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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF ACCESSIONS AND STANDARDIZATION OF CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF Acorus calamus Linn.(UHF, NAUNI, 2019-03) BHUTIA, KARMA GYALPO; SOOD, MEENUABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Evaluation of accessions and standardization of cultivation practices of Acorus calamus Linn.” were carried out in the experimental field as well as in laboratory of the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2015-16 & 2016-17. In the first experiment “Morphological studies of A. calamus under natural conditions” Acorus calamus Linn. was found to be perennial, semi-aquatic, monocot, aromatic herb with creeping rhizomes. Rhizomes were cylindrical or somewhat compressed, creeping, horizontal, greenish white on the outside, pinkish white and spongy inside with distinct nodes and internodes. Leaves were linear, smooth, erect, distichously alternate, ensiform, base equitant, moderate yellow green in colour and having a single prominent mid vein with margin almost entire. In second experiment “Evaluation of different accessions of A. calamus (Bach)” accession C4 (Nikyar) gave maximum fresh rhizome weight (31.29 g/plant), dry rhizome weight (15.33 g/plant), estimated fresh rhizome yield (17.37 q/ha), estimated dry rhizome yield (8.51 q/ha), essential oil content in fresh rhizome (1.07 %) and estimated essential oil yield (18.57 kg/ha) among all the ten accessions evaluated. No inter-accession difference in leaf shape, colour and rhizome colour were noticed amongst the ten accessions evaluated. In third experiment “Effect of different node cuttings on growth and yield of A.calamus” three node cutting (N3) of rhizome gave maximum fresh rhizome weight (28.13 g/plant), dry rhizome weight (13.78 g/plant), estimated fresh rhizome yield (31.25 q/ha), estimated dry rhizome yield (15.32 q/ha) and estimated essential oil yield (16.80 kg/ha) whereas higher benefit cost ratio (1.80) was obtained from one node cutting of rhizome which was followed by two node cutting of rhizome (0.93). In fourth experiment “Effect of different planting time and harvesting schedules on growth and yield of A.calamus” crop planted in July and harvested after 2nd growing season resulted in maximum fresh rhizome weight (33.85 g/plant), dry rhizome weight (15.91 g/plant), estimated fresh rhizome yield (37.61 q/ha), estimated dry rhizome yield (17.68 q/ha) and estimated essential oil yield (26.50 kg/ha). Higher benefit cost ratio (2.14) was obtained when crop was planted in July and harvested after 2nd growing season which was followed by planted in March and harvested after 2nd growing season (1.81). In fifth experiment “Management of A. calamus under different plant spacings, organic manures and fertilizers” Treatment combination of 5t Vermicompost + NPK (100:60:40) with 20x20 cm spacing resulted in maximum estimated fresh rhizome yield (63.25 q/ha), estimated dry rhizome yield (31.63 q/ha) and estimated essential oil yield (30.24 kg/ha) whereas higher benefit cost ratio (2.32) was observed when plants were planted at 20x20 cm spacing and NPK (100:60:40 Kg/ha) was applied which was followed by 30x20 cm spacing and NPK (100:60:40) Kg/ha (1.84).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SALIX HYBRIDS’ WOOD(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-02) TAKELE, GOITOM; SHARMA, KULWANT RAIABSTRACT The present research entitled “Studies on physico-chemical properties of Salix hybrids’ wood” was carried out in the Department of Forest Products, Dr Y S Parmar university of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP). Three-years old 37 Salix hybrids’ wood, three clones per Salix hybrid, totally 111 clones were randomly selected in Nauni, Solan (H.P), to investigate the physical, anatomical, chemical and compression strength properties of the woods. Most of the studied traits of Salix hybrids clones showed significant clonal variation. The values of height, DBH, collar diameter, bark thickness, bark% and wood % were varied from 3.10 (UHFS165) to 5.20 m (KASHMIRI WILLOW), 1.00 (UHFS165) to 2.97 cm (UHFS260/11), 