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Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, was established on 1st December, 1985 with the objective to promote education, research and extension education in the fields of Horticulture, Forestry and allied disciplines. Late Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar, the first Chief Minister and the architect of Himachal Pradesh perceived the importance of Horticulture and Forestry to develop and improve the State economy which led to the establishment of this University. Its history lies in erstwhile Himachal Agricultural College, Solan, established in 1962 and affiliated to the Panjab University. It became one of the campuses of Agriculture Complex of Himachal Pradesh University on its formation in 1970. Consequent upon the establishment of Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya in 1978, this campus became its Horticulture Complex and finally in 1985, assumed the status of a State University, being the only University in the country engaged exclusively in teaching, research and extension in Horticulture and Forestry.
The University is located at Nauni in Solan District of Himachal Pradesh, 13 km from Solan on Solan-Rajgarh Road, at an elevation of 1300 metres above mean sea level. Solan town is situated on national highway (NH-22) and is well connected by train and bus services.
The University has four constituent colleges, out of which, two are located at the main campus Nauni, one for horticulture and the other for forestry, having 9 and 7 departments, respectively. The third College i.e., College of Horticulture & Forestry is located at Neri in Hamirpur District on Nadaun-Hamirpur state highway, about 6 Km from Hamirpur town and is well connected with bus service. The college offers three Undergraduate Degree Programmes i.e. BSc (Hons.) Horticulture, BSc (Hons.) Forestry and B. Tech. Biotechnology and MSc degree programme in a few subjects. The fourth college i.e. College of Horticulture and Forestry, Thunag (Mandi) is located at Thunag District Mandi. This college offer BSc (Hons.) Horticulture and BSc (Hons.) Forestry degree programme. In addition, there are five Regional Research Stations, 12 Satellite Stations and five Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) situated in different zones of the State.
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ThesisItem Open Access ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS OF YSP UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURE AND FORESTRY AT NAUNI-SOLAN, HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-11) SINGH, ANKITA; BHARDWAJ, S KABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Ecological footprint analysis of YSP University of Horticulture and Forestry at Nauni, Solan Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2018-2019 in the Department of Environmental Science of the University. The study aimed at understanding the effect campus dwellers have on the biocapacity by quantifying the resource consumption using a formula-based methodology. Five components of ecological footprint viz energy, water, solid waste, food and material (paper) consumption in the UHF campus were purposefully selected for the assessment. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to assess the sustainability of the campus by determining the consumption and lifestyle pattern of dwellers on comparative basis and the sustainability scale based on ecological footprintwas validated through chi square test.The University Campus has a 545habio capacity. The total ecological and per capita footprint of campus was 3377.582 and 1.291056 g ha. Component wise contribution towards total EF was 0.064, 9.680, 41.940, 127.820, 3198.078g ha with respect to solid waste, energy, material and water and food stuff respectively. The food component has significantly contributed towards the EF of the campus in all the three sectorsviz: students, hostels, staff residences, teaching and non-teachingstaff In the campus 43 % of the students fall in the sustainability scale of less than 60 which pointed out their depicting sustainable lifestyle. However, almost equal number of students (42 %) falls in the sustainability scale of 60-120 indicating their unsustainable activities which may require an extra campus to support their resource utilization. Whereas 56 % of non-teaching staff fall in the safe categoryof sustainability scale. Interestingly, teaching staff of UHF campus did not fall in the safe category of sustainability scale. Majority of them (59%) fall in the sustainability scale of 60-120 depicting their unsustainable lifestyle activities. In the campus (8%) of teaching staff also falls in the highest sustainability scale of more than 180indicatingtheir more impact of their lifestyle on the campus resources which may require a bio capacity equivalent to four campuses of this size. The current rate of resource consumption by the campus dwellers is six times larger than the total bio capacity. The study inferred that the campus dwellers might put more pressure on the available resources in the future. Therefore, strategies to reduce ecological footprint of the campus must be developed by reducing hostel, household and canteen food wastage, promoting recycle and re-engineering of waste material, enhancing water productivity, encouraging public