Resources, Dr Y. S. ParmarUniversity of Horticulture & Forestry Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2010-2012. There is collection of Grewia optivagenotypes from different districts of Himachal Pradesh and were maintained in the nursery from which ten genotypes was includedin the study and the plant material of 6 females (SO-1, SO-2, SO-4, SO-8, CH-2 and SI-15) and 4 male (SO-3, SI-6, BI-4 and HA-4) genotypes were control crossed using Line X Tester (6X4 factorial) mating design. Out of twenty four controlled crosses attempted all the crosses successfully produced viable seeds. The per cent successful crosses was highest in SO-2 X SO-3 ( 88.10 %) and minimum was for SO-8 X HA-4 (23.81 %).Maximum seeds per flower (3.80) was recorded for SO-8 X HA-4. Maximum germination percentage (72.72) was recordedfor crosses involving SI-15 X BI-4 (70.59), survival percentage was in SO-1 X BI-4 (97.73 per cent) recorded highest per cent survival, while, CH-2 X BI-4 (57.69 per cent) recorded lower survival per cent. GCA variances were highly significant for seed diameter, seed length, germination per cent, survival per cent, nursery characters like plant height, collar diameter, number of leaves, internodel length and leaf area. Higher magnitude of SCA variances as compared to GCA variances for collar diameter (six months) and fodder quality characters. SO-8 the female parent genotype was proved to be good general combiners for all nursery characters, male parents BI-4 expressed its positive general combining ability for plant height, collar diameter (for two months data) and number of leaves per plant. SI-6 and SO-3 showed positive general combining ability for collar diameter while SI-6 and BI-4 for internodel length. For fodder quality parameter, SO-8 and SO-4, while SI-6 and BI-4 were good general combining ability with respect to crude protein content. The F 1 SO-4 X HA-4 recorded positively significant SCA effects for most of the parameters. The genetic components of variance in F 1 generation revealed that dominance components (H1 and H2) and additive component (D) were highly significant for all the characters.The regression line exhibited that most of the characters were controlled by dominance and over dominance type of gene action. Over dominant gene action with low to high narrow sense and broad sense heritability was observed for many character studied. For nursery characters, SO-8 and SI-6 showed over dominant gene action for plant height, collar diameter with high broad and narrow sense heritability. In SO-8 XSI-6 over dominant gene action was observed for plant height, collar diameter and number of leaves. For fodder quality characters SI-15 X BI-4 gave the highest positive significant SCA effects for crude protein content. From Wr/Vr graph maximum dominant gene action for nursery character were observed in SO-1,SO-2, SI-15,CH-2 and SO-4 and for fodder quality character, female parent CH-2, SO-8 and SI-15and male genotype SO-3, SO-8 and HA-4 exhibited over dominant gene action for crude protein, crude fat and nitrogen free extract. SI-15X BI-4 showed higher mid parent heterosis for plant height (49.06 %), SO-8 X BI-4 expressed its heterotic ability for collardiameter (98.63 %) and Internodel length (46.63 %). Whereas, SO-8 X SI-6 cross showed higher heterosis for number of leaves (23.16), leaf area (122.57 %), leaf weight (171.56), crude protein content (35.77 %) and crude fiber (19.52 %). The paternity analysis using molecular markers disclosed the factthat F 1 ’s are highly similar to their male parents. The 14 RAPD markers data showed that 23 out of 24 hybrids were highly similar to their male parents, whereas, eleven ISSR markers disclosed that 20 out of 24 hybrids were highly similar to theirmale parents.ThesisItem Open Access ESTIMATION OF GENE ACTION, COMBINING ABILITIES AND HETEROSIS IN Grewia optiva Drummond(2013) SARESH, N.V.; SINGH, N.B.