REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY, MOLECULAR PROFILING AND BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Terminalia chebula (Retz.)
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Date
2013
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The present investigation entitled “Reproductive biology, molecular profiling and biochemical analysis of
Terminalia chebula (Retz.)” was carried out at Regional Horticultural Research Station, Jachh, Kangra and in the
Department of Tree Improvement and Genetic Resources, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry Nauni,
Solan (HP) during 2010-2013. Reproductive biology of six T. chebula genotypes revealed that Kothi (G1), Paragpur 2 (G3),
Kallar (G4), Bhella (G5) and Tamber (G6) initiated most of their phenological events earlier than Paragpur 1 (G2) genotype.
The flower buds busted after the leaves started to emerge for all the genotypes. Among genotypes each spike is on an
average 6.79 ± 0.45 cm and produces 40.67 ± 3.36 flowers acropetally over a period of 6–7 days. On the basis of sizes and
development stages, the flower buds were assorted into seven different stages. The stigma protrudes out of the calyx during
the mature bud stage. It is receptive since then and continues until the evening of the 3rd day. The pollen–ovule ratio is
10,890:1. An in-vitro pollen germination percentage of freshly collected pollen was higher in 30% sucrose with Brewbaker
and Kwack’s medium (BKM). Fresh pollen viability percentages were generally high (above 70 per cent) for most of the
genotypes. -200C temperature with controlled humidity was found effective in long term storage of pollens for breeding
programmes. The manual pollinations performed for autogamy, geitonogamy and parthenocarpy did not set fruit. Whereas,
those performed for the xenogamous mode set fruit (65.76 ± 10.4%) and in open-pollinations the fruit set was 7.83 ± 0.78%.
The flowers were foraged during daytime by 42 species of insects representing bees, wasps, bugs, flies, butterflies and
beetles. Crossability pattern studies revealed that genotypes under study were cross compatible should be involved in intraspecific
breeding programme. In all the fourteen successful crosses between different genotypes were obtained. Per cent
successful cross was highest in cross Bhella (G5) × Paragpur 1 (G2) that was 2.14 per cent. The data for various nursery traits
viz., collar diameter, plant height and number of leaves for various crosses was recorded when seedlings were 8 months old.
Collar diameter for various crosses ranged between 1.36 mm to 3.38 mm. maximum value for collar diameter was recorded
for cross Bhella (G5) × Kallar (G4) i.e. 3.38 mm. The maximum plant height was 20.80 cm which was recorded for cross
Paragpur 2 (G3) × Paragpur 1 (G2). The maximum number of leaves was found in the cross Paragpur 2 (G3) × Paragpur 1
(G2).
Among the six genotypes various qualitative morphological descriptors studied viz., crown of tree, branching type,
bark colour, leaf colour, arrangement, shape, tip shape, base, margin, flower type, flower colour, fruit base and tip and seed
colour did not show any variation at all except for that fruit shape. Fruit samples collected from six different genotypes
showed variation in their shapes, bases, colours, physical dimensions and chemical characteristics. Fruit shapes were of
obovoid to ellipsoidal obovoid. While, the fruit base were, varied from round - broad. Fruit colour were Yellow green group
– 144 A and 144 B. Fruits from Paragpur 1 (G2) showed maximum values of fresh fruit weight (44.41 g), fresh pulp
weight/fruit (42.08 g), fresh fruit length (6.46 cm), fresh pulp/kernel ratio (18.06) and dry pulp/kernel ratio (5.39). The
present study confirms the need for domestication of T. chebula to be based on two ideotypes, one for fruit flesh [Paragpur 1
(G2)] and the other for seed trait [Paragpur 2 (G3)]. Twenty five RAPD and twelve ISSR primers were effective in revealing
polymorphisms among different genotypes of T. chebula. RAPD exhibited 96.76 per cent polymorphism among six
genotypes, out of the total, 124 scorable bands, 120 showed polymorphism and 4 bands exhibited monomorphism. Total
numbers of amplified and polymorphic fragments generated per ISSR primer revealed 97.92 per cent polymorphism among
genotypes. Genotype Paragpur 2 (G3) came as outliner as revealed by both ISSR study and combined data (RAPD and
ISSR). Crossability pattern studies revealed that genotypes under study were cross compatible should be involved in intraspecific
breeding programme. The overall profile of various macro and micro minerals as well as other chemical
constituents shows T. chebula fruits as highly nutritious. T. chebula fruits should be regularly, used either in the raw form or
in the form of 'Jams' and 'Murebba’ so that these fruits become an important part of our diet to supplement human dietary
requirements.
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Keywords
fruits, developmental stages, genotypes, sowing, genetics, biological phenomena, germinability, polymorphism, rapd, planting, Terminalia chebula (Retz.),Molecular biology