transportation and solar energy usage in campus to maintain balance with the nature.ThesisItem Open Access SIMULATING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF PEA (Pisum sativum L.) USING CROPWAT MODEL(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-10) KAUR, SARGUNDEEP; JANGRA, MOHAN SINGHABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2017-18 in randomized block design with three replications in pea crop under different environmental conditions. The experiment consists of two dates of sowing viz., 1st and 15th December 2017 with three cultivars (Azad P-1, PB-89 and ESP-111) under two irrigation levels I1 (3 days interval) and I2 (6 days interval), in the Experimental Farm, Department of Environmental Science, College of Forestry, Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The results indicated that pod and seed yield was observed higher in PB-89 as well as in HI and LAI in first date of sowing at I1 level. The ET rate (1.79 mm/day) and radiation use efficiency (14.77 MJ/m²/day) was observed higher in D2 as compared to D1 (1.59 mm/day and 14.19 MJ/m²/day) respectively. But, water use efficiency of pea under different environments was higher in D1 for both pod and grain yield (481.62 and 253.55 kg/ha/mm) as compared to D2 (452.85 and 232.4 kg/ha/mm), respectively. Among varieties, the water use efficiency was also observed higher in PB-89 for pod 334.67 and grain 187.15 kg/ha/mm followed by Azad P-1 (323.13 and 178.2 kg/ha/mm) and ESP-111 (276.67 and 120.53 kg/ha/mm), respectively. The consumptive use of water was more in I1 level followed by I2 for all three cultivars under different environments. The total crop evapotranspiration, effective rainfall and irrigation water requirement was recorded by CROPWAT at the rate of 219.5 mm/dec, 93.5 mm/dec and 144.8 mm/dec, respectively. With the existing temperature, the model predicted an average seasonal ET of 1.59 mm day-1 along with a seasonal irrigation water requirement of 144.8 mm. When the temperature increased to +2 o C, the model projected water requirement of pea from 144.8 mm to 151.4 mm also a significant increase in ET rate from 1.59 mm day-1 to 1.63 mm day-1. The model was highly correlated (R2= 94.6) for first date of sowing as compared to second date of sowing (R2= 89.2) which mean that pea must be sown on or before 1st December in the mid hills of Himachal Pradesh.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF FOREST FLOOR CHARACTERISTICS IN RELATION TO FIRE OUTBREAK IN MID HILLS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-10) KASHYAP, PARVEEN; BAWEJA, PARMINDER KAURABSTRACT The intensifying incidents of forest fires are becoming a major threat to the environment, economy & human’s safety. In Himachal, Solan Forest Division is significantly affected by increase in forest fire incidents which are mainly influenced by buildup of inflammables on the forest floor. Thus, the present experiment was carried out for “Evaluation of forest floor characteristics in relation to fire outbreak in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh”. Three forests (pure pine, oak and mixed) were chosen at different elevations (900-1200 & 1200-1500m) and aspects (north/south) in mid hill zone (30.51’N, 77.10’E) in main campus of the University, Nauni, Solan under the Department of Environmental Science, College of Forestry, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry. Various observations were recorded to evaluate the forest floor characteristics in relation to fire outbreak included under-storey floristic vegetation, soil characteristics and influence of weather elements. For vegetative parameters 24 treatment combinations were replicated three times, by taking three forests (pure pine forest, oak forest and mixed forest) at two elevations (900-1200 m and 1200-1500 m) and two aspects (North and South) during two seasons (post-monsoon, 2017 and summer, 2018). The results revealed that sparse live under-storey vegetation biomass density (2.26 t ha-1), higher surface litter thickness (5.62), biomass (5.68 t ha-1), slight acidic (pH= 5.04), high rate of ambient air temperature (4.05oC), surface soil temperature (2.07oC) under pure pine forest ecosystem than oak forest ecosystem with lower rate of relative humidity (9.25%) induced the fire start up as quick as 29.93 seconds during the summer season. Pearson’s correlations and regression relationships among surface litter moisture and weather variables were also established. The expression of flammability depends on vegetation, weather, terrain and ignition. Thus, require high alert in pure pine forests at lower elevations towards southern aspects during the summer seasons. This fact seems to indicate that, oak forests regeneration is an alternative to prevent forest firesThesisItem Open Access RADIATION AND THERMAL USE EFFICIENCY OF PEA CROP UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-10) DEVI, SAVITA; JANGRA, MOHAN SINGHABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2017-18 to the radiation and thermal use efficiency of pea crop under different environmental conditions. The experiment consist of two dates of sowing viz 1st and 15th December 2017-18 with three cultivars Azad P1, PB-89 and ESP-111under two orientations level O1 (N-S) and O2 (E-W), in the Experimental Farm under the Department of Environmental Science, College of