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Estimation of gene action, combining abilities and heterosis in Grewia optiva Drummond” was carried out in the Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources, Dr Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2010-2012. There is collection of Grewia optiva genotypes from different districts of Himachal Pradesh and were maintained in the nursery from which ten genotypes was included in the study and the plant material of 6 females (SO-1, SO-2, SO-4, SO-8, CH-2 and SI-15) and 4 male (SO-3, SI-6, BI-4 and HA-4) genotypes were control crossed using Line X Tester (6X4 factorial) mating design. Out of twenty four controlled crosses attempted all the crosses successfully produced viable seeds. The per cent successful crosses was highest in SO-2 X SO-3 ( 88.10 %) and minimum was for SO-8 X HA-4 (23.81 %). Maximum seeds per flower (3.80) was recorded for SO-8 X HA-4. Maximum germination percentage (72.72) was recorded for crosses involving SI-15 X BI-4 (70.59), survival percentage was in SO-1 X BI-4 (97.73 per cent) recorded highest per cent survival, while, CH-2 X BI-4 (57.69 per cent) recorded lower survival per cent. GCA variances were highly significant for seed diameter, seed length, germination per cent, survival per cent, nursery characters like plant height, collar diameter, number of leaves, internodel length and leaf area. Higher magnitude of SCA variances as compared to GCA variances for collar diameter (six months) and fodder quality characters. SO-8 the female parent genotype was proved to be good general combiners for all nursery characters, male parents BI-4 expressed its positive general combining ability for plant height, collar diameter (for two months data) and number of leaves per plant. SI-6 and SO-3 showed positive general combining ability for collar diameter while SI-6 and BI-4 for internodel length. For fodder quality parameter, SO-8 and SO-4, while SI-6 and BI-4 were good general combining ability with respect to crude protein content. The F1 SO-4 X HA-4 recorded positively significant SCA effects for most of the parameters. The genetic components of variance in F1 generation revealed that dominance components (H1 and H2) and additive component (D) were highly significant for all the characters. The regression line exhibited that most of the characters were controlled by dominance and over dominance type of gene action. Over dominant gene action with low to high narrow sense and broad sense heritability was observed for many character studied. For nursery characters, SO-8 and SI-6 showed over dominant gene action for plant height, collar diameter with high broad and narrow sense heritability. In SO-8 X SI-6 over dominant gene action was observed for plant height, collar diameter and number of leaves. For fodder quality characters SI-15 X BI-4 gave the highest positive significant SCA effects for crude protein content. From Wr/Vr graph maximum dominant gene action for nursery character were observed in SO-1, SO-2, SI-15,CH-2 and SO-4 and for fodder quality character, female parent CH-2, SO-8 and SI-15and male genotype SO-3, SO-8 and HA-4 exhibited over dominant gene action for crude protein, crude fat and nitrogen free extract. SI-15 X BI-4 showed higher mid parent heterosis for plant height (49.06 %), SO- 8 X BI-4 expressed its heterotic ability for collar diameter (98.63 %) and Internodel length (46.63 %). Whereas, SO-8 X SI-6 cross showed higher heterosis for number of leaves (23.16), leaf area (122.57 %), leaf weight (171.56), crude protein content (35.77 %) and crude fiber (19.52 %). The paternity analysis using molecular markers disclosed the fact that F1’s are highly similar to their male parents. The 14 RAPD markers data showed that 23 out of 24 hybrids were highly similar to their male parents, whereas, eleven ISSR markers disclosed that 20 out of 24 hybrids were highly similar to their male parents.ThesisItem Open Access REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY, MOLECULAR PROFILING AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Terminalia chebula (Retz.)