1.31(UHFS165) to 3.57 cm (UHFS111), 0.367 to 0.633 mm , 2.69 (UHFS248) to 10.81% (UHFS165) and 89.19 (UHFS165) to 97.31% (UHFS248), respectively. The maximum density (0.510 g/cm3) was obtained in UHFS187 and minimum in UHFS075 (0.362 g/cm3). The moisture content was ranged from 10.93% to 12.64%. The radial swelling, longitudinal swelling, volumetric swelling, radial shrinkage, longitudinal shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage were varied from 3.35 (UHFS121) to 6.94% (UHFS061), 0.26 to 1.15%, 7.41 (UHFS121) to 15.30% (UHFS061), 3.22 (UHFS121) to 6.49 % (UHFS061), 0.26 to 1.14 % and 6.83 (UHFS121) to 13.26% (UHFS061), respectively. The highest vessel frequency (per mm2) was obtained in UHFS412 (279.663) and lowest in UHFS260/11 (117.067). The maximum vessel lumen diameter (60.62 µm) was recorded in UHFS111 and minimum in UHFS208 (30.49µm). The maximum ray height (0.426 mm) was recorded in clone UHFS296 and minimum (0.097) in clone J194. The highest ray width (9.36 µm) was observed in UHFS333 and lowest (7.91 µm) in UHFS208. The highest uniseriate ray frequency (per mm2) was observed in UHFS113 (88.672) and lowest (36.534) in UHFS111. The maximum fiber length (1.142 mm) was recorded in UHFS260/11 and minimum (0.677 mm) in NZ1002. The highest fiber diameter (21.53 µm) noticed in UHFS248 and lowest (18.33 µm) in UHFS412. The cold water extractive, hot water extractive, Alcohol-benzene extractive, holocellulose content, lignin content and ash content were ranged between 2.83(UHFS299) to 8.23% (UHFS221), 3.98 (UHFS112) to 10.52% (UHFS165), 2.58 to 6.69%, 62.63 (UHFS299) to 81.47% (UHFS221), 14.30 (UHFS267) to 34.18 % (UHFS299) and 0.45 (UHFS112) to 1.47 % (UHFS111), respectively. The compressive strengths parallel to grain were ranged from 0.023 to 0.125 kN/mm2. The heritabilities varied from 0.008 (longitudinal shrinkage) to 0.97 (vessel frequency) and the genetic advance varied from 0.006 (longitudinal shrinkage) to 72 (vessel frequency). The genetic gain varied from 0.91 (longitudinal shrinkage) to 60.634 (ray height). The values of phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variability ranged from 2.36(wood %) to 57.73 (longitudinal shrinkage) and 1.27 (wood %) to 33.33 (ray height), respectively. The phenotypic coefficients of variation were higher than genotypic coefficients of variation for all the studied physical, anatomical and chemical traits and most of their phenotypic and genotypic correlations showed highly significant.ThesisItem Open Access PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF WOOD OF BAN OAK (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) PROVENANCES FROM HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF, NAUNI, 2018-10) HEENA; DUTT, BHUPENDERABSTRACT The present research entitled “Physico-chemical evaluation of wood of, (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus) provenances from Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in the Laboratory and Wood Workshop in the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17. The study revealed significant variation between physical, anatomical and chemical characteristics of Ban oak wood from different provenances of Himachal Pradesh. The maximum bark (16.31 %), wood (89.79 %),, (32.40 %) and heartwood (68.17 %) were recorded in Barog, Andretta, Nandli and Bahadurpur provenances, respectively, whereas, the minimum bark (10.21 %), wood (83.69 %), sapwood (24.81 %) and heartwood (57.87 %) in Andretta, Barog, Seog and Nandli provenances, respectively(on diameter basis). The maximum bark (29.96 %), wood (80.63 %), sapwood (46.29 %) and heartwood (43.53 %) were noticed in Barog, Andretta, Nandli and Andretta, respectively and the minimum bark (19.37 %), wood (70.04 %), sapwood (35.01 %) and heartwood (31.79 %) in Andretta, Barog, Bechar ka Bag and Nohradhar provenances, respectively (on basal area basis). In case of altitudinal variations, bark and wood per cent were found to be significant on both diameter as well as on basal area basis, while sapwood and heartwood per cent was observed as non-significant. The highest values for moisture content (57.58 %), maximum moisture content (154.92 %) and