Forestry, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The results indicated that Azad P-1, PB-89 and ESP-111 took 113, 115 and 121 days and to 911.86, 895.10 and 986.80 °C day GDD, respectively to reach physiological maturity under first date of sowing. Similarly, for second date of sowing Azad P-1, PB-89 and ESP-111 took 109, 107 and 114 days and to 869.57, 883.13 and 978.71 °C day GDD, respectively to reach physiological maturity A significant increasing trend was observed in different thermal units viz GDD, HTU, PTU and HYTU with days after sowing for various phenophases of Pea cultivars at varying environment. The thermal units explained 65.9 per cent variation in canopy development (LAI) and 66.1 per cent variation in grain yield of Pea cultivars. Heat use efficiency with respect to pod and grain was found higher for V2 followed by V1 and V3 due to higher dry matter production under V2. It was found higher in case of earlier sown crop than late sown. A decreasing trend was observed in radiation use efficiency with delayed sown crop. Among varieties the radiation use efficiency was higher in V2 (PB-89) followed by V1 (Azad-P1) and V3 (ESP 111) in respect of row orientation, the highest radiation use efficiency was recorded in N-S as compared to E-W sown crop at flowering, pod formation and maturity. The soil temperature, temperature within canopy, evapotranspiration, LAI, HI and dry matte was higher in N-S orientation compared to E-W orientation whereas, relative humidity was higher in E-W orientation than N-S in Pea cultivars.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF ECOTOURISM SUSTAINABILITY IN KULLU DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-10) RANA, NITIKA; BRAHMI, M KABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Assessment of Ecotourism Sustainability in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2018-2019 in the department of Environmental Science, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan Himachal Pradesh. Five Ecotourism sites in Kullu district of H.P. were purposively selected for the assessment. The study aimed at understanding the effect of environmental and social impacts on ecotourism activities, carrying capacity of the sites and assessing the sustainability by using indicators like consumption of water, energy, waste management, community involvement, employment and infrastructure building material. Study of sustainability of the sites was done on a comparative basis. Comparisons were made between the sites and the impacts of the above selected indicators on sustainability were ranked accordingly. The physical and chemical properties of two basic natural resources i.e. soil and water of the ecotourism sites were found in normal range and at par with properties of control site i.e. farming area and forest control. The ecotourism activities at each site provided ample opportunities to the local masses. The participation of the women was also found at each site. The carrying capacity of the sites ranged from 1450 visitors per day. Maximum carrying capacity was at Gushaini (50) followed by Jibhi (14), Mungla (17), Dehori (29) and Manali (39) visitor /day. The actual number of tourists visiting the sites per day was well within the permissible limits. The study indicated that if the tourist inflow remains same the carrying capacity of different sites projected to exhaust within the next 33 to 40 years, due to increasing visitor inflow rate, scarcity in water, energy consumption and inadequate infrastructure. Acoordingly Jibhi will exhaust its carrying capacity by the year 2052 followed by Mungla, Dehori, Manali, Gushaini. Among them Gushaini was most sustainable site. It can be concluded that though there is a good quality of soil and water resources, as each site has tourist inflow in normal range. In future the increase in visitor inflow reduces the carrying capacity of the site and hence threatens the sustainability. In order to increase the sustainability of the sites, the stakeholder should manage their activities by focusing on indicators such as water consumption, energy consumption, waste management and community involvement. The employees associated, visitors and local masses must be aware and educated about the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources. Environmental education and research is one of the fundamental objectives of ecotourism.ThesisItem Open Access MPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATER QUALITY IN SOLAN DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-08) SAMI, AHMAD WALI; BRAHMI, M KMPACT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION ON SURFACE AND GROUND WATER QUALITY IN SOLAN DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH ABSTRACT The present study entitled, “Impact of industrialization on surface and ground water quality in Solan district of Himachal Pradesh” was carried out in Baddi, Brotiwala and Nalagarh industrial area of Himachal Pradesh and analysis was carried out in the department of Environmental Science, Dr Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan HP. Water samples of ground and surface sources from differentWater samples were randomly collected during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons by taking 12 treatments which were replicated thrice. The collected water samples were analysed for their