(2013) MAHANTAPPA, SANKANUR; SINGH, N.B.ABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Reproductive biology, molecular profiling and biochemical analysis of Terminalia chebula (Retz.)” was carried out at Regional Horticultural Research Station, Jachh, Kangra and in the Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2010-2013. Reproductive biology of six T. chebula genotypes revealed that Kothi (G1), Paragpur 2 (G3), Kallar (G4), Bhella (G5) and Tamber (G6) initiated most of their phenological events earlier than Paragpur 1 (G2) genotype. The flower buds busted after the leaves started to emerge for all the genotypes. Among genotypes each spike is on an average 6.79 ± 0.45 cm and produces 40.67 ± 3.36 flowers acropetally over a period of 6–7 days. On the basis of sizes and development stages, the flower buds were assorted into seven different stages. The stigma protrudes out of the calyx during the mature bud stage. It is receptive since then and continues until the evening of the 3rd day. The pollen–ovule ratio is 10,890:1. An in-vitro pollen germination percentage of freshly collected pollen was higher in 30% sucrose with Brewbaker and Kwack’s medium (BKM). Fresh pollen viability percentages were generally high (above 70 per cent) for most of the genotypes. -200C temperature with controlled humidity was found effective in long term storage of pollens for breeding programmes. The manual pollinations performed for autogamy, geitonogamy and parthenocarpy did not set fruit. Whereas, those performed for the xenogamous mode set fruit (65.76 ± 10.4%) and in open-pollinations the fruit set was 7.83 ± 0.78%. The flowers were foraged during daytime by 42 species of insects representing bees, wasps, bugs, flies, butterflies and beetles. Crossability pattern studies revealed that genotypes under study were cross compatible should be involved in intraspecific breeding programme. In all the fourteen successful crosses between different genotypes were obtained. Per cent successful cross was highest in cross Bhella (G5) × Paragpur 1 (G2) that was 2.14 per cent. The data for various nursery traits viz., collar diameter, plant height and number of leaves for various crosses was recorded when seedlings were 8 months old. Collar diameter for various crosses ranged between 1.36 mm to 3.38 mm. maximum value for collar diameter was recorded for cross Bhella (G5) × Kallar (G4) i.e. 3.38 mm. The maximum plant height was 20.80 cm which was recorded for cross Paragpur 2 (G3) × Paragpur 1 (G2). The maximum number of leaves was found in the cross Paragpur 2 (G3) × Paragpur 1 (G2). Among the six genotypes various qualitative morphological descriptors studied viz., crown of tree, branching type, bark colour, leaf colour, arrangement, shape, tip shape, base, margin, flower type, flower colour, fruit base and tip and seed colour did not show any variation at all except for that fruit shape. Fruit samples collected from six different genotypes showed variation in their shapes, bases, colours, physical dimensions and chemical characteristics. Fruit shapes were of obovoid to ellipsoidal obovoid. While, the fruit base were, varied from round - broad. Fruit colour were Yellow green group – 144 A and 144 B. Fruits from Paragpur 1 (G2) showed maximum values of fresh fruit weight (44.41 g), fresh pulp weight/fruit (42.08 g), fresh fruit length (6.46 cm), fresh pulp/kernel ratio (18.06) and dry pulp/kernel ratio (5.39). The present study confirms the need for domestication of T. chebula to be based on two ideotypes, one for fruit flesh [Paragpur 1 (G2)] and the other for seed trait [Paragpur 2 (G3)]. Twenty five RAPD and twelve ISSR primers were effective in revealing polymorphisms among different genotypes of T. chebula. RAPD exhibited 96.76 per cent polymorphism among six genotypes, out of the total, 124 scorable bands, 120 showed polymorphism and 4 bands exhibited monomorphism. Total numbers of amplified and polymorphic fragments generated per ISSR primer revealed 97.92 per cent polymorphism among genotypes. Genotype Paragpur 2 (G3) came as outliner as revealed by both ISSR study and combined data (RAPD and ISSR). Crossability pattern studies revealed that genotypes under study were cross compatible should be involved in intraspecific breeding programme. The overall profile of various macro and micro minerals as well as other chemical constituents shows T. chebula fruits as highly nutritious. T. chebula fruits should be regularly, used either in the raw form or in the form of 'Jams' and 'Murebba’ so that these fruits become an important part of our diet to supplement human dietary requirements.