specific gravity (0.765) of sapwood were reported in Nandli, Sarahan and Bahadurpur and the lowest mc (43.43 %), mmc (141.04 %) and specific gravity (0.629) in Ghanahati, Andretta and Bechar ka Bag, respectively. The highest MC (46.60 %), MMC (148.27 %) and specific gravity (0.796) for heartwood were observed in Jari, Barog and Kala Pul and the lowest MC (38.76 %), MMC (131.84 %) and specific gravity (0.734) in Bahadurpur, Bechar ka Bag and Jari, respectively. In case of altitudinal variations, sapwood mc and mmc were found to be significant, while sapwood specific gravity, heartwood mc, mmc and specific gravity were observed to be non-significant. The longest (0.820 mm) and shortest (0.608 mm) fibres were recorded in Sarahan and Naao. Maximum Fibre width (0.016 mm) was found in Naao and the minimum (0.009 mm) in Kuhasari. The maximum (0.161 mm) and the minimum (0.118 mm) vessel diameter were recorded in Badi Dhar and Bechar ka Bag, respectvely. The maximum (35.33 /mm2) and minimum (24.46 /mm2) vessel frequency were observed in Kuhasari and Banikhet. Maximum ray height (0.36 mm) was noticed in Banikhet and Nohradhar, whereas, maximum ray width (0.014 mm) in Badidhar, Naao and Nohradhar. The minimum ray width (0.009 mm) was found in Banikhet. The maximum (89.80 /mm2) and minimum (34.02 /mm2) ray frequency were recorded in Panarsa Jari. In case of altitudinal variation, non-significant variation was noticed for all the anatomical parameters. Among the chemical properties, the maximum cold water (4.60 %), hot water (7.20 %), alcohol benzene (8.59 %) and NaOH soluble extractives (8.88 %) were noticed in Padhar, Kala Pul, Sarahan and Kuhasari, The maximum holocellulose (71.30 %) and the minimumlignin (20.48 %) were found in Barog and JibhiProvenances, respectively. The ash content was observed to be maximum (3.35 %) in Nandli and minimum (2.02%) in Andretta. In case of altitudinal variation, all the parameters were found to be non-significant. Highly significant positive and negative correlation coefficients for physico-chemical and anatomical characteristics of wood of Ban oak provenances were noticed between heartwood per centvs sapwood specific gravity (0.414), fibre widthvs ray frequency (0.26) and ray heightvs sapwood per cent (0.264). Significant and negative correlation coefficient values were recorded between heartwood per centvs ray height (-0.334), fibre lengthvs ray width (0.334) and heartwood specific gravityvs ray height (-0.369) bark per centvs hot water soluble extractives (0.251), lignin contentvshot water soluble extractives (0.293) and alcohol benzene soluble extractivesvs holocellulose content (0.267).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON WOOD PROPERTIES OF TOON WOOD (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) PROCURED FROM LOCAL MARKETS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2018-04) YADAVRAO, SUMTHANE YOGESH; SHARMA, KULWANT RAIAbstract The present research entitled on “Studies on wood properties of toon wood (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) procured from local markets in Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in the Laboratory and Wood Workshop in the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2014-17. The study revealed significant variation between physical, anatomical, chemical and mechanical characteristics of toon wood from different market location of Himachal Pradesh. The samples of the toon wood were noticed with fine texture and wood colour was noticed as moderate reddish brown 166 [B] and moderate orange 166 [D] in most of the samples. The maximum specific gravity was noticed in Soutta (0.534) and minimum in Badibhu (0.487). The moisture content of toon wood ranged from 21.00 to 27.09 per cent. In case of anatomical parameters, the longest fibre length was recorded in Shahpur (1.047 mm) and the shortest in Shambhuwala (0.862 mm) with fibre width ranged from 0.019 to 0.020 mm. The maximum vessel diameter observed in Kheri (0.165 mm) and minimum in Sarahan (0.135 mm). The vessel frequency ranged from 4.317 mm2 to 6.792 /mm2. The longest ray length was recorded in Shambhuwala (0.417mm) whereas, the shortest in Rajgarh (0.264 