physical, chemical and biological parameters. The presence of heavy metals in the water sources was also assessed. Surface water possessed higher amount of TDS and turbidity as compared to ground water in all the three industrial areas. The total dissolved solids in surface and ground water sources varied from 318.67-362.20 mg l-1 and 321.45-351.52 mg l-1 during monsoon season whereas 317.25-358.56 mg l-1 and 317.60-346.43 mg l-1 during post-monsoon season. Higher value of turbidity (4.54 NTU) was recorded at Baddi in surface water during monsoon and minimum value (2.51 NTU) at Nalagarh during post-monsoon season. The pH and EC of the water sources was found within the permissible limits. However, these values were found to be decrease from Monsoon and Postmonsoon season. The BOD and COD values of both the sources were relatively below the permissible limits. The BOD and COD values of surface and ground water sources ranged from 2.03-2.84 and 175.00-196.67 mg l-1and 2.03-2.48 mg l-1 and 172.00-184.33 mg l-1 respectively. The heavy metals viz. As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, and Ni, Zn were found within the permissible limits. The heavy metals concentration viz. As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ni, and Zn, in the three industrial regions varied from 0.09-0.15, 0.002-0.004, 2.52-4.22, 0.03-0.13, 0.28-0.38, 41.47-46.21, 0.10-0.15, 0.11-0.51, and 0.07-0.15 mg l-1, respectively. Similarly, in ground water sources, the content of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ni, and Zn varied from 0.02-0.07, 0.001-0.003, 1.86-4.02, 0.02-0.11, 0.24-0,36, 37.60-45.55, 0.08-0.14, 0.95-1.12 and 0.06-0.12 mg l-1 respectively. However, the concentration of Cd was in traceable amount i.e. 0.001 to 0.004 mg l-1. The coliform count in surface and ground water varied from 28.17 to 55.33 and 22.67 to 29.00 MPN/100 ml, respectively. Higher coliform count was recorded in surface water than ground water. More count was found in monsoon season than that of post-monsoon. The heavy metals present in the surface water may leach into the ground water and hence cause contamination and lead to increase in the load of heavy metals. Therefore, continuous monitoring of surface and ground water quality, proper waste disposal and its management, waste water treatment and strict check on illegal release of effluent in natural environment is required in BBN region, so that the water quality of the sources as well as health of the inhabitants can be maintained.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF POTATO CULTIVARS (Solanum tuberosum L.) UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-08) HAMIDULLAH, SAYED; BAWEJA, P KABSTRACT Research work entitled, “Evaluation of potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) under different environmental conditions in Himachal Pradesh” with 3 sowing dates (mid February to mid March), four cultivars (Kufri Himalini, Kufri Kanchan, Kufri Girdhari and Kufri Jyoti) was carried out at Experimental Farm in the department of Environmental Science, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. Various thermal indices viz., GDD, HTU, PTU, PTI and HUE were evaluated to study the impact of varied environments on pheno-phases of potato cultivars. Several quality attributes were also analysed to test the potato tuber quality in terms of weight, size, skin colour, moisture percent, dry matter, starch contents, total sugars, reducing sugars, ash contents, ascorbic acid, TSS and crude fibre. Results revealed that early and midsown potato cultivar K. Kanchan adjudged the best in terms of marketable yield (18.2 t ha-1 and 16.00 t ha-1) which significantly took 123 and 114 days to mature. It accumulated 1654 o C days and 1453 oC days of growing degree days, 615,183 oC days hrs and 510,812 oC days hrs of helio-thermal units and 20,138 oC days hrs and 20,380 oC days hrs of photo-thermal units, respectively. Heat use efficiency was significantly higher in K. Kanchan (0.949 g m-2 o C-1 days-1) with Pheno-thermal Index of 12.90 as compared to 12.93 in K.Girdhari and 12.78 in K. Himalini. Furthermore, the processing quality attributes in K. Kanchan and K. Jyoti evaluated high Vitamin C (18.56 mg 100 g-1) and (17.44 mg 100 g-1), TSS (4.31 oBrix) and (4.92 oBrix), ash contents (1.21%) and (1.14) with high crude fibre of 1.56% and 1.73% respectively. The best time for sowing of potato cultivars in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh was second fortnight of February month for attaining high marketable yield as well as good processing quality attributes, which could improve potato adaptation to climate change.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF ROOF TOP SOLAR POWER POTENTIAL IN SOLAN CITY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(UHF, NAUNI, 2018-12) GOYAL, SHUBHRA; AGGARWAL, R KABSTRACT The present investigation entitled “Assessment of roof top solar power potential in Solan city of Himachal Pradesh” was conducted during 2017-2018 in the Department of Environmental Science, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni Solan H.P. Solan city was purposely selected for the study. 