mm) while, the ray width was found to be widest in Shambhuwala (0.085 mm) and narrowest in Rajgarh (0.063 mm). The ray frequency ranged from 9.587 mm2 to 13.328 mm2. Among the different chemical parameters, the percentage of cold water, hot water, alcohol benzene and NaOH soluble extractives were found to be highest in Sarahan (5.09 %), Bhalja (8.65 %), Bhalja (8.90 %) and Kandaror (8.95 %) respectively. The maximum percentage of holocellulose and lignin content were recorded in Bhalja (72.34 %) and Kheri (24.65 %), respectively. Among different mechanical properties, the maximum tensile and bending strength was recorded in Galore (0.120 kN/mm2) and Shambhuwala (0.014 kN/mm2. The maximum compressive strength parallel and perpendicular to grain was noticed in Tectona grandis (0.067kN/mm2) and Kheri (0.058 kN/mm2), respectively. The highest modulus of elasticity parallel to grain was observed in Soutta (1.282 kN/mm2). The maximum tensile and bending modulus of elasticity was observed in Sarahan (2.543 kN/mm2) and Kandaror (37.597 kN/mm2), respectively. The bending modulus of rupture was observed to be maximum in Shambhuwala (0.268 kN/mm2) and minimum in Kheri (0.227 kN/mm2). The maximum elongation with tension and bending was found in Shambhuwala (6.79 %) and Soutta (3.72 %), respectively. Highly significant positive correlations were found between fibre length and ray frequency (0.418) and vessel diameter (0.463) at 1 per cent level of significance. The specific gravity was found to be positively significant with holocellulose (0.374) at 1 percent level of significance and with Alcohol benzene soluble extractives (0.348) at 5 per cent level of significance. In case of simple correlation in mechanical properties, the highest positive correlation was noticed between Bending strength and Modulus of rupture in bending (0.963).ThesisItem Open Access PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF WOOD OF TOON (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) PROVENANCES FROM HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2018-04) DHIMAN, BANDANA; SHARMA, KULWANT RAIAbstract The present research entitled on “Physico-chemical evaluation of wood of toon (Toona ciliata M. Roem.) provenances from Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in the Laboratory and Wood Workshop in the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (HP) during 2014-17. The study revealed significant variation between physical, anatomical and chemical characteristics of wood from different toon provenances. Among different physical parameters, the highest bark, wood, sapwood and heartwood per cent (on diameter basis) was recorded in Bhota (14.47 %), Nahan (89.03 %), Nurpur (22.07 %) and Nahan (69.87 %) respectively and minimum in Nahan (10.97 %), Bhota (85.53 %), Chambaghat (17.98 %) and Dehra (64.27 %) respectively. Bark, wood, sapwood and heartwood per cent (on basal area basis) was recorded maximum in Bhota (26.82 %), Baddi (79.75 %), Nurpur (36.33 %) and Nauni (49.58 %), respectively. The minimum was in Baddi (20.25 %), Bhota (73.18 %), Arki (27.79 %) and Nurpur (39.09 %) respectively. In case of altitudinal variations, sapwood and heartwood percentage have been found to be significant in both diameter and basal area basis, while rest were noticed as nonsignificant. The highest sapwood moisture content (mc) and maximum moisture content (mmc) was observed in Rehan (57.96 %) and Ghanahati (179.02 %), whereas minimum was recorded in Nahan (42.34 %) and Una ((148.01 %). The heartwood mc and mmc was observed highest (51.59 %) and (168.38 %) both in Rehan, whereas minimum was found in Arki (36.16 %) and Sujanpur (130.88 %) respectively. The highest sapwood and heartwood specific gravity (0.506) and (0.519) for both was found in Ghumarwin and minimum (0.458) and (0.490) in Mandi and Rajgarh respectively. Altitudinal variations for sapwood specific gravity have revealed non-significant variations and heartwood specific gravity showed significant variation. The longest fibre length (1.097 mm) was recorded in Baddi, whereas shortest (0.785 mm) in Ghanahati. Widest fibre diameter (0.022 mm) was recorded in Sugh and lowest value (0.020 mm) was noticed in all remaining provenances. The vessel diameter was found to be highest (0.163 mm) in Sugh and lowest (0.111 mm) value was recorded in Chambaghat. The maximum vessel frequency was found in Bhota (6.253 /mm2) and minimum (4.095 /mm2) in Dehra. The largest ray height was recorded maximum (0.417 mm) in Renuka and smallest in Palampur (0.273 mm). The ray width was observed to be highest in Una (0.076 mm) and lowest (0.058 mm) in Sujanpur In case of ray frequency, maximum value was recorded in Bhota (12.762 /mm2) and minimum in Chambaghat (9.523 /mm2). For all anatomical parameters, altitudinal variations showed significant results. Among the different chemical properties studied, the maximum cold water (6.38 %), hot water (9.80 %), alcohol benzene (8.74 %), and NaOH extractives (9.06 %) were found in Mandi, Sarahan, Rajgarh and Shahpur respectively. Whereas minimum cold water (3.90 %), hot water (7.25 %) alcohol- benzene (6.59 %) and NaOH (6.08 %) extractives were observed to be minimum in Baddi, Palampur, Baddi and Sujanpur respectively The maximum holocellulose (73.82 %) and lignin (25.95 %) contents were recorded in Sarahan and Sundernagar respectively while, minimum holocellulose (67.05 %) and lignin (21.03 %) was noticed in Renuka and Ghumarwin. In case of altitudinal variations, hot water, alcohol benzene and NaOH soluble extractives were recorded to be significant, however cold water soluble extractives, holocellulose and lignin content were found to be non-significant. The values for simple correlation coefficients between physical characterstic of tree components with anatomical features and chemical characteristics were also recorded and analyased. The results revealed that heartwood specific gravity was positively correlated with sapwood specific gravity (0.466) and bark content (%) has highly negative and significant correlation with heartwood (-0.770). Fibre length was positively correlated with fibre width (0.250), fibre width positively correlated ray height (0.328), vessel frequency negatively correlated with ray width (-0.256) and ray width positively correlated with ray height (0.282).ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MORPHO-CHEMICAL VARIATION IN GYNODIOECIOUS Valeriana jatamansi JONES(UHF,NAUNI, 2017-12) THAKUR, PANCY; SHARMA, YASH PALABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Studies on morpho-chemical variation in gynodioecious Valeriana jatamansi Jones” was carried out in the field and laboratory of the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during 2014-16. The study was conducted under five broad heads namely (i) Morphological features and isolation of morphovariants, (ii) Stability of morphological features of morpho-variants, (iii) Evaluation of different morphovariants for phytochemical content and yield, (iv) Progeny evaluation of female & and bisexual plants, and (v) Standardization of analytical method for quantification of valepotriates. Already existing plants of different germplasms i.e. IVth inbred generation of INGR 11036 (IC 05844665), IVth inbred generation of “A” germplasm and general plants of different populations of Valeriana jatamansi were utilized for the present study. Wide variation in the plants for plant habit, leaf characteristics and floral parameters was observed. Detailed morphological studies resulted in identification of 46 morpho-variants differing in atleast one distinct qualitative morphological feature. Out of 46 selected morpho-variants, 25 morpho-variants were female flowering plants and 21 morpho-variants were bisexual flowering plants. The distinct qualitative morphological features of morpho-variants were found stable in the vegetatively raised offsprings of all the morpho-variants. Significant variation was recorded among the morpho-variants with regard to leaf length, leaf width, ratio of leaf length and leaf width, plant height, petiole length, petiole diameter, rhizome diameter, fresh & dry aerial biomass, fresh & dry rootstock biomass and flowering initiation. Among female and bisexual morpho-variants, significant difference was observed for plant height, leaf width, petiole diameter and fresh and dry biomass of