4 sectors namely residential, institutional, industrial and commercial were selected. In the selected sectors building were randomly selected for collection of primary data, and the secondary data was collected from various government offices. The data was collected regarding the fuel consumption namely electricity, LPG and petroleum oils. It was found that 56 per cent of the population from selected households belonged to annual income group of 2 lac – 5 lac. When income was distributed on the basis of family size it was found that a maximum overall income of Rs. 7,76,736.1 and a minimum of Rs. 1,19,286 came under family size 6-7 in summer season and less than 4, respectively. The maximum monthly overall electricity consumption observed was 352.22 kWh in summer season and 505.56 kWh in winter season. The overall number of cylinders used in summer was 1.34 and in winter it was 3.69. The monthly energy consumption parameters showed that the average electricity consumption during summer and winter seasons in case of hospital was 647.50 and 662.30 MWh, respectively, in case of bank was 136.29and 182.62 MWh, respectively, for private and government schools it was525 MWh and 385 MWh, respectively. The overall LPG consumption in intuitional sector was 3.25 and 7.75 cylinders for summer and winter season, respectively. The overall annual petroleum oil consumption in the institutions was 2000 litres. The monthly electricity consumption of small and micro industries for summer was 2,419 MWh and 2,156 kWh and for winters it was 2,610 MWh and 5,120 kWh, respectively. The annual energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission of Solan city was hence calculated to be 287.17GWh and 5,49,472.34 tonnes respectively. The annual rooftop solar power potential of Solan city calculated was 312.08GWh. This study showed that solar power if used judiciously in Solan city, it would be sufficient to fulfill the energy needs of the city and also to curb carbon dioxide emission in the city due to usage of non-renewable energy resources.ThesisItem Open Access TO STUDY BIOREMEDIATION AND TOXICITY OF LEAD AND ARSENIC THROUGH ENTOMOPATHOGENIC AND ANTAGONISTIC FUNGI(UHF, NAUNI, 2018-11) SHIVANI; SOOD, ANILABSTRACT The present investigations entitled “To study bioremediation and toxicity of Lead and Arsenic through entomopathogenic and antagonistic fungi” was conducted during 2017-2018 in the Department of Environmental Science, College of Forestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni Solan H.P. The study comprised of 4 fungal strains viz. Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae (entomopathogenic fungi) and Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma harzianum (antagonistic fungi) which were tested for their toxicity and bioremediation for lead and arsenic (heavy metals). The cultures of these fungi were maintained under laboratory conditions in the B.O.D incubator at 25±10C. The effect of different doses of lead and arsenic on various fungal parameters such as radial growth, per cent growth inhibition, mycelium dry weight, germination of spores and reduction potential of fungi and heavy metal uptake by fungal mycelia was studied. The whole experiment was replicated thrice in CRD. Significantly maximum mean radial growth (0.98 mmh-1) was observed in A. niger at 0 ppm for Pb while it was 0.73 mmh-1 for As in T. harzianum at 0 ppm. The mean radial growth decreased with increase in concentrations of Pb and As from 0 to 10 ppm. At 10 ppm concentration M. anisopliae showed maximum per cent growth inhibition of 50.96 per cent and 73.33 per cent for Pb and As, respectively. With increase in concentration of Pb and As per cent growth inhibition also increased for each fungi. The dry weight of A. niger and T. harzianum was higher than other fungi i.e. 283.33 mg and 240.00 mg for Pb and As respectively at 0 ppm concentration. Mycelium dry weight decreased with increase in concentration of both the heavy metals. Spore germination percentage and reduction potential for all the fungi under two doses (1×103 spores/ml and 1×105spores/ml) was recorded against both the heavy metals (Pb and As). In all the fungi per cent spore germination decreased with increase in the concentration of Pb and As while reduction potential increased with increase in concentration of Pb and As, respectively from 0 to 10 ppm. The spore germination percentage in the presence of Pb and As was in the order of T. harzianum > A. niger > M. anisopliae > B. bassiana. Maximum Pb uptake was recorded for B. bassiana at 10 ppm (0.30 mg/g). The order of fungi with respect to Pb uptake was B. bassiana > T. harzianum > A. niger > M. anisopliae. Maximum As uptake was recorded for T. harzianum at 10 ppm (0.324 mg/g). The order of fungi with respect to As uptake was T. harzianum > A. niger > B. bassiana > M. anisopliae. From the study it can be concluded that though the entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana had low radial growth, high per cent growth inhibition and low spore germination at 10 ppm concentration of Pb but it had maximum Pb uptake among all the fungi and could be used for remediation of low levels of Pb (<10 ppm). Whereas, antagonistic fungus T. harzianum had highest radial growth, lowest per cent growth inhibition, highest spore germination and maximum uptake of As and could be used in remediation of low As (<10 ppm). The present studies also widens the scope for studying the effect of higher concentrations of heavy metals in future to confirm the survival and bioremediation ability of these fungi.