rhizomes. Phytochemical analysis revealed wide variation in concentration of valepotriate’s (valtrate, acevaltrate, Didrovaltrate & IVHD Valtrate) in roots, rhizomes & rootstocks of different morpho-variants. The valtrate content varied from 0.749% to 2.878% in rhizomes, 0.917% to 5.221% in roots and 0.927% to 3.267% in rootstock; acevaltrate content varied from 0.022% to 0.512% in rhizomes, 0.015% to 1.647% in roots and 0.260% to 0.909% in rootstock; didrovaltrate content varied from 0.187% to 1.688% in rhizomes, 0.053% to 0.365% in roots and 0.136% to 0.958% in rootstock; IVHD valtrate content varied from 0.179% to 1.491% in rhizomes, 0.176% to 0.755% in roots and 0.214% to 1.101% in rootstock of different morpho-variants. The total valepotriate’s content varied between 1.761% to 4.848% in rhizomes, 1.598% to 6.420% in roots and 1.845% to 4.875% in rootstock of different morpho-variants. The concentration of diene type of valepotriate’s was more in roots than rhizomes and monoene type of valepotriate’s were more in rhizomes than roots. On the basis of phytochemical content and morphological studies, promising morpho-variants has been identified which can be further used for breeding purpose for isolation of chemotype/variety with stable and distinct morphological features. Seasonal variation studies indicated that during September month, valepotriates content was maximum but due to higher rootstock biomass, valepotriate’s yield was maximum in November month. Analytical method for quantification of individual valepotriate’s through HPLC has been standardized and developed.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON Pinus roxburghii Sargent WOOD CHARACTERISTICS USING PLANT EXTRACTS AS BIOPRESERVATIVES(UHF,NAUNI, 2017-11) MEENA, RAJESH KUMAR; DUTT, BHUPENDERABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “Studies on Pinus roxburghii Sargent wood characteristics using plant extracts as biopreservatives” was carried out in the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, UHF, Nauni, Solan (H P). The wood samples of Pinus roxburghii Sargent of 5cm x 2.5cm x 2.5cm (longitudinal x radial x tangential) dimensions were prepared and dipped in 0.25per cent, 0.5 per cent, 1 per cent, 1.5 per cent and 2 per cent (w/v) plant extracts of Acorus calamus L. and Parthenium hysterophorus L. for 72 hours. These plant extracts were extracted by using two solvents viz., petroleum ether and methanol solutions. The wood samples were analysed for variation of specific gravity, swelling and shrinkage of wood in three different planes viz., longitudinal, radial and tangential, per cent weight gain of treated and untreated wood on dry weight basis, per cent weight gain of treated and untreated wood on wet weight basis, weight percentage gain, volumetric swelling coefficient, volumetric shrinkage coefficient, anti-swelling efficiency, anti-shrinkage efficiency, chromium absorption, chromium leaching, chromium retention, variation in treated and untreated wood after chromium absorption on dry weight basis (swelling) and wet weight basis (shrinkage), variation in treated and untreated wood after chromium leaching on dry weight basis (Swelling) and wet weight basis (Shrinkage), in vitro mycelial growth of namely Trametes versicolor L. and Gloeophyllum striatum (Fr.) Murrill per cent fungal growth on plant extracts and chromium treated wood samples, per cent fungal inhibition by plant extracts and chromium treated wood samples, decay test for two months and three months, chemical properties of wood after decay test and qualitative and quantitative enzyme assays. The maximum value of specific gravity was recorded at 0.25 per cent concentration. The maximum swelling and shrinkage was recorded in tangential plane followed by radial and longitudinal planes. The highest volumetric swelling was observed for Parthenium hysterophorus L. at T5 (2.00%) and shrinkage coefficient was also recorded for the Parthenium hysterophorus L. at 0.25 per cent concentration. Per cent variation in weight of treated and untreated wood on dry weight basis (swelling) and wet weight basis (shrinkage) were found to be maximum for Acorus calamus L. The treated samples have shown improved antiswelling and anti-shrinkage efficiency over untreated samples. The extract treated wood samples have shown an increased dimensional stability over untreated samples. With increase in plant extract concentration the maximum chromium retention in wood was recorded in treated wood samples and minimum was found at untreated wood samples. Maximum chromium retention was recorded for Acorus calamus L. treated samples with petroleum ether extract. Maximum chromium retention was noticed at 2.00 per cent concentration. Per cent weight highest swelling was observed for the Acorus calamus L. and maximum swelling was recorded at 0.50 per cent concentration and minimum was at 2.00 per cent concentration and highest shrinkage after Chromium absorption was observed in Acorus calamus L. treated wood samples maximum was noticed at 0.25 and 1.50 per cent and minimum was at 2.00 per cent. The treated wood samples have shown more fixation of chromium trioxide than untreated samples. The maximum fungus colonization was observed in untreated samples. The decay test upto three months showed more weight loss than two months. The treatment of samples at higher concentrations with methanol extract was found to be effective in protection against the fungal degradation. Parthenium hysterophorus L. extract was found more effective against the wood degrading fungi as compare to the Acorus calamus L. extract Quantitative and qualitative analysis indicated that the both fungi were able to produce cellulase and xylanase enzymes showing its capability of degrading the wood. The treated wood samples showed higher water soluble extractives, lignin and holocelluloses content than untreated wood samples.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTION METHODS AND STANDARDIZATION OF HPLC CONDITIONS FOR ESTIMATION OF ACTIVE CONTENTS IN SOME COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANTS(UHF,NAUNI, 2017) SHARMA, SEEMA; SHARMA, YASH PALABSTRACT The present investigation, “Studies on the comparative evaluation of different extraction methods and standardization of HPLC conditions for estimation of active contents in some commercially important medicinal plants” was carried out in the department of Forest Products, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, (H.P.) during 2013-2016. The study was conducted on five important medicinal crops viz., Swertia chirayita, Podophyllum hexandrum, Picrorhiza kurroa, Gloriosa superba and Andrographis paniculata with the objectives as (i.) Standardization of extraction technique, (ii.) Development and validation of HPLC method for quantification of active phytoconstituent(s). For standardization of extraction technique in each crop five different extraction methods viz., soxhlet extraction, reflux extraction, cold extraction, sonication assisted extraction and microwave assisted extraction were used with two different solvents. The extracting solvents and extraction durations vary with conditions. In Swertia chirayita maximum amaroswerin (0.242%) and amarogentin (0.294%) content with higher total extract (17.756%) were obtained under soxhlet extraction for eight hours with methanol solvent. In Podophyllum hexandrum, reflux extraction for four hours with methanol solvent is the best extraction method for extraction of maximum (5.794%) podophyllotoxin content with higher total extract (38.826%). Cold extraction with continous shaking at room temperature with methanol for twelve hours is the best extraction method for extraction of maximum picroside-I (8.600%) and picroside-II (3.834%) with total extract (39.430%) in Picrorhiza kurroa. In Gloriosa superba, maximum colchicine content and total extract was obtained under soxhlet extraction for one hour with methanol solvent or reflux extraction with ethyl alcohol for one hour. For Andrographis paniculata, reflux extraction for one hour with methanol solvent has been found best extraction method for obtaining maximum (2.040%) andrographolide content with total extract (15.111%). Simple and easy to handle HPLC methods were developed and validated for quantification of major phytoconstituents in medicinal crops under study. Each method was validated as per ICH guidelines for seven parameters viz., linearity, range, accuracy, precision, LOD, LOQ and robustness.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON MORPHOLOGICAL, ESSENTIAL OIL AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY IN Tagetes minuta L. IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2017) BANDANA, KUMARI; RAINA, RAVINDERABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Studies on morphological, essential oil and molecular diversity in Tagetes minuta L. in Himachal Pradesh” was carried out both in field as well as in laboratory of the Department of Forest Products, College of Forestry, Dr. Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) during 2014-17. These studies were divided into six experiments namely (i) Morphological studies (qualitative as well as quantitative) (ii) Interpopulation growth and development studies (iii) Breeding & Genetic System studies,(iv) Growth and Development studies, (v) Seed studies and (vi) Genetic variability studies through DNA based molecular markers. The seed was sourced from 32 different agroclimatic regions of Himachal Pradesh. All the accessions were deposited with NBPGR, New Delhi and IC numbers (IC 617291-617300 and IC 614570-614591) obtained. All the accessions were found to be same for qualitative morphological parameters. Significant variation was obtained for many quantitative characters. Maximum plant height of 191.78 cm in accession 8, maximum collar diameter of 15.26 mm in accession 21, the number of main branches per plant maximum in accession 27(7.42), leaf length highest in accession 31(19.79 cm),maximum number of leaflets in accession 12(12.55) was observed on the basis of pooled data of two years. Maximum gland density in accession 28 (1.34 mm-2), number of ray and disc florets highest in accession 7(2.81 and 4.50), size of disc floret ovary maximum in accession 21(5.21mm), disc floret ligule size maximum in accession 25 (4.07mm), ray floret ovary size maximum in accession 11 and size of ray floret ligule maximum in accession 25(3.97mm) was observed. As both the leaf and flower oil cannot be harvested at the same stage due to different growth stages, the biomass and oil yield parameters were taken at both preflowering (leaves being in full flush) and full flowering stage. Significant variation was observed for biomass and oil yield parameters among the studied accessions. On the basis of maximum biomass and yield parameters, five accessions were identified: i) Accession 6(highest in flower oil yield), ii)Accession 9(highest in leaf biomass and leaf oil yield), iii)Accession 10(highest in flower biomass yield) iv)Accession 30(highest in leaf and flower oil content) v) Accession 32(highest in leaf oil yield). These accessions were subjected to chemical characterization through GC-MS analysis and considerable variation was observed between and within leaves and flowers oils. Clustering based on morphological and yield parameters showed interesting results of grouping accession 6&9 in same cluster and accession 10, 30 & 32 in other same cluster. Highest heritability was observed for number of leaflets per leaf (96.49%) followed by leaf length (90.68%). Considerable variation in the biomass and oil content was observed between different months suggesting July being the best month for leaf oil harvesting and September for flower oil harvesting. Breeding system studies indicated the self pollinating nature of Tagetes minuta in addition to cross pollinating feature of the plant. The genetic system studies confirmed the earlier reports of 2n = 48 chromosomes. Seed studies showed significant variation for all the germination parameters with accession 9 standing the highest for germination percentage (93.33%), germination energy index (81.11%), speed of germination (16.59%) and peak value (11.42%). On the basis of ISSR marker analysis, the studied accessions broadly clustered into two main groups with one group consisting of accessions 6, 7, 8 and 9 and other group consisting of remaining 28. Three accession 1, 23 and 26 are genetically identical. ISSR-(GA) 8WC with PIC value of 0.72 is more suitable for genetic analysis in this species.